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EIGHT  BOOKS 


CAESAR’S  GALLIC  WAR 

Ca.  <L,  0 «-  V 


BY 

WILLIAM  RAINEY  HARPER,  Ph.D. 

AND 

HERBERT  CUSHING  TOLMAN,  Ph.D. 

YALE  UNIVERSITY,  NEW  HAVEN,  CONN. 


NEW  YORK  • : • CINCINNATI  ■ : - CHICAGO 

AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPANY 


Copyright,  1891,  by 

American  Book  Company 


(L.e-, 


^ns, i 

6)  7-2Gh 


PREFACE. 


HE  Latin  language  is  exhibited  by  Caesar  in  a richness  and 


-L  purity  which  no  Roman  writer  has  excelled.  In  this 
volume  the  student  is  permitted  to  compare  the  Latinity  of 
the  eighth  book,  which  was  written  by  Hirtius,  with  that  of  the 
seven  which  precede.  Xo  Latin  author  repays  the  careful  study 
of  advanced  Latin  scholarship  more  satisfactorily  than  Caesar, 
and  for  this  reason  it  is  a misfortune,  perhaps,  that  the  Commen- 
taries are  relegated  to  the  preparatory  school.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  no  writer  are  the  great  principles  of  the  language  so 
constantly  reviewed,  thus  forming  a sure  foundation  for  clas- 
sical scholarship. 

This  new  edition  of  the  text  is  the  result  of  an  endeavor  to 
present  the  facts  of  the  language  and  explain  and  illustrate  the 
subject-matter  in  a manner  different  from  the  traditional  method, 
which  has  been,  we  think,  too  closely  adhered  to  in  the  past.  The 
justification  for  a new  text-book  of  Caesar  will  be  found,  it  is 
hoped,  in  the  features  of  this  work  which  distinguish  it  from 
previous  editions.  These  are  the  following : — 

1.  The  indication  in  the  text  of  every  new  word  by  full-faced 
type,  thus  furnishing  the  student  a clear  idea  of  the  vocabulary 
which  he  is  expected  to  have  made  his  own. 

2.  The  insertion  of  “ Topics  for  Study,”  based  upon  the  por- 
tion read,  which  are  added  after  every  chapter  of  the  first  four 


3011  Hr 


IV 


PREFACE. 


books.  By  means  of  these  topics  the  grammatical  principles 
will  be  constantly  reviewed. 

3.  Examples  of  inductive  studies  and  lists  of  topics  for  inves- 
tigation, which  the  teacher  is  expected  to  assign  from  time  to 
time  to  the  pupils  to  be  worked  out  in  a measure  independently. 

4.  Word-lists  containing  in  convenient  order  those  words  of 
which  a knowledge  is  necessary  for  any  satisfactory  reading  of 
the  text. 

5.  An  indication  in  the  vocabulary  of  the  number  of  times 
each  word  occurs,  in  order  that  the  student  may  estimate  for 
himself  the  vocabulary-value  of  each  word. 

6.  A special  vocabulary  to  Book  VIII.,  added  in  order  that 
the  occurrence  of  words  in  “ Caesar”  may  not  be  confused  with 
their  occurrence  in  “ Hirtius.” 

7.  Notes,  intended  not  only  to  furnish  information  in  refer- 
ence to  what  is  obscure,  but  also  to  compare  idioms,  phrases, 
and  petrified  expressions  as  they  occur  in  “ Caesar.”  Occasional 
references  are  given  to  other  Latin  authors,  in  order  that  the 
student  may  extend  his  horizon  and  obtain  a broader  conception 
of  the  genius  of  the  language. 

8.  Grammatical  references  placed  beneath  the  text,  rather 
than  in  the  notes ; for  it  is  believed  that  in  practical  work  such 
a position  will  render  them  more  helpful.  In  the  first  book 
these  references  have  been  made  very  full,  and  are  designed  to 
reflect  the  phenomena  of  the  language  as  they  are  met  with  in 
the  text. 

9.  Prose  composition  based  on  special  chapters  of  “ Caesar.” 
This  has  been  added  as  the  surest  method  of  enabling  the 
student  to  apply  the  principles  which  he  has  learned.  The  re- 
quirements in  Latin  composition  adopted  by  most  colleges  for 


PREFACE. 


v 


admission  — the  translation  into  Latin  of  connected  passages  of 
English  prose  — demand  such  preparatory  training. 

10.  An  introduction,  including  the  life  of  Caesar,  history  of 
Gaul,  Germany,  and  Britain,  and  a sketch  of  the  method  of 
Roman  warfare,  so  arranged  that  the  facts  present  themselves 
in  a continuous  narrative  and  can  be  referred  to  by  references 
from  the  text.  The  student  is  thus  enabled  to  see  the  relation 
of  any  one  fact  to  those  which  precede  and  follow  it. 

11.  Indexes  of  geographical  and  proper  names. 

12.  Numerous  illustrations  inserted  in  the  body  of  the  text. 

The  Latin  text  is  based  upon  Kraner’s  edition,  with  various 

modifications.  The  corrected  spelling  of  Latin  words  has  been 
introduced,  consistent  with  their  etymology : thus,  contio  (con 
and  ventio)  for  concio  ; condicio  (con  and  dico)  for  conditio.  The 
authors,  however,  recognize  a Latin  word  conditio  (con  and  do  — 
Skt.  VDHA, put),  but  believe  that  this  differs  from  the  above 
both  in  meaning  and  etymology.  Nothing  is  more  common  in 
the  manuscripts  than  the  confusion  of  tio  and  cio , and  in  all 
cases  we  have  followed  the  true  orthography  as  shown  in  the 
best  Latin  inscriptions.  It  must  be  remembered  that  one  good 
Latin  inscription  is  more  valuable  in  determining  the  correct 
spelling  of  a word  than  a host  of  manuscripts. 

The  entire  eight  books  of  the  Gallic  war  have  been  given. 
The  last  four  are  intended  for  exercises  in  sight  translation ; 
here  also  the  indication  of  every  new  word  will  be  found  very 
helpful. 

The  bases  of  grammatical  reference  are  the  grammars  of 
Allen  and  Greenough,  Gildersleeve,  and  Harkness. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  book  much  help  has  been  derived 
from  the  German  editions  of  Ivraner  and  Holder,  from  Duruy’s 


VI 


PREFACE. 


“ History  of  Rome,”  from  Riistow’s  “ Heerwesen  und  Kriegfiih- 
rung  Caesars,”  from  which  the  “Roman  Art  of  War”  has  been 
chiefly  taken,  and  from  various  sources,  which  it  would  be  vain 
to  attempt  to  acknowledge.  Credit  is  due  to  Profs.  F.  J.  Miller 
and  Lewis  Stuart,  Dr.  George  Scott,  Dr.  Hanns  Oertel,  and  Mr. 
F.  L.  Palmer,  for  many  favors.  The  authors  would  express 
thanks  to  Prof.  Isaac  B.  Burgess,  who  has  read  the  advance 
sheets  and  given  many  valuable  suggestions. 

That  our  work  has  many  faults  we  are  as  fully  aware  as  the 
severest  critic  can  be,  and  we  will  receive  gratefully  all  sug- 
gestions and  corrections  which  may  make  it  more  efficient  in 
imparting  interest  and  help  in  the  study  of  Caesar. 

William  Rainey  Harper. 

Herbert  Cushing  Tolman. 

New  Haven,  Feb.  1,  1891. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


General  Introduction  : pages 

Life  of  Caesar.  — Caesar  as  a writer.  — Description,  of  Gaul.  — 

Topography  of  Gaul.  — Description  of  Germany.  — Britain.  — 

Druidism.  — Roman  Art  of  War 1-49 

Inductive  Studies 51-64 

Eight  Books  of  the  Gallic  War  . . 65-319 

Bibliography  . 320 

Idioms  321-323 

Notes 325-377 

Exercises  in  Latin  Composition 379-391 

Word  Lists  . 393-401 

Classification  of  Words 401-412 

General  Vocabulary  . . 413-483 

Special  Vocabulary  to  Book  Eight  ...  484-487 

Geographical  Index 489-498 

Index  of  Proper  Names 499-502 


LIST  OF  MAPS. 


Gaul  (double  page) 65 

Helvetiorum  Clades  . . 87 

Ariovisti  Clades 109 

An  Axonam  Pugna 119 

Nerviorum  Clades 133 

Aduatucorum  Oppidum  135 

In  Britanniam  Transgressus 175 

Gergovia 263 

Alesia 277 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


viii 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

Bust  of  Caesar  in  Vatican 3 

Bust  of  Caesar  in  National  Museum  at  Naples 7 

Bust  of  Caesar  in  British  Museum 9 

Bust  of  Caesar  in  Campo  Santo  at  Pisa 11 

Bust  of  Caesar,  Pontifex  Maximus,  in  Vatican 14 

Gallic  Axes  and  Arms 18 

Gallic  Trumpet 19 

Gallic  Coins 19-20 

Roman  Soldier  in  Armor  . 30 

Pilum.  Gladius,  Sarcinae,  Scutum  32 

Aquilifer,  Vexillum,  Signum  33 

Buccina,  Tuba 34 

Ballista,  Catapulta  47 

Testudo,  Aries 48 

Gallic  Helmets 85 

Tabernaculum 99 

Miles  Levis  Armaturae 103 

Agger  (Perspective  View) 122 

Agger  (Ground  Plan) 123 

Pons  in  Rheno  factus 169 

Manipulus 233 

Murus  Gallicus  Intercisus 250 

Muri  Gallici  imus  Ordo 251 

Muri  Gallici  Adspectus 251 

Munimentorum  Forma  252 

Munimenta  Intercisa  oblique  conspecta 254 

Gergovia  a Castris  Minoribus  conspecta  ....  259 

Alesia  a Castris  a Vercassivellauno  oppressis  conspecta 276 

Cervus  278 

Cippi  superne  Visi 279 

Stimulus 279 

Lilium  . 280 

Munimenta  Romanorum  in  Planitie  facta  a Latere  conspecta 280 

Vallum,  Loricula,  Fossa,  Turres,  Pontes,  Porta 296 

Uxellod.unum,  ad  Occidentem  Spectans 307 

Fons  cum  Romanorum  Operibus  maiorib.  Modulis  Uescript 311 

Fons  cum  Operibus  Romanorum  a Lalere  conspectus 311 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


LIFE  OF  CAIUS  JULIUS  CAESAR. 


The  foremost  man  of  all  this  world. 

SriAKSPEAKE.1 

Great  Julius,  whom  now  all  the  world  admires. 

Milton.2 

1.  Introduction.  — In  the  study  of  history,  events  naturally  group 
themselves  around  some  centre,  — an  important  war  or  a decisive  battle, 
a great  empire  or  a powerful  city,  a distinguished  family  or  an  illustrious 
man.  Caius  Julius  Caesar  was  such  a centre,  — - 

“ velut  inter  ignes 
Luna  minores.”  3 

Marius,  Sylla,  Pompey,  and  Cicero  were  great  in  particular  parts ; Caesar 
was  full  orbed.  He  was  orator  and  general,  Home’s  peerless  master  of 
prose  and  her  greatest  statesman.  From  the  study  of  his  character  and 
achievements  is  to  be  obtained  the  clew  to  guide  the  student  through 
the  labyrinth  of  Home’s  civil  war  (b.  c.  133—131),  and  the  best  prepara- 
tion for  the  study  of  the  regal,  republican,  and  imperial  history  of  the 
“ greatest  of  the  nations.” 

2.  Events  preceding  Caesar’s  Birth.  The  Gracchi.  Marius.  — The 

first  part  of  the  second  century  before  Christ  was  conspicuous  for  the 
wars  of  conquest.  Hispania  (Spain),  Macedonia,  Achaia,  Asia,  and 
Africa  were  conquered  between  b.  c.  200  and  b.  c.  133.  While  the 
State  had  been  greatly  enriched,  the  plebeians  were  kept  poor.  The  pat- 

1 Jul.  Caesar,  iv.  3.  2 Par.  Reg.  iii.  39. 

3 Hor.  Od.  I.  xii.  “As  the  moon  amoug  lesser  stars.” 

I 


2 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


ricians  had  all  the  property  as  well  as  all  the  power.  The  plebeians  did 
the  hard  work  and  the  greater  part  of  the  fighting;  the  patricians  held  the 
offices  and  enjoyed  the  fruits  of  victory.  Then  came  the  civil  wars.  The 
Gracchi  brought  forward  wise  laws  intended  to  alleviate  the  gross  injustice 
of  the  times,  but  a violent  death  was  the  “ guerdon  of  their  toil.”  For 
Rome,  corrupt  and  misgoverned,  the  crisis  came  in  the  war  with  Jugurtha. 
The  success  of  Caius  Marius  in  this  war  (b.  c.  10G)  was  a triumph  for 
the  party  of  the  people.  The  same  general’s  success  in  driving  back  the 
Cimbri  and  Teutones  (b.  c.  102,  101)  added  to  his  influence  and  to  that 
of  the  party  which  lie  represented.  Marius,  however,  was  more  success- 
ful as  soldier  than  as  statesman.  Caesar’s  boyhood  and  youth  were  passed 
while  the  great  struggle  was  going  on  between  the  popular  and  patrician 
parties,  headed  respectively  by  Marius  and  Sylla. 

3.  Ancestry. — The  Caesars  were  an  ancient  and  aristocratic  family, 
which  for  eight  generations  had  been  prominent  in  the  commonwealth. 
They  were  a branch  of  the  Julian  Gens  ( Gens  lutin'),  claiming  descent 
from  lulus,  son  of  Aeneas.1 

4.  Birth.  — Caius  Julius  Caesar  (Gaivs  Ivlivs  Caesar)  was  born 
July  12,  b.  c.  100, 2 six  years  after  his  illustrious  contemporaries  Pompey 
and  Cicero. 

5.  Education.  — Caesar  received  the  usual  education  of  the  patrician 
youth  and  was  especially  apt  in  Greek  and  grammar. 

6.  Home  Life.  — The  early  home  life  was  quiet  and  pleasant.  His 
mother  Aurelia  was  a fine  example  of  the  Roman  matron  and  exerted  a 
strong  influence  over  her  son.  His  love  and  reverence  for  her  are  honor- 
able to  both. 

7.  Personal  Appearance. — Caesar’s  personal  appearance  in  youth 
is  thus  described  by  Suetonius  : “ A tall,  slight,  handsome  youth,  with 

1 Vergil  elaborated  this  tradition  in  the  Aeneid. 

2 Mommsen  argues  for  b.  c.  102. 


THE  LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 


3 


dark  piercing  eyes,  a sallow  complexion,  large  nose,  lips  full,  features  re- 
lined  and  intellectual,  neck  sinewy  and  thick.  . . . He  was  particular 
about  his  appearance,  used  the  bath  frequently,  and  attended  carefully  to 
his  hair.  His  dress  was  arranged  with  studied  negligence.”  1 

8.  Caesar’s  First  Office,  (b.  c.  87.)  — At  the  age  of  thirteen,  Caesar 
was  appointed  priest  of  Jupiter  (flamen  dialis)  through  the  inlluence  of 
Marius. 

9.  Marriage  with  Cornelia,  (b.  c.  83).  — Iu  B.  c.  81  Caesar’s 
father  died.  In  the  following  year  Caesar  married  Cornelia,  daughter 
of  Cinna,  at  that  time  the  leader  of  the  Marian 
party.  This  alliance  bound  him  more  closely  to 
the  part}"  of  the  people.  On  the  other  hand  it 
aroused  against  him  the  hatred  of  Sylla,  wire, 
returning  victorious  from  the  war  with  Mithri- 
dates, made  himself  master  of  Rome.  Sylla 
ordered  him  to  divorce  Cornelia,  which  Caesar 
refused  to  do.  This  necessitated  an  exile  among 
the  Sabines  until  friends  secured  his  pardon. 

Suetonius  tells  us  that  Sylla  exclaimed  to  the 
patricians  interceding  for  him,  “ The  youth  for 
whom  you  plead  will  one  day  overthrow  the 
aristocracy,  . . . for  in  this  young  Caesar  there 
are  many  Mariuses.”  2 

10.  Caesar,  a Soldier.  — Though  free  to  appear  in  Rome,  Caesar 
considered  it  advisable  to  go  to  Asia.  Here  he  laid  the  foundation  of 
his  military  knowledge,  serving  with  distinction  under  Marcus  Minucius 
Thermus.  In  the  siege  of  Mytilene  he  was  honored  with  a “ civic  crown  ” 3 
for  saving  the  life  of  a fellow  soldier. 

1 Quoted  by  Froude,  Caesar,  Chap.  8. 

2 Sulla  proclamavit:  “eum,  quem  incolumem  tanto  opere  cuperent,  quandoque 
optimatium  partibus,  quas  secum  defendissent,  exitis  luturum  ; nam  Caesari  multos 
Marios  inesse.”  — Suetonius,  Div.  Julius,  i.  1. 

3 The  civic  crown  ( corona  civica)  was  a chaplet  of  oak  leaves.  To  obtain  one  was 


FROM  BUST  IN  VATICAN. 
AGE,  35  YEARS. 


4 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


11.  Caesar,  an  Orator.  — Caesar  returned  to  Rome  on  hearing  of 
S ylla’s  death  (b.  c.  78).  The  next  year  lie  conducted  the  prosecution 
against  Dolabella  under  charges  of  extortion  while  Proconsul  of  Mace- 
donia. So  skilfully  was  the  evidence  massed  and  so  eloquent  the  plea  of 
the  young  orator  that  Dolabella,  though  defended  byr  Hortensius,  the 
greatest  advocate  of  the  day,  would  have  failed  of  acquittal  but  for  the 
influence  of  the  senatorial  party  and  the  partisanship  of  senatorial  judges. 
This  case  gained  for  Caesar  a wide  reputation  for  eloquence  and  forensic 
power,  which  led  soon  after  to  an  invitation  from  the  Archaeans  to  con- 
duct a similar  case  against  Cains  Antonius.  Discerning  his  abilities  in 
this  direction,  Caesar  went  to  Rhodes  and  studied  under  Apollonius  Molon, 
the  skilful  orator  and  still  more  skilful  teacher  of  oratory. 

12.  The  Pirate  Episode.  — When  Caesar  was  on  his  way  to  Rhodes 
(n.  c.  76),  he  was  captured  by  pirates,  who  demanded  twenty  talents 
for  his  release.  At  this  Caesar  laughed,  and  saying  he  would  give  fifty 
(7.  e.  about  fifty  thousand  dollars),  added  that  when  at  liberty  he  would 
return  and  crucify  every  man  of  them.  He  kept  his  word. 

13.  Caesar,  Military  Tribune  (b.  C.  74). — After  a short  stay  at 
Rhodes,  Caesar  went  to  Asia,  where,  having  raised  a small  body  of  troops, 
he  displayed  ability  as  commander  in  some  successful  encounters  in  Caria 
with  the  troops  of  Mithridates.  Being  elected  Pontiff  the  same  year 
(b.  c.  74)  he  returned  to  Rome,  where,  shortly  after,  the  people,  elected 
him  Military  Tribune.  This  was  his  first  election  to  office  by  the  votes  of 
the  people. 

14.  Caesar,  Quaestor  (b.  c.  68).  — The  six  years  following  (b.  c.  74 
-68)  were  important.  Pompey,  hitherto  a strong  supporter  of  the  sena- 
torial party,  had  been  estranged,  and  was  now  engaged  in  strengthening 
the  party  of  the  people.  The  power  of  the  tribunes  was  restored,  judges 
were  no  longer  selected  only  from  the  senate,  and  the  Syllan  constitution 
was  repealed  (b.  c.  70).  To  the  success  of  all  these  measures  Caesar  con- 

a very  great  and  a very  rare  honor.  See  Article  Curona  Civica  in  Smith’s  Diet. 
Class.  Antiq. 


THE  LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 


5 


tributed  largely  by  his  eloquence.  He  served  as  Quaestor  during  the  year 
b.  c.  68,  in  which  year,  his  aunt  Julia,  the  widow  of  Marius,  and  his  wife 
Cornelia,  daughter  of  China,  died.  He  pronounced  funeral  orations  for 
both,  and  took  occasion  to  extol  the  former  chiefs  of  the  popular  party ; 
busts  of  Marius  were  carried  in  the  funeral  procession  of  Julia,  and  the 
people  loudly  applauded  alike  the  eulogies  and  the  courage  of  Caesar. 
These  religious  duties  performed,  he  went  to  Further  Spain  on  his  official 
duty  as  Quaestor. 

15.  Caesar’s  Marriage  with  Pompeia.  — The  year  following  (b.  xj. 
67),  Caesar  married  Pompeia,  and  was  thus  brought  into  more  intimate 
relations  with  Pompey,  her  cousin.  During  the  next  two  years  he  cor- 
dially supported  Porapey’s  measures  and  the  Gabinian  and  Manilian  laws, 
by  which  almost  absolute  power  was  given  to  that  great  leader. 

16.  Caesar,  Curule  Aedile.  — In  B.  C.  65,  Caesar  was  Curule  Aedile. 
To  amuse  the  people  with  public  shows,  to  adorn  the  city  with  new  public 
buildings,  monuments,  and  the  like,  were  the  chief  duties  and  opportu- 
nities of  this  office.  The  lavish  magnificence  of  Caesar  dazzled  the  people, 
and  his  consequent  popularity  was  unbounded. 

17.  Caesar,  Pontifex  Maximus.  — Two  years  later  (b.  C.  63)  he 

was  elected  Pontifex  Maximus,  which  office  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  State  religion.  Doubtless  his  election  was  due  in  great  measure  to 
his  popularity ; still  he  did  not  hesitate  to  use  large  sums  of  money  in 
bribery.  On  the  morning  of  this  election,  lie  told  his  mother  Aurelia, 
as  she  affectionately  wished  him  success,  that  he  would  come  back  Pon- 
tifex Maximus  or  be  brought  back  a corpse. 

18.  Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  — In  December  of  this  year,  Caesar  op- 
posed as  unconstitutional  the  execution  of  those  convicted  of  participa- 
tion in  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  advocating  however  their  perpetual 
imprisonment.  This  has  been  taken  to  imply  Caesar’s  complicity  in  the 
conspiracy  ; but  inherent  probability,  the  public  testimony  of  Cicero,  and 
the  utter  failure  of  efforts  to  convict  are  all  in  his  favor,  and  the  prin> 


6 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


ciple  that  a man  is  innocent  until  he  is  proved  guilty  should  hold  in  his- 
tory as  in  law. 

19.  Caesar,  Praetor.  — During  the  year  of  Ids  Praetorship  (b.  c.  62), 
Caesar  had  many  opportunities  of  exhibiting  the  qualities  of  coolness, 
courage,  and  self-reliance.  It  was  in  this  year  that  a serious  charge 
brought  against  the  reputation  of  his  wife  Pompeia  led  to  the  now 
famous  saying,  “ Caesar’s  wife  must  be  above  suspicion.” 

20.  Caesar,  Propraetor  (b.  C.  61).  — On  the  expiration  of  his  term 
as  Praetor,  Caesar  was  in  debt  to  the  extent  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
million  sesterces  (about  ten  million  dollars).  Before  he  was  allowed  to 
leave  Rome  for  Further  Spain,  he  was  compelled  to  pay  a considerable 
part  of  this  debt.  This  he  did  with  money  obtained  from  Crassus,  who 
had  confidence  in  the  political  promise  of  his  creditor.  In  Spain,  Caesar 
found  himself  for  the  first  time  in  command  of  a Roman  army,  and  soon 
gave  evidence  of  his  ability  to  handle  troops  and  manage  provincials. 
His  successes  were  voted  a triumph  by  the  senate,  and  his  soldiers  pro- 
claimed him  Imperator.  If  he  sent  large  sums  of  money  to  Rome,  he 
did  not  forget  to  keep  a considerable  amount  for  his  own  use. 

21.  Caesar,  Consul  (b.  C.  59.)  — A poet  interprets  the  spirit  of 
Caesar’s  ambition  thus,  — 

“ Better  be  first,  he  said,  in  a little  Iberian  village 
Than  be  second  in  Rome  ; ” 1 

but  manifestly  he  thought  it  best  to  be  first  in  Rome.  After  an  absence 
of  about  a year  in  Spain,  Caesar  returned  and  offered  himself  as  candidate 
for  the  consulship.  He  was  elected,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his 
office  in  b.  c.  59.  His  colleague  was  Marcus  Bibulus,  who  had  been 
associated  with  him  in  the  Aedileship  and  Praetorship. 

22.  The  First  Triumvirate.  — After  his  election  Caesar,  Crassus,  and 
Pompey  entered  into  an  alliance  for  personal,  political,  and  in  their 


1 Longfellow’s  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish. 


THE  LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 


7 


thought  patriotic  purposes,  which  is  commonly  known  as  the  “ First  Tri- 
umvirate.” Crassus  and  Pompey  were  friends  to  Caesar  but  not  to  each 
other;  Caesar  brought  them  together.  Pompey  married  Caesar’s  daughter 
Julia,  which  served  to  strengthen  the  bond  of  their  common  interest. 
Caesar  married  Calpurnia,  daughter  of  Calpurnius  Piso,  his  successor  in 
the  consulship.  During  Caesar’s  consulship  all  classes  of  the  people  were 
benefited,  abuses  at  home  and  abroad  were  corrected,  and  his  adminis- 
tration was  both  successful  and  popular.  Caesar  was  practically  sole 
consul,  for  Bibulus’  service  consisted  chiefly  in  lending  his  colleague  the 
“helpful  aid  of  his  opposition.” 


23  Caesar,  Proconsul  (b.  c.  58). — The  senate,  in  order  to  limit 
Caesar’s  already  too  great  influence,  had  assigned  the  forests  and  public 
lands  in  Italy  for  proconsular  provinces. 

The  people,  however,  passed  the  Vatinian 
law,  which  gave  to  Caesar  the  government 
of  Gallia  Cisalpina  and  Illyricum  for  five 
years,  with  three  legions.  The  senate,  in 
hope  of  thus  getting  rid  of  him,  of  its 
own  accord  added  Gallia  Transalpina  and 
another  legion. 


24  Campaigns  in  Gaul  (b.  C.  58-51). 
— Early  in  the  spring  of  b.  c.  58,  Caesar 
set  out  from  Rome  and  entered  upon  that 
career  of  conquest  vividly  described  in  his 
“Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  war,”  the 
study  of  which  we  are  about  to  take  up. 
The  task  before  him  was  not  an  easy  one. 
Rome  had  good  cause  to  remember  the 
men  of  Gaul.  Many  times  since  the  battle 
of  Allia  and  the  sack  of  Rome  had  they 


FROM  BUST  IN  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 
AT  NAPLES.  AGE,  ABOUT  40. 


struck  terror  to  Roman  hearts.  Caesar’s  arrival  in  Gaul  happened  at  a 
critical  time  in  the  historj"  of  the  Gallic  tribes,  much  disturbed  among 
themselves  and  threatened  by  the  Germans.  Caesar  by  his  clearsighted- 


8 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


ness,  unfaltering  confidence  in  himself,  decision  of  character,  and  marvel- 
lous readiness  for  every  emergency,  together  with  the  discipline  of  his 
armies,  made  of  apparently  insuperable  difficulties  aids  to  the  most  bril- 
liant success.  In  his  first  campaign  the  Helvetians  and  the  Germans 
under  Ariovistus  were  conquered,  and  central  Gaul  brought  into  subjec- 
tion. The  military  and  executive  ability  seen  in  the  governor  of  Spain 
were  more  conspicuous  in  the  governor  of  Gaul.  One  of  Ins  most  re- 
markable traits — that  which  most  amazed  the  Gauls  and  in  later  times 
most  excited  the  admiration  of  his  distinguished  admirer  and  imitator, 
Napoleon  — was  the  rapidity  with  which  he  resolved  and  the  almost 
greater  rapidity  with  which  he  executed  his  resolves.  A good  illustra- 
tion of  the  character  of  Caesar  in  which  all  the  qualities  just  mentioned  are 
exhibited  is  thus  related  by  the  good  Captain  in  Longfellow’s  “ Courtship 
of  Miles  Standish.” 

“ Now  do  you  know  what  he  did  on  a certain  occasion  in  Flanders, 

When  the  rear-guard  of  his  army  retreated,  the  front  giving  way  too, 

And  the  immortal  Twelfth  Legion  was  crowded  so  closely  together 
There  was  no  room  for  their  swords'?  Why,  he  seized  a shield  from  a soldier, 
Put  himself  straight  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  and  commanded  the  captains, 
Calling  on  each  by  his  name,  to  order  forward  the  ensigns  ; 

Then  to  widen  the  ranks,  and  give  more  room  for  their  weapons ; 

So  he  won  the  day,  the  battle  of  something  — or  other. 

That’s  what  I always  say  ; if  you  wish  a thing  to  be  well  done, 

You  must  do  it  yourself,  you  must  not  leave  it  to  others.”  1 

25.  At  Lucca  (b.  c.  56.)  — In  b.  c.  56,  Caesar  invited  Pompey 
and  Crassus  to  meet  him  in  Lucca.  The  leading  men  of  Rome  were 
present.  Among  these  were  two  hundred  senators  and  so  large  a crowd 
of  distinguished  officials  that  one  hundred  and  fifty  lictors  are  said  to 
have  been  seen  in  the  streets  of  the  town.  The  programme  here  arranged 
included  the  following  : Pompey  and  Crassus  to  be  consuls  the  following 
year ; Pompey  to  be  governor  of  Spain  for  five  years ; Crassus  to  have 
Syria  for  his  proconsular  province;  Caesar  to  have  his  term  of  office  in 
Gaul  extended  to  ten  years,  and  thereafter  to  be  consul. 


1 For  incident  here  recorded,  see  De  Bel.  Gal.  ii.  25. 


THE  LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 


9 


26.  Organizing  Gaul  (b.  C.  50).  For  eight  years  Caesar  was  busy 
in  Gaul.  He  found  it  easier  to  conquer  the  Gallic  tribes  than  to  keep 
them  in  subjection.  Finally  he  succeeded  in  convincing  them  that 
further  resistance  would  be  useless,  and  represented  to  the  chiefs  the 
great  advantages  of  becoming  a part  of  the  Roman  republic.  Admira- 
tion of  Caesar,  together  with  the  strength  of  his  personality  influenced 
the  chiefs  to  determine  upon  peace  and  friendly  terms  with  Rome. 
Caesar  now  busied  himself  in  organizing  the  new  territory,  fully  ex- 
pecting on  his  return  to  Rome  at  the  expiration  of  his  command  to 
enter  upon  a second  consulship  according  to  the  terms  of  the  Lucca 
agreement. 


27.  Ca  esar  and  Pompey.  — Crassus  perished  in  a battle  against  the 
Parthians  (b.  g.  53),  leaving  Caesar  and  Pompey  joint  administrators' of 
the  Lucca  programme.  Caesar’s  success  in 
Gaul,  however,  excited  the  jealousy  of  Pom- 
pey. The  senatorial  party,  too,  had  gratified 
Pompey ’s  vanity  by  their  attitude  toward  his 
appointment  as  sole  consul  in  B.  c.  52.  In 
b.  c.  50  matters  had  gone  so  far  that  the  con- 
sul Marcellus,  doubtless  at  Pompey’s  instiga- 
tion, proposed  in  the  senate  that  Caesar  give 
up  his  command  in  November  of  that  year. 
This  the  tribune  Curio  vetoed.  Caesar,  hear- 
ing of  the  movement  against  him,  was  not  dis- 
mayed. January  1,  b.  o.  49,  a letter  written 
by  him  was  read  in  the  senate,  in  which  he 
expressed  readiness  to  lay  aside  his  military 
power  if  Pompey  would  do  the  same.  After  a stormy  session,  a resolu- 
tion was  passed  to  the  effect  that  unless  Caesar  disbanded  his  army  he 
would  be  declared  an  enemy  of  the  republic.  The  tribunes  vetoed  this 
resolution,  but  their  veto  was  disregarded. 

On  January  7 the  senate  resolved  that  the  consuls  provide  for  the 
safety  of  the  republic.  This  was  a proclamation  of  martial  law.  The 
crisis  had  come.  Marcus  Antonins  and  Quintus  Cassius,  the  tribunes 


FROM  BUST  IN  BRITISH 
MUSEUM.  AGE,  ABOUT  45. 


10 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


who  advocated  Caesar’s  interests,  were  driven  from  the  senate  and  fled 
in  disguise.  Pompey  proceeded  to  hold  levies  for  raising  an  army,  flunk- 
ing that  Caesar’s  soldiers  were  disaffected  and  that  Caesar  would  not  dare 
to  offer  resistance.  Caesar,  however,  on  learning  the  decree  of  the  senate, 
addressed  Ids  soldiers  frankly,  protesting  that  he  and  his  armies  had 
served  the  State  loyally  for  nine  years,  and  had  done  much  for  the 
safety  of  the  State  and  nothing  to  imperil  it.  The  soldiers  showed  their 
unbounded  affection  and  enthusiasm  for  their  leader  by  volunteering  to 
serve  without  pay. 

28.  Beginning  of  the  Civil  War. — Caesar  forthwith  crossed  the 
Rubicon,  the  boundary  of  his  province,  to  claim  by  force  of  arms  the 
rights  of  which  the  senate  sought  to  deprive  him.  At  Rimini  he  met 
the  expelled  tribunes,  and  also  envoys  from  Pompey  who  desired  to 
gain  time  by  a proposed  conference.  Caesar  promptly  dismissed  these 
latter,  throwing  the  blame  of  tbe  civil  war  now  begun  on  Pompey  and 
the  senate.  As  Caesar  advanced,  city  after  city  yielded,  and  in  three 
months  he  was  master  of  Italy. 

29.  The  Feeling  at  Rome  (b.  C.  48).  — The  events  of  the  following 
year  cannot  be  declared  here.  A letter  from  Cicero  to  Atticus  (viii.  13), 
however,  shows  the  popular  feeling  of  the  time  : — 

“ Observe  the  man  into  whose  hands  we  have  fallen.  How  keen  he  is, 
how  alert,  how  well  prepared ! By  Jove,  if  he  does  not  kill  any  one  and 
spares  the  property  of  those  who  are  so  terrified,  he  will  be  in  high  favor. 
I talk  with  the  tradesmen  and  farmers.  They  care  for  nothing  but  their 
lands  and  houses  and  money.  They  have  gone  right  round.  They  fear  the 
man  they  trusted  and  love  the  man  they  feared ; and  all  this  through  our 
own  blunders.  I am  sick  to  think  of  it.” 

30.  Battle  of  Pharsalus.  — After  various  contests,  not  always  in 
Caesar’s  favor,  a decisive  battle  was  fougbt  at  Pharsalus  in  Thessaly, 
August  9,  b.  c.  48.  Pompey’s  forces  far  outnumbered  Caesar’s;  but 
effeminate  nobles,  the  flower  of  Pompey’s  army,  were  no  match  fur 
Caesar’s  veterans.  By  this  victory  Caesar  became  practically  master  of 
Rome. 


TIIE  LIFE  OF  CAESAR, 


11 


31.  Death  of  Pompey.  — Pompey  was  soon  after  murdered  in  Egypt, 
whither  he  had  lied  after  the  battle.  In  the  death  of  his  great  rival 
Caesar  had  no  part  and  took  no  pleasure.  When  the  head  of  the  mur- 
dered man  was  brought  to  him  by  those  who  hoped  thus  to  win  his  favor, 
he  turned  away  in  horror.  Hot  unlikely  he 
then  recalled  Pompey  only  as  Rome’s  idol  and 
Caesar’s  friend.  It  may  be  said  here  that  Caesar 
seems  to  have  accepted  civil  war  not  because  he 
delighted  in  it,  but  because  it  was  inevitable. 

Humanity  and  self-defence  compelled  him  to 
the  issue.  He  became  master  of  Rome  not  by 
invading  the  capital  and  slaughtering  his  per- 
sonal enemies,  but  by  meeting  hostile  forces  on 
the  field  of  battle  at  a distance  from  the  city. 

32.  Caesar  in  Egypt  and  Pontus.  — Caesar, 
following  Pompey  to  Egypt,  was  detained  by 
certain  disputes  concerning  the  succession  to  the 
throne  of  that  country.  He  then  proceeded 
into  Pontus  against  Pharnaces,  son  of  Mithri- 
dates. August  2,  b.  c.  17,  a battle  was  fought 
near  Zela,  where  Caesar  gained  an  easy  victory.  His  dispatch  to  the 
senate  after  this  battle  was  the  famous  “Veni,  Vidi,  Vici.”1 

33.  Return  to  Rome.  — Returning  to  Rome,  Caesar  found  great 
tasks  awaiting  him.  Dictator  now  and  absolute,  he  did  not  use  office  or 
power  for  unworthy  purposes  or  for  personal  ends.  His  aim  was  to 
restore  public  confidence  and  credit. 

34.  Battle  of  Thapsus.  — While  Caesar  was  thus  engaged,  his  ene- 
mies Cato  and  Scipio  collected  a large  army  in  Africa,  which  was  de- 
feated in  the  decisive  battle  of  Thapsus.  This  battle  was  fought  April  6, 
B.  c.  16,  and  at  once  ended  the  war  and  the  hopes  of  the  senatorial 
party. 


FROM  BUST  IN  CAMPO  SANTO 
AT  Fisk'.  AGE,  ABOUT  45. 


1 I came,  I saw,  I conquered. 


12 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


35.  Caesar’s  Triumphs.  — Returning  from  Africa,  Caesar  celebrated 
with  characteristic  lavishness  and  splendor  four  triumphs,  — one  for  his 
victories  in  Gaul,  another  for  those  in  Egypt,  the  third  for  Zela,  and 
the  fourth  for  the  Juba  victories  in  Africa.  No  triumph  of  course  was 
given  for  victories  in  civil  war.  To  celebrate  these  triumphs  there  were 
splendid  banquets,  still  more  splendid  entertainments  in  the  circus  and 
amphitheatre,  and  a generous  distribution  of  corn  and  money.  Caesar 
furnished  “bread  and  circuses”  ( panem  et  circos)  without  stint.  The 
forty  days  of  thanksgiving  decreed  by  the  senate  were  made  such  to 
the  holiday-loving  Romans  by  the  seemingly  careless  but  really  pur- 
posed extravagance  of  the  man  who  had  just  been  made  dictator  for 
ten  years. 

36.  Caesar’s  Reforms.  — Caesar  now  gave  himself  to  the  work  ot 
reform  with  zeal,  energy,  and  wisdom.  The  laws  which  had  been  passed 
in  his  first  consulship  ( Leges  Iuliae)  were  now  enforced.  The  calendar, 
heretofore  in  the  hands  of  the  pontifices  and  now  three  months  in  ad- 
vance of  the  real  time,  was  corrected.1  This  reform  was  a benefit  not 
only  to  his  country  but  to  the  whole  civilized  world,  and  the  Julian 
calendar  was  in  use  for  nearly  sixteen  hundred  years.  He  improved 
the  personnel  of  the  senate  by  removing  all  persons  convicted  of  bribery 
or  fraud,  and  by  supplying  their  places  with  men  of  merit.  The  mem- 
bership of  this  body  was  also  greatly  increased.  This  increase  may 
have  been  partly  due  to  a desire  on  Caesar’s  part  to  reward  those  who 
had  proved  themselves  faithful  to  his  interests,  but  probably  more  to  a 
wise  and  really  conservative  view  of  “ the  needs  of  the  times.’1  All  ques- 
tions of  importance  were  -to  be  submitted  to  the  senate.  This  careful 
consideration  bestowed  upon  the  calendar  and  senate  he  gave  to  every 
thing  affecting  the  public  welfare. 

37.  Battle  of  Munda  (March  17,  B.  c.  45).  — While  engaged  in 
these  plans  and  measures,  Caesar  was  called  to  Spain  to  quell  a formid- 
able insurrection  instigated  by  the  two  sons  of  Pompey,  Cneius  and  Sex- 

1 For  example  August  9,  the  date  of  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  in  the  corrected 
calendar  is  June  6. 


THE  LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 


13 


tus.  It  was  the  end  of  the  year  b.  c.  46  when  Caesar  set  out,  hut  not 
until  March  17  of  the  following  year  was  the  decisive  battle  at  Munda 
fought.  Caesar’s  troops  in  this  battle  were  at  first  driven  back;  defeat 
seemed  inevitable,  but  the  day  was  retrieved  when  the  great  Dictator  in 
person  rallied  the  broken  lines  and  led  them  back  to  victory. 

The  Pompeian  party  was  now  utterly  and  forever  crushed,  and  Caesar’s 
military  career  ended.  After  settling  affairs  in  Spain,  Caesar  returned  to 
Italy  in  October.  Many  honors  were  now  conferred  upon  him.  He 
was  made  Imperator  for  life,  and  nominated  Pater  Patriae  ; the  month 
Quinctilis  received  the  new  name  Iulius  (July);  his  head  appeared  on 
the  new  coinage ; he  was  proclaimed  a god. 

38.  Caesar's  Ambitions.  — Caesar  was  ambitious,  but  nobly  so.  Thus 
far  lie  had  used  his  position  for  the  advantage  of  his  country.  His  great 
offices  were  used  for  large  service  to  the  State.  His  plans  for  promoting 
1 he  welfare  of  the  citizens,  correcting  abuses  in  legislation  and  adminis- 
tration at  home  and  in  the  provinces,  for  beautifying  the  city  and  ex- 
tending the  Empire  were  not  to  be  completed  in  the  life-time  of  any 
single  man,  and  it  did  not  require  the  prophet’s  vision  to  see  that  Caesar’s 
new  order  of  things  would  be  followed  by  anarchy  if  no  provision  were 
made  for  its  continuance  and  completion  during  his  life-time.  It  was 
the  hereditary  element  in  kingship  which  was  attractive  to  the  statesman 
of  large  and  enlightened  views  and  purposes.  The  anarchy  following  his 
death  and  the  power  seized  by  a rude  and  rapacious  soldiery  under  the 
elective  system  are  proofs  alike  of  the  great  Dictator’s  patriotism  and  fore- 
sight in  seeUng  the  kingly  office.  On  the  feast  of  the  Lupercalia  (Fel).  15, 
b.  c.  44),  his  colleague  Antony  publicly  offered  him  a rojml  diadem. 
The  disposition  of  the  people,  however,  was  such  that  Caesar  declined  it, 
and  saying  that  the  Romans  had  no  King  but  Jove,  ordered  it  to  be 
placed  on  the  head  of  the  statue  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus. 

39.  Conspiracy.  — Many  great  and  important  changes  were  wrought 
by  Caesar  and  in  a marvellously  short  space  of  time.  While  busy  with 
these  a conspiracy  was  formed  against  his  life.  The  leading  spirits  in  this 
plot  were  Cassius  and  Brutus;  their  associates  probably  did  not  number 


14 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


a hundred  in  all.  “The  conspiracy  began  in  spite,”  says  Mr.  Browning, 
“ and  continued  in  folly.” 

40.  Caesar’s  Death  (March  15,  B.  C.  4-1).  — The  story  of  his  murder 
is  graphically  told  by  Shakspeare,  and  is  familiar.  Caesar  fell  in  the 
senate-house  at  the  feet  of  the  statue  of  Pompey  on  the  Ides  (15th)  of 
March,  b.  c.  44.  His  murderers  were  men  on  whom  he  had  conferred 
many  and  great  favors.  Men  who  could  receive  offices  and  gifts  from 
the  great  and  generous  Caesar  and  treacherously  conspire  to  murder  their 
benefactor  might  pretend  to,  but  could  never  have  been  animated  by, 
a noble  patriotism.  So  perished  the  greatest  of  Romans,  - — one  of  the 
greatest  men,  if  not  the  very  greatest  man,  of  all  antiquity.  Caesar  was 
great  in  planning  and  accomplishment;  great  as  statesman,  orator,  soldier, 
historian  ; great  by  natural  power  and  acquisition ; great  in  thought  and 
action ; princeliest  among  his  fellows,  the  admiration  of  all  succeeding 
times. 

“ Truly  a wonderful  man  was  Cains  Julius  Caesar.” 


FROM  BUST  IN  VATICAN.  CAESAR 
REPRESENTED  AS  PONTIFEX  MAXIMUS. 
AGE,  ABOUT  55. 


THE  LIFE  OF  CAESAR. 


15 


41.  Piincipal  Events  in  the  Life  of  Caesar. 


b.  c. 

100.  Caesar’s  birth  (July  12).1 

87.  Flamen  Dialis. 

84.  Death  of  Caesar’s  father. 

83.  Marries  Cornelia. 

80-78.  Serves  with  the  army  in 
Asia. 

77.  Prosecutes  Dolabella  unsuccess- 
fully. 

76-75.  Studies  oratory  at  Rhodes. 

74.  Military  tribune. 

68.  Quaestor. 

67.  Marries  Pompeia. 

65.  Curule  Aedile. 

63.  Pontifex  Maximus  (Catiline’s  Con- 
spiracy). 

62.  Praetor. 

61.  Propraetor  in  Spain. 

60.  First  Trivtmvirate  formed. 

59.  Consul.  Marries  Calpurnia. 

58.  Proconsul  in  Gaul:  First  Cam- 
paign : He  conquers  the  Helvetii 
and  Ariovistus. 

57  Second  Campaign : He  conquers 
the  Belgae,  including  the  Nervii. 

56.  The  Triumvirate  meet  at  Lucca. 
Third  Campaign  : He  conquers 
the  Veneti  and  Aquitani. 

55.  Fourth  Campaign : He  conquers 


B.  C. 

the  Usipetes,  Germans,  etc.,  and 
crosses  into  Britain. 

54.  Fifth  Campaign : Second  Invasion 
of  Britain. 

53.  Sixth  Campaign  : He  subdues  the 
rebellious  states  of  Gaul. 

52.  Seventh  Campaign : He  checks  a 
second  insurrection  of  the  Gauls 
under  Vercingetorix. 

51.  Eighth  Campaign : The  whole  re- 
gion is  subdued  and  made  subject 
to  Rome. 

50.  Ninth  year  of  command.  He  or- 
ganizes the  newly  acquired  ter- 
ritory. Breaks  openly  with 
Pompey. 

49.  Crosses  the-  Rubicon.  Civil  war 
begun. 

48.  Conquers  Pompey  at  Pharsalus 

47.  Puts  down  rebellion  in  Egypt. 
Subdues  Pharnaces. 

46.  Defeats  the  senatorial  party  at 
Thapsus.  Appointed  Dictator  for 
ten  years.  Reforms  the  calendar. 

45.  Defeats  the  sons  of  Pompey  at 
Munda.  Imperator  for  life. 

44.  The  conspiracy.  Assassinated  in 
the  senate-house  (March  15). 


“ Julius  Caesar,  whose  remembrance  yet 
Lives  in  men’s  eyes,  and  will  to  ears  and  tongues 
Be  theme  and  hearing  ever.” 

Shakspeare,  Cgmbeline,  Act  iii.  Sc.  i.  lines  2-4. 


1 Mommsen,  102. 


1G 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


CAESAR  AS  A WRITER. 

42.  The  style  of  Caesar  is  compared  by  Cicero  to  the  unadorned  sim- 
plicity of  an  ancient  Greek  statue.  'Eliis  opinion  of  one  who  was  not  in 
sympathy  with  Caesar  may  be  regarded  as  exceed  big  p'^'sc.  Cice  also 
remarks  that  this  exquisite  purity  was  obtained  by  constant  study  and  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  Latin  language.  Caesar  inserts  no  word  but 
what  has  an  important  mission,  without  any  regard  to  embellishment.  A 
perfect  equality  of  expression  pervades  his  writings.  The  narrative  is 
clear  and  easy. 

43.  The  commentaries  were  doubtless  hastily  written  on  the  spot 
where  the  battles  were  fought,  and  were  mere  outlines  which  he  perhaps 
hoped  some  day  to  fill  out.  Therefore  we  admire  all  the  more  the  purity 
and  neatness  of  Caesar’s  style,  which  have  not  been  surpassed  by  any 
Roman  writer,  and  dhsily  pardon  a deficiency  of  vigor. 

44.  The  writings  of  Caesar  which  remain  are  seven  books  of  the 
Gallic  and  three  of  the  Civil  war.  The  eighth  book  of  the  Gallic  war 
was  written  by  Aulus  Hirtius,  who  was  personally  present  with  Caesar. 
Besides  the  works  that  have  come  down  to  us  Caesar  wrote  other  books, 
of  which  only  fragments  remain. 

45.  As  an  orator  Cicero  places  him  among  the  first,  and  Quintilian 
says  that  he  spoke  with  the  same  spirit  with  which  he  fought,  adding 
that  if  he  had  given  his  attention  to  the  arts  of  peace,  he  would  have 
rivalled  Cicero  in  eloquence. 

GAUL. 

46.  The  comparative  study  of  language  throws  a light  upon  the 
origin  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  Gaul.  From  the  great  family  to  which 
Hindu,  Persian,  Roman,  Greek,  and  Teuton  belonged,  the  Celts  have 
separated.  As  the  Vedas  of  India  reflect  the  primitive  creed  of  the 


DESCRIPTION  OF  GAUL. 


17 


Aryans,  so  the  system  of  the  Druids  undoubtedly  must  contain  an  im- 
press, however  small,  of  the  religious  thought  of  that  ancient  people. 

47.  The  language  of  the  Celts  is  not  lost,  for  it  lives  in  literature  and 
is  still  spoken  in  the  heart  of  Brittany,  Wales,  and  in  the  north  of  Scot- 
land and  in  Ireland.  Some  standing  ruins  give  evidence  of  monuments 
that  nave  passed  away. 

48.  The  Celtic  race  had  diffused  itself  over  the  valleys  and  hills  of 
France,  including  the  western  districts  of  Germany  and  Switzerland,  and 
from  thence  occupied  the  southern  part  of  England.  In  spite  of  the 
difference  in  language  and  manners  (B.  G.  i.  1),  there  seems  to  have 
been  a bond  of  union  which  joined  the  tribes  in  mutual  interest. 

49.  All  ancient  writers  agree  that  Gaul  was  well  peopled.  Agri- 
culture undoubtedly  was  practised.  “Gallic  oxen  especially  were  of 
good  repute  in  Italy,”  so  Varro  tells  us.  Plautus  mentions  the  “ Gallic 
ponies.”  Varro  again  says  : “It  is  not  every  race  that  is  suited  for  the 
business  of  herdsmen ; neither  the  Bastulians  nor  the  Turdulians  are  fit 
for  it.  The  Celts  are  the  best,  especially  as  respects  beasts  for  riding 
and  burden.” 

50.  The  art  of  building  vessels  had  attained  great  progress  among 
the  Celts.  They  seem  to  be  the  first  nation  that  regularly  navigated  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  Although  in  Caesar’s  time  they  used  in  the  Channel  a 
sort  of  portable  leathern  skiff,  yet  the  peoples  on  the  west  coast,  and 
especially  the  Veneti,  sailed  in  large  clumsy  ships,  propelled  by  leathern 
siils,  and  not  by  oars. 

51.  Marine  fishing  and  the  collection  of  the  eggs  of  sea-birds  were 
prosecuted  on  such  an  extensive  scale  that  it  probably  gave  rise  to  the 
statement  in  Caesar’s  time  that  “certain  tribes  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rhine  subsisted  on  fish  and  birds’  eggs.”  The  tolls  of  the  river  and 
seaports  were  important  factors  of  commerce  in  certain  cantons,  as  those 
of  the  Haedui  and  Veneti.  The  peculiar  skill  of  the  Celts  in  imitating 
any  model  and  executing  any  instructions  is  observed  by  Caesar. 

2 


18 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


52  The  implements  of  the  Gauls  for  a long  time  were  only  stone 
axes  bound  to  wooden  handles  by  leathern  bands,  flint  arrow-heads  and 


GALLIC  ARMS  OF  BROKZE. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  GAUL. 


19 


knives.  Arms  of  bronze  and  iron  are  of  a later  period,  and  belonged  to 
those  tribes  which  were  the  nearest  to  Italy.  Specimens  of  these  earliest 
weapons  are  given. 


GALLIC  TKUMPET. 


53.  The  art  of  procuring  metals  had  been  developed  to  such  an  ex- 
tent that  miners  played  an  important  part  in  the  sieges.  The  character 
of  the  country  refutes  the  opinion  prevalent  among  the  Romans,  that 
Gaul  was  one  of  the  richest  gold  regions  in  tire  world. 

54.  The  arts  exhibit  a remarkably  low  state  when  compared  with  the 
mechanical  skiil  in  the  use  of  metals.  The  party-colored  and  brilliant 
ornaments  show  a lack  of  proper  taste  which  the  Gallic  coins  confirm 
with  their  simple,  curious,  and  rude  representations.  On  a great  number 
is  seen  a wild  boar  or  a horse  without  bridle,  the  symbol  of  liberty  and 
war.  The  magnificent  staters  of  Philip  II.  of  Thasos  were  imitated, 
but  in  unskilled  hands  they  lost  all  beauty  of  design.  These  coins  of 
Macedon,  however,  gave  an  impulse  toward  producing  varied  pieces  of 
curious  types  on  which  the  likenesses  of  ambitious  chiefs  were  stamped. 
Specimens  of  Gallic  coins  are  given.  See  Illustrations. 


20 


general  introduction. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  GAUL. 


21 


55.  The  art  of  poetry  on  the  other  hand  was  highly  valued  by  the 
Celts,  and  was  intermingled  with  the  religious  ami  political  institutions. 
Science  and  philosophy,  although  hampered  by  the  theology  of  the 
country,  received  appreciation  among  them.  The  knowledge  of  writing 
was  confined  to  the  priests.  In  Caesar’s  time  the  Greek  writing  was  made 
use  of,  but  in  the  southern  districts  the  Latin  was  predominant.  (B.  G. 
i.  29.  “In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae  repertae  sunt  litteris  Graecis  con- 
fectae.” The  documents  written  were  not  in  the  Greek  language  but  in 
the  Greek  characters).  The  coins  also  show  Greek  writing. 

56.  The  clan-canton  was  the  basis  of  the  constitution  of  the  State, 
with  its  prince,  its  council  of  elders,  and  its  freemen  capable  of  bearing 
arms.  In  the  time  of  Caesar  this  cantonal  constitution  still  existed  un- 
altered among  the  insular  Celts,  and  in  the  northern  cantons  of  the 
mainland.  We  cannot  say  that  this  Gallic  clanship  contained  only  those 
descended  from  a common  ancestor,  for  Caesar  (B.  G.  i.  18)  tells  us  that 
Dumnorix,  by  his  liberality,  gained  clients  every  day,  hence  introducing 
a foreign  element  into  the  clan.  The  general  assembly  held  the  supreme 
authority;  the  prince  was  bound  to  conform  to  its  decrees;  the  common 
council,  which  numbered  in  certain  clans  six  hundred  members,  appears 
to  have  the  same  importance  as  the  Senate  of  Borne  under  the  kings. 
A revolution  had  occurred,  before  the  time  of  Caesar,  among  the  Arverni, 
Haedui,  Sequani,  and  Helvetii,  which  set  aside  the  royal  authority  and 
gave  the  power  into  the  hands  of  the  nobility. 

57.  Some  words  which  Caesar  uses  in  his  Commentaries  would  lead 
us  to  suppose  that  in  some  cases  a great  council  of  entire  Gaul  assem- 
bled. However,  we  cannot  take  this  to  mean  anything  more  than  a con- 
federate alliance,  which  Caesar,  perhaps,  interpreted  as  national  unity. 

58.  The  assemblies  take  precautions  against  hasty  movements.  “In 
the  cantons,”  says  Caesar,  “ which  are  considered  the  best  regulated,  it  is 
a sacred  law  that  he  who  learns  anything  of  interest  to  the  city  should 
inform  the  magistrate  of  it,  without  telling  it  to  any  other  person,  since 
experience  has  shown  that  imprudent  and  uneducated  men  are  often 


22 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


alarmed  by  what  is  false,  take  extreme  measures,  and  even  go  into  crime. 
The  magistrates  conceal  what  is  proper,  and  reveal  to  the  multitude  what 
they  think  is  good  for  them  to  know.  It  is  only  in  this  assembly  that 
public  affairs  are  discussed.” 

59.  There  were  two  classes,  the  nobles  and  the  freemen.  The 
nobles  compelled  the  freemen,  who  were  oppressed  by  debt,  to  borrow 
from  them,  and  to  give  up  their  freedom,  de  facto,  as  debtors.  It  was 
the  privilege  of  the  nobility  to  surround  themselves  with  a number  of 
mounted  servants  called  ambacti,  and  thus  to  form  a state  within  a 
state.  Resting  upon  the  support  of  these  troops  the  nobles  could  over- 
throw the  legal  power,  and  break  down  the  commonwealth.  If  in  a clan 
which  contained  eighty  thousand  men  a single  chief  could  muster  ten 
thousand  retainers,  not  counting  the  bondmen  and  the  debtors,  he  easily 
became  more  powerful  than  the  rest  of  the  nobles.  Thus  the  state  could 
no  longer  preserve  the  old  cantonal  constitution,  and  the  other  nobles 
accordingly  gave  themselves  over  as  clients  to  this  more  powerful  one 
among  his  fellows. 


60.  The  cavalry  was  the  principal  force  in  the  military  system  of  the 
Celtic  people.  Among  the  Belgae,  and  still  more  in  Britain,  the  war- 
chariot  appears  with  great  efficiency.  These  warriors,  on  horseback  and 
on  foot,  were  formed  from  the  nobility  and  its  vassals.  It  is  character- 
istic of  their  mode  of  fighting  that  at  the  moment  of  beginning  a conflict 
with  an  enemy  of  which  they  made  little  account,  they  swore  individu- 
ally that  they  would  keep  aloof  from  house  and  home  if  their  army 
should  not  charge  at  least  twice  through  the  enemy’s  line. 

61  Caesar  calls  them  equites,  and  this  cavalry  was  much  esteemed 
among  the  Roman  legions.  “ When  any  war  is  declared  all  the  nobles 
take  arms  and  surround  themselves  with  a number  of  servants  and  clients 
in  proportion  to  their  birth  and  their  wealth.”  Some  of  these  clients  dedi- 
cated their  lives  to  their  chief.  They  were  called  soldurii  among  the  Aqui- 
tani. “ The  soldurii  enjoy  all  the  good  things  of  life  with  those  to  whom 
they  have  consecrated  themselves  in  friendship.  If  their  chief  dies,  they 


DESCRIPTION  OF  GAUL. 


23 


are  unwilling  to  survive  him,  and  slay  themselves.  It  never  has  hap- 
pened within  the  memory  of  man  that  one  of  those  who  had  dedicated 
themselves  to  a chief  by  such  an  agreement  refused  to  die  with  him.” 
(B.  G.  iii.  22). 

62.  The  infantry  was  far  inferior  to  the  cavalry.  The  large  shield 
was  the  principal  defensive  and  the  long  lance  was  the  chief  offensive 
weapon,  preferred  to  the  sword.  A long  line  of  wagons  carried  the  bag- 
age  of  the  army,  and  a barricade  of  these  wagons  was  made  at  night  which 
poorly  corresponded  to  the  entrenched  camp  of  the  Romans.  Certain 
cantons,  as  the  Nervii,  had  infantry  of  exceptional  efficiency,  but  these 
had  no  cavalry  and  perhaps  were  an  immigrant  German  tribe,  and  not 
Celtic.  “The  Celt,”  says  Caesar,  “ dares  not  face  the  German  in  battle.” 
So  unwarlike  did  Caesar  consider  the  Celtic  infantry  that  after  having 
become  acquainted  with  them  in  his  first  campaign,  he  never  employed 
them  again  in  connection  with  the  Roman  infantry. 

63.  A Spirit  of  National  unity  was  manifesting  itself  in  various  ways 
and  gaining  strength  with  the  decline  of  the  individual  cantons.  Amid 
the  feudal  strife  there  were  those  who  were  willing  to  gain  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  nation  at  the  cost  of  the  independence  of  the  several  cantons. 

64.  A league  of  the  Belgae  we  find  in  northeastern  Gaul  in  Caesar’s 
time.  In  central  Gaul  two  parties  were  ambitious  for  the  hegemony, 
the  one.  led  by  the  Haedui,  the  other  by  the  Sequani.  These  confeder- 
acies subsisted  side  by  side.  The  impulse  of  the  nation  toward  unity 
found  undoubtedly  a sort  of  gratification  in  such  unions  as  these. 

65.  The  character  of  this  union  was  of  the  loosest  kind.  The  Bel- 
gian confederacy  alone  seems  to  have  been  bound  firmly  together.  The 
contests  for  the  leadership  made  disruptions  in  every  other  league. 

66.  The  condition  of  women  in  Gaul  indicates  an  advance  in  civiliza- 
tion. They  were  free  in  their  choice  of  a husband,  and  brought  a dowry 
with  them.  The  man  advanced  an  equal  amount.  The  whole,  with 


24 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 


whatever  increase  there  might  be,  went  to  the  survivor.  (R.  G.  vi.  19). 
The  husband  however  had  the  power  of  life  and  death  over  both  wife 
and  children.  No  son  could  address  his  father  in  public  until  he  was 
of  an  age  to  bear  arms. 

67.  “The  funerals,”  says  Caesar,  “considering  the  civilization  of  the 
Gauls,  are  magnificent  and  costly  ; and  they  cast  into  the  fire  all  things 
which  they  think  are  dear  in  this  life  ; and  a little  while  before  this  time, 
slaves  and  clients,  who  surely  had  been  loved  by  the  dead,  were  burned 
together  with  them.”  (B.  G.  vi.  19). 

68.  The  estimate  of  human  life  was  even  lower  among  the  Gauls 
than  among  the  Romans.  The  stories  of  the  old  Gallic  customs  show 
the  great  indifference  which  the  people  felt  toward  their  own  life  and 
that  of  others.  Tilting  by  way  of  sport,  lighting  for  life  at  feasts,  selling 
themselves  to  death  for  a fixed  sum  of  money  or  a number  of  casks  of 
wine,  accepting  the  fatal  blow  with  w'illingness  on  a shield  before  the 
eyes  of  the  Gallic  people  (a  practice  which  outdid  even  the  Roman 
gladiatorial  show's)  were  frequent  among  them. 

69.  In  regard  to  their  dress  and  customs,  Diodorus  says  : “ Some 
of  them  wear  coats  of  iron-mail,  others  fight  naked.  Instead  of  swords 
they  wear  great  sabres  suspended  on  the  right  side  by  chains  of  iron  or 
brass.  Some  have  gold  or  silver  girdles.  They  also  use  pikes,  the  heads 
of  which  are  a cubit  long  and  about  two  palms  broad.  Their  swords  are 
scarcely  less  in  size  than  the  javelin  of  other  nations,  and  the  sauniae 
(heavy  javelins)  which  they  hurl  have  blades  longer  than  their  swords. 
Of  these  some  are  straight,  others  curved  in  order  to  tear  the  flesh  and 
enlarge  the  wound  when  drawn  out.” 

70.  The  dress  of  the  Gauls  differed  from  that  of  the  Romans.  They 
wore  breeches  tightly  fitting  on  the  legs,  called  braccae.  A tunic  covered 
the  upper  portion  of  their  bodies,  over  which  was  thrown  a sagum,  a band 
of  cloth  light  in  summer,  and  thick  in  winter.  On  their  feet  they  wore 
wooden-soled  shoes  (gallicae). 


DESCRIPTION  OF  GAUL. 


25 


71.  The  personal  appearance  of  the  Gauls  Diodorus  again  describes: 
“ They  are  tall,  possessing  fair  skin  and  light  hair.  Some  of  them  shave 
their  beard,  while  others  allow  it  to  grow  long.  They  take  their  meals 
sitting  on  the  skins  of  wolves  and  dogs.  By  their  side  are  smoking  cal- 
drons and  spits,  on  which  are  quarters  of  meat.  The  brave  are  honored 
by  being  offered  the  best  morsels.  Every  stranger  who  comes  to  them  is 
invited  to  the  feast,  and  not  until  after  the  meal  do  they  ask  him  who  he 
is  and  what  he  wants.  Then  come  long  stories,  for  the  Gauls  desire  to 
hear  as  well  as  see.  These  feasts,  however,  are  often  stained  with 
blood ; words  beget  quarrels  ; and  as  human  life  is  despised,  they  chal- 
lenge one  another  to  single  combat. 

Their  aspect  is  terrifying]  they  have  loud  rough  voices,  say  little, 
and  express  themselves  in  riddles. 

“ A violent  race,”  say  the  ancients,  “ who  make  war  on  mankind, 
Nature,  and  the  gods.  They  shoot  their  arrows  against  heaven  when  it 
thunders;  they  take  arms  against  the  tempest;  they  march  sword  in 
hand  upon  overflowing  rivers,  or  the  ocean  in  its  wrath.” 

RELIGION.  (See  Diiuioism.) 

TOPOGRAPHY  OF  GAUL. 

72.  Free  Gaul  ( Libera  Gallia),  which  Caesar  refers  to  (B.  G.  i.  1),  was 
that  part  not  yet  subdued  by  the  Romans.  The  southern  country  had 
become  a Roman  province  as  early  as  120  B.  c.,  and  to  this  conquered 
region  Caesar  gives  the  appellation  provincia,  or  provincia  nostra. 

Ancient  Gaul  was  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Atlantic,  on  the  north 
by  the  Rhine,  on  the  east  by  the  Rhine  and  the  Alps,  and  on  the  south 
by  the  Pyrenees.  The  greatest  breadth  was  600  English  miles,  but 
much  diminished  toward  each  extremity,  and  its  length  was  from 
480  to  620  miles.  It  corresponds  in  some  degree  with  the  kingdom  ot 
France  under  Napoleon,  which  was  650  miles  long  from  east  to  west 
and  560  broad  from  north  to  south.  Three  great  nations  comprised  the 
Gauls,  known  as  the  Belgae,  the  Celtae,  and  the  Aquitani.  The  Romans 
applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  the  general  name  Galli. 


26 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


The  Gauls  proper,  or  Celtae,  as  they  called  themselves,  occupied  the 
central  parts,  extending  from  the  Sequana  (Seine)  on  the  north  to  the 
Garumna  (Garonne)  on  the  south.  The  Belgae  were  in  the  north, 
between  the  Sequana  and  Lower  Rhine.  The  Aquitani  dwelt  in  the 
south,  in  the  territory  between  the  Garumna  and  Pyrenees,  and  inter- 
mingled with  the  Spaniards.  Ot'  these  nations  the  Belgae  were  the 
bravest,  but  the  Celtae  the  more  numerous  and  indigenous.  The  Aqui- 
tani were  of  a race  cognate  to  the  Spanish  tribes,  while  the  Belgae  were 
largely  intermixed  with  the  Germans. 

The  entire  population  of  the  country  may  have  been  about  seven 
million. 

73.  The  Aquitani  probably  spoke  a language  of  Iberian  origin.  The 
Belgae  and  the  Celtae  used  merely  different  dialects  ol  the  same  language, 
the  former  Celtic  mixed  with  German,  the  latter  pure  Celtic  (B.  G.  i.  1). 

GERMANY. 

74.  The  science  of  language  establishes  the  German  races  in  the 
great  family  to  which  belong  the  Hindu,  Roman,  and  Celt.  The  Teu- 
tonic language  lives  in  its  representatives,  although  the  original  speech 
has  passed  away  without  a literature.  It  is  with  peculiar  interest  that 
we  study  the  early  history  of  the  Germans,  who  were  our  progenitors; 
and  it  is  a matter  of  regret  that  no  more  writings  of  Latin  authors  con- 
cerning them  have  come  down  to  us. 

75  The  Romans  first  met  the  Germans  in  113  b.  c.,  when  they  came 
upon  the  Roman  confirms  and  made  invasions  in  Gaul  and  northern  Italy, 
until  checked  by  Marius.  At  that  time  they  were  under  the  appellation 
of  Teutones  and  Cimbri. 

76.  Upon  the  Celts  the  Germans  had  exerted  a pressure  more  violent 
even  than  that  of  the  Romans  on  the  south.  All  the  land  to  the  east  of 
the  Rhine  was  lost  to  the  Celts.  The  Boii  were  wandering  in  search  of  a 
resting-place,  and  the  land  formerly  possessed  by  the  Helvetii  was  claimed 
by  the  Germans. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  GERMANY. 


27 


77.  They  were  designated  Germans  when  Caesar  began  his  con- 
quest of  Gaul.  It  is  not  strange  that  the  Celts  being  threatened  with 
danger  from  two  national  foes  should  seek  the  one  as  a protection  against 
the  other. 

78.  Ariovistus  attempted  to  establish  the  power  of  the  nation 

which  dwelt  across  the  Danube  in  Gaul,  but  was  defeated  by  Caesar  and 
compelled  to  cross  the  Rhine  (B.  G.  i.  53). 

79.  Caesar  crossed  the  Rhine  twice,  not  with  the  intention  of  con- 
quest, but  to  prevent  the  frequent  invasions  of  the  Germans  into  Gaul. 

80.  Of  the  German  tribes  dwelling  nearest  the  Rhine  Caesar  had 
an  accurate  knowledge,  but  the  Suebi,  he  was  told,  inhabited  the  rest  of 
Germany,  and  were  divided  into  a hundred  districts,  which  sent  annu- 
ally a thousand  men  each  to  seek  booty.  They  lived  by  hunting  and 
fishing,  and  devastated  their  borders  to  prevent  foreign  invasion.  This 
stratagem  was  employed  by  the  Germans  on  an  extensive  scale,  and  the 
neighborhood  for  miles  was  laid  waste  to  guard  against  hostile  attacks. 

81.  The  appearance  of  the  Germans,  Roman  writers  declare,  was  as 
follows  : A people  with  fierce  blue  eyes,  yellow  hair,  strong  frame,  and 
gigantic  height,  who  are  inured  to  cold  and  hunger,  but  not  heat  and 
thirst;  friendly,  faithful,  warlike,  and  ready  to  sacrifice  life  for  liberty, 
dwell  beyond  the  Rhine. 

82  With  the  arts  of  civilization  the  Germans  are  represented  (o 
have  been  unacquainted ; and  they  were  ignorant  of  agriculture  and 
the  use  of  letters,  living  in  the  forests  and  supporting  themselves  by 
the  chase. 

83.  The  government  was  by  the  people  in  the  majority  of  tribes, 
but  some  obeyed  the  limited  authority  of  kings  without  giving  up 
individual  rights. 


28 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


84.  In  battle  it  was  the  duty  of  a commander  to  be  as  valiant  as  pos- 
sible, and  the  duty  of  his  soldiers  not  to  be  inferior  to  him.  It  was 
considered  a disgrace  to  survive  the  fall  of  the  commander,  hut  to  protect 
him  was  the  motive  of  every  soldier. 

85.  The  estimate  of  women  was  high  among  the  German  tribes,  and 
polygamy  was  permitted  only  to  princes  in  order  to  extend  their  influence 
in  neighboring  tribes. 

86.  They  worshipped  the  sun,  moon,  earth,  fire,  and  imaginary 
beings  controlling  the  events  of  life,  whose  will  the  priests  divined  by 
mysteries.  Their  temples  were  caves  of  the  earth. 

BRITAIN. 

87.  In  regard  to  Britain  little  was  known  before  the  time  of  Caesar, 
who  endeavored  to  reduce  it,  but  his  attempts  were  ineffectual.  Ostorius 
in  the  reign  of  Claudius  subjugated  the  southern  part ; and  Agricola  in  the 
reign  of  Domitian  increased  the  Roman  sway  there.  Britain  remained  a 
Roman  province  until  a.  d.  426,  when  the  assistance  of  the  troops  was 
demanded  by  Valentine  II 1.  against  the  Huns.  The  Britons  under  the 
Roman  power  became  so  effeminate  that  they  were  unable  to  drive  away 
the  inhabitants  of  the  north  ; and  the  Saxons,  who  were  invoked  to  aid 
them,  subdued  the  country. 

Britain  abounded  in  Roman  walls,  traces  of  which  remain  to-day. 
The  race  to  which  the  Britons  belonged  was  the  Celtic. 

DRUIDISM. 

88  Druidism  was  an  impress  of  the  Indo-European  faith.  As  the  sky 
became  the  first  deification  of  the  Aryans  (cf.  Jupiter  = Dyaus  pita , 
divus  — heavenly,  hence  divine,  the  old  idea  lingering  on  in  “sub  divo  ” 
out  of  doors),  so  the  Druids  first  worshipped  the  stars,  the  sun,  and  the 
forces  of  nature,  and  these  phenomena  became  personified.  Bel  became 
the  sun-god;  Kirk,  the  wind  from  the  valley  of  the  Rhone]  Tarann,  the 
thunder. 


DRUIPISM. 


29 


89.  The  deities  of  the  Sanskrit  pantheon  lingered  on  in  the  system 
of  the  Druids.  Much  importance  was  attached  to  kine  in  both  religions. 
In  the  Yeda  one  of  the  most  fertile  sources  -of  metaphors  is  the  cow- 
stall;  and  likewise  the  forms  of  bulls  and  oxen  obtained  a great  vogue 
in  Druid  worship.  Many  ceremonies,  as  religious  bathing,  etc.,  exhibit 
a striking  correspondence. 

90.  The  Druids  formed  a distinct  caste  by  themselves,  possessing  great 
authority.  They  were  regarded  as  the  interpreters  of  the  will  of  heaven 
and  the  diviners  of  the  secrets  of  the  earth. 

• 

91.  The  power  of  the  Druids  was  supreme  in  the  government  of 
the  state.  According  to  Caesar  they  appointed  the  chief  magistrates, 
and  these  acted  as  was  agreeable  to  the  will  of  the  priests.  J ustice 
was  administered  by  them,  and  whoever  opposed  their  decisions  was 
excom  m uuicated. 

92.  The  Druids  gave  oral  instruction  to  pupils,  who  learned  from 
them  verses  of  hidden  meaning  amounting  to  many  thousand;  but  they 
wrote  nothing,  and  the  songs  of  the  early  bards  have  passed  away. 

93.  A belief  in  a life  beyond  the  grave  was  taught  by  them.  This 
was  more  clear  and  definite  to  them  than  the  Latin  faitli  in  the  vague 
existence  of  the  Manes.  The  mistletoe  was  a sacred  plant,  the  rarity  of 
which  caused  it  to  become  the  holiest  object  in  Nature.  The  oak  was  also 
venerated.  Human  sacrifices  were  frequently  offered  to  the  gods. 

94.  Such  is  a brief  description  of  the  religious  system  among  the 
Gauls  and  Britons. 

95.  Caesar  refers  to  the  Druids  in  the  following  passages.  Druides, 
vi.  14;  Drnidum,  vi.  13  (twice)  ; Druidibus,  vi.  13;  Druides,  vi.  21  ; 
Pruidibus,  vi.  16,  18. 


30 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION, 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


31 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 

96.  The  Organization  of  the  army. — The  Roman  army  of  the  late 
republic  consisted  of  (a)  legions;  ( b ) auxiliary  infantry;  (c)  cavalry; 
( d ) artillery  ; ( e ) staff  and  staff  troops. 

97.  The  Legions.  — It  was  both  the  duty  and  the  right  of  every  Roman 
citizen  to  serve  in  the  army.  But  after  the  social  war  the  number  of  Ro- 
man citizens  had  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  only  a part  was  needed. 
We  find  therefore  at  the  end  of  the  republic  the  armies  changing  into  an 
organization  of  professional  soldiers  who  were  mostly  led  by  the  hope  of 
gain.  The  higher  classes  remained  at  home,  unless,  indeed,  some  one  was 
driven  by  natural  inclination  or  anticipations  of  ascending  to  a high  rank. 
The  levy  ( dilectus ) was  held  in  Italy  in  the  name  of  the  consuls,  in 
the  provinces  in  the  name  of  the  proconsuls. 

98.  Number  of  soldiers. — The  number  of  soldiers  in  a legion,  at 
Caesar’s  time,  may  be  estimated  as  amounting  to  3,000  or  3,600.  It  was 
the  custom  to  form  a new  legion  (legio  tironum)  rather  than  to  fill  out 
vacancies  in  the  old  ones  ( legiones  veteranae ),  unless  their  number  was 
diminished  to  an  extraordinary  degree.  (Cf.  B.  G.  vii.  1,  7.) 

99.  Divisions  of  the  Legions.  — Each  legion  was  divided  into  ten 
cohorts  (300  to  360  men)  ; each  cohort  into  three  maniples  (100  t.o  120 
men);  each  maniple  into  two  platoons  (50  to  60  men)  [ordines  — 
platoons]. 

100.  Officers.  — The  officers  of  the  legion  were  the  six  military 
tribunes  ( tribuni  militum ).  Each  maniple  was  under  the  command  of 


32 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


two  centurions  ( centurio  prior  in  charge  of  the  first  platoon  and  centurio 
posterior  in  charge  of  the  second  platoon). 


The  centuriones  of  the  first  maniple  of  a cohort  were  called  pili, 
those  of  the  second  principes,  those  of  the  third  hastati,  — names 
which  are  an  apparent  survival  of  the  older  organization.  The 
centurio  prior  ( pilus  prior,  principilus)  of  the  first  maniple  of  the 
first  cohort  of  the  first  legion  had  the  highest  rank.  The  centurions 
of  the  first  maniple  of  a legion  occupied  an  exceptional  position, 
and  took  part  in  the  council  of  war  (B.  G.  v.  28). 


101.  The  tribuni  militum.  — The  tribuni  militum  were  men  of 
higher  social  position  who,  after  having  served  a short  time  in  the 
cohors  praetoria,  were  appointed  military  tribunes. 

The  difference  between  the  centurions  and  the  tribuni  was  the 
same  as  that  between  non-commissioned  officers  and  commissioned 
officers,  — centurions  being  very  rarely  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
tribuni  militum. 


SCUTUM. 


SARCINAE. 


G I.  AD  IUS. 


PILUM. 


leather  (galea),  greaves  (ocreae),  the  wooden,  iron-plated  shield  (scutum), 
and  the  sword  (gladius).  Their  characteristic  weapon  was  the  spear 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


(pilum),  the  iron  of  which  bent  when  the  missile  struck,  since  only  the 
end  was  hardened  : this  made  it  useless  to  the  enemy  and  prevented 
an  easy  removal.  (B.  G.  i.  25). 

Besides  these  each  soldier  carried  entrenching  tools  (saws,  spades,  axes, 
etc.),  cooking  vessels,  and  spare  clothing,  and  his  ration  of  food  (If  pounds 
for  a day). 

For  convenient  carrying,  the  baggage  — about  30  to  45  pounds  — was 
packed  in  bundles  ( sarcinae ) and  fastened  to  a small  board  which  rested 
on  the  top  of  a forked  pole  (furca). 


AQUILIFER. 


SIGNUM. 


103.  Standards.  — Each  legion  had  as  a standard  an  eagle  (aquila), 
entrusted  to  the  principilus,  first  centurion  of  the  first  cohort  (aquilifer). 
Each  cohort  had  a signum  (usually  an  animal). 

(Aquila  therefore  sometimes  = legio,  and  signum  = cohors.) 

3 


34 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


BUCCINA. 


104.  Music.  — 1 wo  kinds  of  instruments  were  used  for  giving  signals 
to  the  legionaries  : buccina  { buccinatores ) = bugle,  and  tuba  { tubicines ) 

= trumpet,  — the  latter  being  more  numer- 
ous than  the  former. 

105.  Baggage  train.  — The  heavy  bag- 
gage of  the  legions  was  carried  by  pack- 
animals,  horses,  or  mules  {jumenta  sarci- 
naria, B.  G.  vii.  45). 

The  first  tiling  they  carried  were  the 
leather  tents  {tentoria,  tabernacula).  Ten 
men  formed  a contubernium,  but  as  trvo 
were  always  on  guard-duty  it  was  actually 
occupied  by  oidy  eight.  Each  centurion 
had  a tent  for  his  own  use.  Making  an 
allowance  of  two  tents  for  servants,  each  maniple  (one  hundred  and 
twenty  men)  needed  sixteen  tents,  a cohort  forty-eight,  a legion  four 
hundred  and  eighty  (twelve  tents  for  the  tribuni  militum  and  their 
servants  excluded).  Besides  this,  a great  amount  of  stakes,  tools,  etc., 
was  required  for  pitching  camp,  which  justifies  us  in  assuming  one  more 
pack-animal  for  each  cohort  (48  + 1 = 49). 

The  weight  of  a tent  was  about  forty  pounds,  and  as  a pack-animal’s 
load  can  be  rated  at  about  two  hundred  pounds,  and  as  very  probably 
each  contubernium  (ten  men)  had  one  mule  or  horse,  it  could  convey  be- 
sides the  tent  sixteen  pounds  of  each  soldier’s  baggage  (food,  mills,  etc.). 
To  this  must  be  added  about  five  servants  and  three  pack-animals  for 
each  tribune,  their  several  horses,  etc.,  so  that  the  sum  total  of  animals 
hardly  fell  short  of  five  hundred  and  twenty,  — a real  impedimentum  for 
an  army. 


106.  The  antesignani.  — The  antesignani  were  a detachment  from  the 
cohorts  (three  hundred  men  for  each  legion)  always  ready  for  battle 
{expediti),  and  serving  as  vanguard  and  as  light  infantry  in  a hand-to- 
hand  battle. 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


35 


107.  The  Auxiliary  Infantry.  — Auxilia  were  raised  by  (a)  enlistment 
from  allied  nations,  — «lingers  from  the  Balearic  Islands,  archers  from  Nu- 
midia, and  light-armed  German  troops  (B.  G.  viii.  13) ; ( b ) by  conscription 
from  barbarian  nations  of  the  provinces, — troops  which  were  seldom  to  be 
relied  upon,  and  principally  used  for  a show  of  strength,  or  for  the  con- 
struction of  fortifications  (B.  G.  i.  51  ; vii.  34)  , (c)  by  treaty  with  allied 
nations.  The  number  of  auxiliary  troops  is  extremely  varying.  The 
name  for  all  auxiliary  infantry  is  alarii. 

108.  The  Cavalry  — The  cavalry  in  Caesar’s  army  was  raised  in  the 
manner  described  above.  The  soldiers  came  from  Germany,  Gaul,  and 
Spain  (B.  G.  v.  26,  46  ; vii.  13,  55). 

As  an  average  its  strength  was  about  one-fourth  of  that  of  the  legions. 
They  doubtless  preserved  to  a certain  extent  their  national  organization. 
Bodies  of  from  two  hundred  to  four  hundred  were  commanded  by  a 
praefectus  equitum  (either  a native  or  a Roman,  B.  G.  i.  18  ; iii.  26  ; 
iv.  11  ; viii.  12,  48).  The  whole  was  always  under  a Roman  com- 
mander (B.  G.  i.  52  ; viii.  48).  About  four  hundred  horses  made  up  an 
ala  (regiment)  ; the  tactical  unit  of  the  ala  was  the  turma  (squadron) 
(32  men  + the  decurio  = 33)  (B.  G.  vi.  8 ; viii.  16,  18). 

109.  The  Artillery.  — Artillery  was  used  by  the  Romans  only  in 
defending  and  attacking  fortified  places.  Its  organization  is  unknown 
to  us.  Very  likely  a number  of  fabri  were  entrusted  with  the  transpor- 
tation, construction,  and  use  of  the  engines. 

110.  The  Staff.  — The  general  staff  consists  of  : — 

(a)  The  general  ( imj>erator ). 

(b)  Legates  ( legati. ) were  men  of  senatorial  rank  assigned  to  the  pro- 
consuls  by  the  senate.  They  were  the  lieutenants  of  the  general,  placed 
at  the  head  of  detachments  of  one  or  more  legions.  It  was  Caesar  who 
first  placed  a legate  at  the  head  of  each  legion  (B.  G.  i.  52). 

(c)  The  quaestor,  assigned  by  lot  to  the  pro-consul  as  superintendent 
of  the  finances  of  the  province.  He  with  a numerous  body  of  assistants 


36 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


had  to  provide  the  army  with  food,  pay,  clothing,  arms,  equipments,  and 
shelter. 

{d)  Aide-de-camps,  and  the  staff  of  the  quartermaster-general.  A 
number  of  young  noblemen  followed  the  general  as  volunteers  ( contuber- 
nales, comites  praetorii,  voluntarii).  They  formed  the  nobler  part  of  the 
general’s  suite  {cohors  praetoria) , and  served  as  aides-de-camps,  orderly- 
officers,  and  were  used  as  aids  in  the  administrative  department.  If  very 
numerous,  they  formed  platoons  by  themselves,  or  joined  the  body-guard, 
taking  part  in  the  battle.  The  other  part  of  the  cohors  praetoria  was 
composed  of  lictores,  scribes,  servants,  apparitores  (orderlies),  and  specu- 
latores (scouts,  spies). 

(e)  Body-guard.  This  was  not  a choice  troop,  but  troops  which  stood 
in  a nearer  personal  relation  to  the  general,  (a)  Small  bodies  of  German 
cavalry  (B.  G.  vii.  13)  used  as  personal  escort  {escadrons  de  service); 
( /3 ) evocati  were  those  veteran  soldiers  who  having  completed  their  term 
of  service  either  remained  with  the  army  or  returned  to  it  at  the  solici- 
tation of  the  general.  Those  men  who  exercised  more  influence  over  the 
common  soldier,  with  whom  they  were  in  every  respect  on  the  same  plane, 
than  officers  and  centurions,  were  of  priceless  value  to  a general. 

They  formed  in  Caesar’s  army  an  organized  troop  divided  into  centuriae, 
and  were  honored  by  a number  of  privileges.  They  had  pack-animals 
and  riding-horses,  which  they  used  on  tlie  march,  and  could  therefore  be 
used  as  orderlies  for  important  communications  or  as  scouts.  In  battle 
they  fought  near  the  general,  protecting  his  person  and  the  vexillum 
(standard).  They  were  joined  by  the  voluntarii. 

(/)  Engineers  { fabri)  stood  under  the  command  of  the  praefectus  fa- 
brorum. They  were  employed  in  building  bridges,  in  constructing  the 
winter-quarters,  and  in  repairing  the  weapons.  Thus  the  pila,  which  once 
hurled  became  useless,  had  to  be  collected  after  battle,  and  were  repaired 
by  the  fabri  ferrarii. 

111.  Pay.  — Caesar  had  fixed  the  pay  of  the  legionaries  at  225  denarii 
($45),  paid  by  three  instalments  {stipendia).  For  food  and  equipment  a 
reduction  was  made,  which  in  the  provinces  however  was  very  low.  Be- 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


37 


sides,  booty  and  gifts  of  tlie  general  increased  the  income  of  the  soldier 
considerably. 

(The  pay  of  a day -laborer  in  Rome  at  that  time  was  about  three-fourths 
of  a denarius  daily.) 

The  auxiliary  infantry  very  likely  received  the  same  pay ; the  cavalry 
three  times  as  much,  if  they  brought  their  horses  with  them. 

112.  Discipline.  — Better  than  by  fear  of  punishment  order  was  main- 
tained by  constant  employment ; such  were  the  daily  fortification  of  the 
camp,  the  severe  guard-duty,  and  constant  practice  in  the  use  of  weapons. 
Courage  was  rewarded  by  substantial  gifts  of  money.  Military  crimes 
(mutiny,  desertion,  cowardice,  abuse  of  authority)  were  always  severely 
punished.  Violence  to  the  conquered,  robbery  and  plunder,  however, 
were  allowed  by  generals  desirous  to  attach  the  soldiers  to  their  person. 

113.  Tactics.  — Tactics  of  a troop  comprise  : its  order  of  arrangement 
for  battle,  — with  reference  to  which  every  movement  and  formation  are 
made,  — its  movements  during  battle,  the  order  of  march,  the  disposition 
in  the  camp,  and  all  evolutions  in  passing  from  one  to  the  other. 

Because  the  order-of-battle  of  a body  of  soldiers  is  that  of  the  tactical 
unit  of  this  body,  we  have  to  consider  first  the  order-of-battle  of  the 
cohort,  as  being  the  tactical  unit  of  the  legion. 

114.  The  Order  of  Battle.  — The  three  maniples  arrayed  side  by  side 
formed  the  order-of-battle  of  a cohort.  The  front  of  each  maniple  wras  40, 
that  of  the  cohort  120  feet : each  maniple  had  twelve  files.  Each  man  in 
the  front  rank  ( ordo , B.  G.  vii.  62)  of  the  maniple  occupied  three  feet, 
which  were  sufficient  to  throw  the  pilum..  For  the  use  of  the  sword  four 
to  six  feet  were  needed,  which  were  gained  by  the  stepping  forward  of 
the  odd  numbers  ( laxare  ordines,  B.  G.  ii.  25).  Each  file  consisted  of  ten 
meu ; the  maniple  had  therefore  ten  ranks ; the  distance  from  breast  to 
breast  in  the  file  was  four  feet.  The  maniple  forms  then  a square,  each 
side  forty  feet  ; the  cohort  a rectangle,  120  feet  front  by  forty  feet  deep. 

115.  Offensive  order-of-battle  of  the  legion.  — The  legions  formed 
either  two  (acies  duplex')  or  three  lines  (acies  triplex)  ; if  they  were  arrayed 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


38 

in  two  lines  each  line  consisted  of  five  cohorts  ; if  in  three,  the  first  line  of 
four,  each  of  the  two  others  of  three.  Between  the  cohorts  of  the  first 
line  intervals  equal  to  or  a little  larger  than  the  front  of  a cohort 
were  left. 

The  front  of  a legion  in  order  of  battle  is  840  feet,  its  depth  600  feet. 

116.  Attack.  — The  Roman  legions  never  failed  to  take  the  advantage 
of  a higher  place  ( superioris  loci,  B.  G.  i.  22,  24,  25  ; ii.  8 ; iii.  4 ; v.  9 ; 
vi.  40  ; vii.  51),  perhaps  the  slope  of  a hill,  having  thus  the  enemy  below 
them.  Under  those  circumstances  more  than  one  rank  coidd  hurl  the 
spears  (B.  G.  i.  25).  If  the  distance  was  greater  than  about  250  paces  to 
an  enemy  setting  out  for  attack  or  greater  than  120  paces  to  an  enemy 
awaiting  the  onset,  the  legions  first  moved  forward  at  an  equal  pace  (certo 
gradu,  B.  G.  viii.  9).  At  the  proper  distance  they  set  out  at  a run  (concur- 
sus) ; the  first  rank  raised  the  spears  ( infestis  pilis),  which  they  hurled  at 
a distance  of  ten  to  twenty  paces  (emissio  pilorum,  B.  G.  vi.  45),  throwing 
thus  the  enemy  into  confusion.  If  the  right  moment  had  passed,  and  a 
rapidly  advancing  enemy  had  gotten  too  near,  the  soldiers  had  to  drop  the 
spears  and  use  their  swords  (B.  G.  i.  52). 

After  they  had  hurled  their  spears  the  soldiers  of  the  first  rank  drew 
their  swords  and  rushed  forward,  taking  advantage  of  the  confusion  of  the 
enemy  ( impetus  gladiorum,  B.  G.  i.  25,  52  ; vi.  8).  The  first  ranks  were 
now  engaged  in  single  combats,  while  the  other  ranks  hurled  their  spears 
over  their  comrades’  heads  into  the  enemy  and  served  as  a reserve.  They 
also  prevented  the  enemy  from  pouring  into  the  intervals  and  attacking 
the  cohorts  in  flank,  especially  at  the  unprotected  right  side  (latera  aperta ., 
B.  G.  i.  25  ; ii.  23  ; iv.  25,  26  ; v.  35).  So  that  the  second  line,  which 
followed  at  a distance  of  about  200  feet  and  halted  when  the  first  had  be- 
come engaged,  could  be  used  as  a reserve  behind  which  the  exhausted  first 
line  after  about  fifteen  minutes  could  retire. 

117.  Defensive  order-of-battle.  — (1)  In  one  line  (acies  simplex). 
(2)  The  circle  (orbis). 

(1)  The  acies  simplex  was  used  for  defending  the  walls  of  a camp. 
Where  a second  line  and  great  depth  were  superfluous,  five  banks  were 


THE  ROMAM  ART  OF  WAR. 


39 


enough.  In  this  arrangement  a legion  would  cover  4800  feet  without 
intervals.  If  this  arrangement  without  intervals  was  used  in  the  open  field, 
which  was  done  in  order  to  prevent  an  outflanking  or  incursions  of  cavalry, 
etc.,  the  cohorts  retained  their  normal  front  and  depth,  and  a legion 
covered  then  1200  feet. 

(2)  The  circle  was  formed  in  case  an  attack  on  all  sides  was  feared. 
Small  divisions  (maniples)  formed  a solid  circle,  greater  ones  (cohorts),  a 
solid  square,  still  greater  detachments  hollow  squares.  A legion  could  form 
such  a hollow  square  by  placing  the  first,  second,  and  third  cohort  in 
front,  the  eighth,  ninth,  and  tenth  in  the  rear,  the  fifth  and  sixth  on  the 
left,  the  fourth  and  seventh  on  the  right  side.  The  front  would  be  360 
feet,  the  sides  320  feet,  the  inner  square  covering  67,200  square  feet. 

118.  The  march  of  the  cohorts.  — Order  of  march  (agmen)  of  the 

cohorts  is  twofold.  (1)  Column  of  maniples  ( manipulation ).  (2) 

Column  of  centuries  (ordinatim  centuriatim) . 

(1)  Column  of  maniples  was  formed  from  the  order-of-battle  by  facing 
to  the  right  or  left ; the  width  of  the  column  was  forty  feet. 

(2)  Column  of  centuries.  The  first  maniple  (pilani)  marched  forward 
and  the  rest  followed  successively.  Its  width  was  also  forty  feet.  In 
this  order  Caesar  crossed  the  Rhine.  The  width  could,  if  necessary,  Ire 
diminished  to  twenty  feet  by  doubling  the  depth.  The  length  of  a col- 
umn of  centuries  was  120  feet;  of  a maniple,  144  feet. 

The  order  of  battle  was  formed  — ■ 

From' the  column  of  maniples  by  the  commands,  Halt  ! Front ! From 
the  column  of  centuries  by  aligning  on  the  right  or  left  after  the  leading 
maniples  had  halted. 

119.  The  march  of  the  legions  — The  legions  marched  in  three 
forms.  (1)  In  simple  form  ( agmen  pilatum)  ; (2)  in  order-of-battle 
(acies  instructa)  ; (3)  in  square  (agmen  quadratum). 

In  simple  column  the  legions  followed  each  other  according  to  their 
number,  each  cohort  in  column  of  centuries.  The  length  of  a legion  was 
then  1,400  feet;  with  double  ranks,  2,600  feet.  With  baggage-ti  ain  its 
length  was  2,050  feet,  or  if  the  road  was  small  3,900  feet. 


40 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


The  march  in  order-of-battle  was  either  by  lines  or  by  wings.  A legion 
that  marches  in  order-of-battle  by  lines  formed  as  many  columns  as  the 
order-of-battle  has  lines,  — in  Caesar’s  army  generally  three.  The  cohorts 
marched  in  columns  of  maniples  and  were  able  to  form  the  order-of-battle 
by  simply  facing  to  the  right  or  left. 

A legion  that  marched  in  order-of-battle  by  wings  formed  three  col- 
umns. The  cohorts  of  the  right  wing  (Nos.  1,  5,  8)  formed  the  first,  the 
cohorts  of  the  centre  (Nos.  2,  6,  9)  the  second,  the  cohorts  of  the  left 
wing  (Nos.  4,  3,  7)  the  third  columns.  Each  cohort  marched  in  columns 
of  centuries. 

Order  of  march  in  square  (corresponding  to  the  orbis)  : a division  of 
troops  in  order-of-battle  by  wings  led,  followed  by  the  baggage;  a simi- 
lar division  marched  at  the  rear ; on  either  side  marched  a division  in 
cohorts  in  columns  of  maniples. 

120.  Tactics  of  the  cavalry  — The  tactical  unit  of  the  Roman 
cavalry  was  the  turma  (32  horses),  arranged  in  four  ranks  of  eight  horses. 
Front  and  depth  were  40  feet. 

Twelve  turmae  formed  a regiment  (ala).  The  order-of-battle  very  likely 
resembled  that  of  the  infantry,  and  consisted  of  two  or  three  lines  with 
intervals,  the  front  of  a line  being  440  feet  (B.  G.  iv.  33  ; viii.  17—19). 

A detachment  of  cavalry  served  as  reserve  (B.  G.  vii.  13). 

Caesar  not  un frequently  strengthened  his  cavalry  by  placing  German 
infantry  or  maniples  of  antesignani  in  the  intervals  between  two  turmae 
(B.  G.  viii.  13). 

The  order-of-march  of  the  regiment  was  in  column  of  turmae,  each 
turma  keeping  the  order-of-battle.  The  length  of  a regiment  was  then 
480  feet,  to  which  the  train  added  about  240  feet. 

121.  The  camps  (castra).  — We  have  to  distinguish  two  kinds  of 
camps.  (1)  Summer  camps  ( castra  aestiva),  which  were  regularly  pitched 
at  the  evening  of  each  day’s  march,  however  long  and  fatiguing  it  might 
have  been,  and  frequently  were  left  the  next  day.  (2)  Winter-quarters 
(castra  hiberna),  where  the  legions  stayed  over  winter,  kept  apart  from 
any  contact  with  the  inhabitants  (B.  G.  iii.  4),  and  under  a constant 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


41 


training.  As  regards  the  form  of  the  latter,  they  were  hardly  differ- 
ent from  the  summer  camps,  but  they  were  naturally  furnished  with 
more  accommodations.  The  tents  ( tabernacula , pelles)  of  the  summer 
camp,  for  instance,  were  replaced  by  lints  ( casae  stramenticiae).  (B.  G. 

v.  43.) 

The  place  for  the  camp  — the  slope  of  a hill  where  there  was  an  easy 
supply  of  water  and  wood  was  considered  the  best  situation  — was 
selected  by  a number  of  tribunes  and  centurions  sent  in  advance  (B.  G. 

ii.  17). 

The  form  of  the  Roman  camp  at  Caesar’s  time  was  a square  or  a 
rectangle,  the  sides  of  which  were  as  2 : 3.  Its  front  faced  the  enemy. 

Two  streets,  running  parallel  to  the  front,  divided  the  camp  into  three 
parts  : th q praetentura,  divided  from  the  latera  praetorii  by  the  via  prin- 
cipalis ; and  the  retentura,  divided  from  the  latera  praetorii  by  the 
via  quintana. 

Either  extremity  of  the  via  principalis  was  faced  by  a gate  ( porta 
principalis,  dextra,  and  sinistra) ; and  when  two  gates  are  mentioned  from 
which  a sally  is  made  (B.  G.  iii.  19;  v.  58;  vii.  41),  these  two  gates 
are  to  be  understood.  Besides  there  were  two  other  gates  : one  facing  the 
enemy  in  front,  porta  praetoria  ; the  other  at  the  opposite  side,  porta 
decumana.  From  the  porta  praetoria  a street  (via  praetoria)  led  to 
the  via  principalis. 

Distribution  of  the  troops  : In  the  praetentura,  one  fourth  or  one  fifth 
of  all  the  cohorts,  one  half  of  the  cavalry,  and  all  the  milites  levis  arma- 
turae (stingers,  archers,  dartmen). 

The  middle  part  of  the  middle  camp  is  occupied  by  the  praetorium 
(general’s  quarter),  with  the  tents  for  the  commander  and  his  staff’,  altars, 
tribunal  (B.  G.  vi.  3,  suggestus),  etc. 

The  same  place  which  is  occupied  by  the  praetorium  in  the  middle 
camp  is  taken  by  the  quaestorium,  with  the  tents  for  the  quaestor  and  his 
staff  in  the  retentura.  Provisions  and  booty,  foreign  ambassadors  and 
hostages,  are  kept  here,  along  with  the  rest  of  the  cohorts. 

a.  The  camp  was  surrounded  by  wall  and  ditch.  Between  the  wall 
and  the  encampment  there  was  a street  about  120  feet  broad.  The 
depth  of  the  ditch  was  generally  about  sefen  feet,  its  breadth  nine  feet. 


42 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


It  is  to  be  remarked  that  Caesar  expressly  states  depth  and  breadth  only 
when  they  deviate  from  the  common  measures. 

Note. — There  are  three  forms  of  ditches.  (1),  scarp  (latus  interius)  and 
counterscarp  (latus  exterius ) are  inclined  (fossa  fastirjata).  (2),  scarp  is  in- 
clined; counterscarp,  vertical  (fossa  punica).  (3),  both  scarp  and  counterscarp 
vertical  (directis  lateribus).  Of  these  the  first  is  decidedly  the  most  common.  For 
the  third  see  B.  G.  vii.  72;  viii.  9. 

b.  The  ditch  yielded  the  material  for  the  construction  of  the  wall 
(vallum).  Its  height  was  dependent  on  the  depth  of  the  ditch.  In  the 
whole  the  height  can  be  assumed  to  be  two  thirds  of  the  upper  breadth 
of  the  ditch  (cf.  B.  G.  ii.  5 ; B.  C.  iii.  G3,  erat  eo  loco  fossa  pedum  XV  et 
vallum  contra  hostem  in  altitudinem  pedum  X).  Its  outside  was  gener- 
ally turfed  (B.  G.  viii.  9).  To  make  it  still  more  firm  and  strong,  fences 
of  hurdle-work  running  parallel  to  the  length  of  the  wall  were  used. 
Inside  steps  led  up  to  the  top.  The  ordinary  upper  breadth  of  the  wall 
in  general  was  six  feet.  Broader  walls  had  a rampart  ( lorica , loricula ) 
of  palisades  (valli)  (cf.  B.  G.  v.  40;  vii.  72;  viii.  9),  either  all  of  the 
same  height,  or  with  pinnae  (as  B.  G.  v.  40;  vii.  72),  between  which 
intervals  were  left.  Where  wall  and  ditch  were  of  unusual  size,  or  where 
there  were  even  two  ditches,  we  find  the  wall  crowned  with  towers 
(B.  G.  v.  40;  vii.  72;  viii.  9). 

c.  The  digging  out  of  an  ordinary  ditch  and  the  construction  of  an 
ordinary  wall  took  from  three  to  four  hours. 

d.  A number  of  troops  — generally  one  or  two  cohorts  before  each 
gate,  and  one  turma  equitum,  but  if  required  stronger  forces,  as  before 
Avaricum,  two  legions  (B.  G.  vii.  24)  — kept  guard  (excubari,  in  statione 
esse)  before  the  gates  of  the  wall,  others  on  the  rampart.  The  word 
excubiae  denotes  guards  either  by  night  or  by  day,  while  vigiliae  those 
by  night  only.  The  night  (from  6 o’clock  p.m.  to  6 o’clock  a. si.)  was 
divided  into  four  watches  of  three  hours  each.  The  signal  for  changing 
the  watches  was  given  by  the  buccinator. 

e.  Every  evening  a watchword  (tessera)  was  given  by  the  general, 
which  was  made  known  to  the  soldiers  by  the  tesserarii. 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


43 


122.  Marches.  — Every  greater  distance  was  divided  into  day’s 
marches  ( itinera ) ; two  or  three  days  of  march  were  generally  followed 
by  a day  of  rest,  the  contrary  being  expressly  stated  (B.  G.  i.  41).  Every 
day’s  march  led  from  a camp  to  a camp,  so  that  the  days  of  march  are 
not  unfrequently  counted  by  camps  (B.  G.  vii.  63). 

The  armies  marched  about  seven  hours  (=  five  Roman  hours  in  sum- 
mer), from  4 or  5 a.m.  to  11  a.m.  or  12  m.  ( justum  iter,  B.  C.  iii.  76, 
“ normal  march  ”),  at  a rate  of  something  less  than  a hundred  paces  a 
minute.  But  marches  at  a much  more  quickened  pace  were  not  rare 
(B.  G.  vii.  40;  v.  46,  47  ; ii.  12). 

There  are  to  be  distinguished  two  kinds  of  marches.  (1)  Perpendicular 
marches,  where  the  line  of  march  stands  perpendicular  to  the  assumed 
line  of  the  hostile  army,  divided  into  two  subdivisions,  — (a)  advance, 
(6)  retreat.  (2)  Parallel  marches,  where  the  line  of  march  runs  parallel 
to  the  line  of  the  hostile  army  or  to  the  line  of  its  march. 

123.  I.  The  Advance.  When  the  column  is  marching  forward  we  have 
to  distinguish, — (1),  the  van  ( primum  agmen) ; (2),  the  main  body 
{exercitus,  omnes  copiae,  agmen  legionum) ; (3),  the  rear-guard  {agmen 
novissimum,  agmen  extremum) . 

(1)  The  van  consisted  of  light  infantry  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
cavalry.  Its  object  was  (a)  to  delay  the  march  of  the  hostile  army  {novis- 
simum agmen  capere,  demorari ),  giving  the  main  body  time  to  deploy. 
{b)  To  reconnoitre  the  country  {loci  naturam  perspicere,  iter  cognoscere, 
B.  G.  i.  15,  etc.),  and  to  give  news  of  the  enemy.  This  was  done  by 
detachments  of  cavalry  ( exploratores ) sent  out  in  different  directions, 
(c)  To  select  a proper  situation  for  a camp. 

(2)  In  some  distance  after  the  van  the  main  body  followed,  marching 
in  one  of  the  following  three  forms  : — 

{a)  In  column,  each  legion  followed  with  its  baggage,  which  divided  it 
from  the  legion  next  following.  A column  of  five  legions,  with  a breadth 
of  forty  feet,  requires  10,250  feet  length  ; and  a sixth  legion  would  need 
not  less  than  forty  minutes  to  reach  the  head  and  join  with  the  other 
legions  in  battle.  Legions  marching  in  this  form  were  therefore  not  ready 
for  battle  {impeditae,  B.  G.  iii.  24),  and  the  form  was  only  adopted  in  a 


44 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


friendly  country.  When  near  the  enemy  a second  form  was  therefore 
adopted. 

(b)  In  column,  but  with  the  baggage  of  the  whole  army  assembled. 
Three  fourths  of  the  entire  number  of  legions  composed  the  head,  followed 
by  the  collected  baggage;  the  rest  of  the  legions  (one  fourth)  formed  the 
rear-guard  ( claudunt  agmen)  as  guard  for  the  baggage  ( praesidio  impedi- 
mentis) . As  the  legions  could  in  this  form  more  easily  deploy,  they  were 
called  expeditae.  Nevertheless  the  individual  soldier  was  even  here  not 
ready  for  battle,  being  of  course  unable  to  fight  sub  sarcinis,  — i.c., 
laden  with  all  his  personal  baggage  (sarcinae),  etc.  If  therefore  an  army 
marching  in  this  form  was  attacked,  the  legionaries  had  to  pile  their  bag- 
gage (sarcinas  in  acervum  comportare,  sarcinas  conferre,  B.  G.  i.  24  ; 
vii.  18),  to  draw  the  shields  from  their  coverings  (tegumenta  scutis  detra- 
here, B.  G.  ii.  21),  to  put  on  their  field-badges  (insignia  accommodare, 
B.  G.  ii.  21),  to  put  on  their  helmets  (galeas  induere,  B.  G.  ii.  21),  and 
to  get  their  weapons  ready  (arma  expedire,  legio  armatur,  B.  G.  vii.  18). 
Time  for  this  was  won  by  the  van. 

(c.)  The  advance  in  order-of-battle  (acie  instructu)  could  be  adopted 
only  for  comparatively  short  distances  (about  three  hours’  way),  provided 
the  ground  was  suitable  and  the  enemy  near  (B.  G.  iv.  14).  The  baggage 
was  left  in  the  camp. 

II.  The  Retreat. 

(a)  The  retreat  in  column,  with  baggage  massed.  For  this  form  of 
the  retreat  the  baggage  was  sent  out  of  the  camp  as  early  as  possible, 
accompanied  by  a legion  which  formed  the  van-guard,  and  selected  the 
place  for  a new  camp.  Then  followed  the  main  body,  the  cohorts  in 
columns  of  centuries,  as  in  the  advance.  The  rear-guard  left  the  camp 
last,  following  at  a suitable  distance  ; it  was  composed  of  the  greatest  part 
of  cavalry  and  of  the  milites  levis  armaturae  (archers,  slingers),  often 
supported  by  the  antesignani,  or  even  an  entire  legion. 

(b)  When  the  enemy  had  numerous  cavalry  and  were  on  a march 
through  a rebellious  country,  the  retreat  in  square  (agmen  quadratum) 
was  chosen.  As  a rule,  all  the  legions  formed  the  square,  with  the  united 
baggage  in  the  centre.  The  cavalry,  remaining  outside  the  square,  skir- 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


45 


wished  around  it ; if  it  was  unable  to  resist  the  enemy,  the  legions  formed 
the  orbis. 

III.  Flank  marches.  They  were  made  in  order-of-battle,  and  there- 
fore for  short  distances  only,  the  legions  marching  in  a column  of  lines 
(two,  acie  duplici , or  three,  acie  triplici).  The  baggage-train  marched 
either  on  the  side  opposite  the  enemy,  or  followed  each  legion  (P>.  G. 
vii.  34),  especially  when  a considerable  obstacle  was  between  the  enemy 
and  the  Roman  army. 

124.  Crossing  a stream.  — (1)  By  fords.  This  method  was  preferred 
by  Caesar,  as  it  required  no  long  preparation.  When  the  current  was 
very  strong  two  lines  of  cavalry  were  stationed,  — one  up-stream  for 
breaking  its  force,  one  down-stream  in  order  to  save  men  carried  from 
their  footing  (B.  G.  vii.  56). 

(2)  By  bridges  of  every  kind.  Especially  noteworthy  is  the  elaborate 
bridge  with  which  Caesar  twice  spanned  the  Rhine  (described  B.  G. 
iv.  16-18  ; cf.  also  vi.9).  Bridges  of  boats  were  used  (B.  G.  vi.  6)  ; they 
were  protected  by  strong  fortifications  and  forces  ( praesidia ). 

125.  The  battle. — 1.  The  offensive,  (a)  The  legions.  The  normal 
order  for  the  offensive  was  the  triple  line  ( acies  triplex ),  the  third  line 
being  designed  as  a reserve.  The  first  line  had  to  attack  the  enemy  and 
to  overthrow  them  if  possible.  If  it  did  not  succeed,  the  second  line  took 
up  the  attack,  the  third  line  being  designed  to  prevent  a flank  movement 
of  the  enemy  (cf.  B.  G.  i.  25),  and  to  be  hurled  against  the  hostile  army 
at  the  crisis  of  battle  (B.  G.  n 25).  In  B,  G.  i.  49  we  see  it  also 
employed  in  pitching  a camp. 

Where  there  was  no  need  of  a reserve,  as  in  a coup-de-main,  a double 
line  ( acies  duplex)  was  sufficient  (B.  G.  iii.  24-26).  Where  on  the 
other  hand  both  flank  movements  of  the  foe  were  to  be  feared  and  a 
necessity  for  a reserve  was  felt,  we  find  a quadruple  line  ( acies 
quadruplex) . 

(b)  The  cavalry,  which  was  commonly  placed  at  both  the  flanks  of 
the  legions,  had  to  guard  against  a flank  movement  of  the  enemy,  to  take 


46 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


if  circumstances  permitted  the  enemy  in  flank,  and  to  distress  the  fleeing 
foe  (B.  G.  i.  53;  iv.  14;  viii.  29).  Chiefly  if  the  cavalry  consisted  of 
troops  which  could  not  be  relied  upon  (B.  G.  i.  24,  25),  and  also  from 
other  reasons  (B.  G.  i.  52),  it  was  placed  behind  the  first  cohorts  of  the 
legions. 

(c)  The  light  troops  were  mostly  placed  at  the  wings  of  the  legions. 

(d)  The  front  of  the  line-of-battle  was  divided  into  the  centre  ( acies 
media ) and  right  and  left  wing  ( cornu  dextrum  and  sinistrum').  The 
most  experienced  and  reliable  troops  were  placed  at  the  wings,  and  the 
best  of  all  (the  tenth  legion  in  Caesar’s  army)  was  stationed  on  the  wing 
which  was  to  begin  the  attack. 

( e ) Before  the  battle  commenced  the  general  personally  encouraged 
each  legion  (B.  G.  ii.  20),  going  through  the  whole  line-of-battle  ( acies 
instructa). 

2.  The  defensive.  The  fundamental  idea  of  every  defensive  method 
is  to  delay  the  enemy’s  approach  by  making  use  of  the  natural  obstacles 
which  the  ground  affords,  to  weaken  him  meanwhile  by  missiles,  and 
finally  to  attack  him  at  the  weakest  point.  Now  the  Roman  legions  were 
lit  only  for  a hand-to-hand  fight,  and  their  missiles  being  neither  very 
far-reaching  nor  very  numerous,  the  principal  thing  was  to  select  a ground 
which  was  most  disadvantageous  to  the  approaching  battle-line  of  the 
enemy,  and  to  increase  the  natural  obstacles  by  art  (as  B.  G.  vii. 
56,  62,  63,  64,  where  we  have  ditches,  pitfalls,  etc.).  An  excellent  illus- 
tration of  a Roman  defensive  method  is  given  in  B.  G.  ii.  5. 

126-  The  Siege.  — Fortified  places  were  assailed  — 

(a)  By  blockade  (obsidio). 

(I/)  By  violent  assault  (oppugnatio  repentina). 

(c)  By  formal  siege  (oppugnatio) . 

(a)  Blockade  (obsidio)  was  used  against  places  of  great  strength 
which  seemed  to  be  poorly  provided  with  provisions,  provided  their  loca- 
tion allowed  a complete  environment.  The  most  famous  blockade  is  that 
of  Alesia  (B.  G.  vii.  69). 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  WAR. 


47 


The  besieged  town  was  surrounded  by  fortifications  ( circumvattatio ), 
consisting  of  redoubts  ( castella ) at  convenient  places,  connected  by  walls 
(brachia,  munitiones).  Behind  these  fortifications  the  camps  of  the  be- 
sieging army  were  pitched.  The  stronger  the  place  and  the  weaker  the 
blockading  army  the  stronger  the  circumvallation  was  to  be.  (Op.  the 
circumvallation  of  Alesia  with  threefold  ditches,  a wall  twelve  feet  high, 
etc.)  If  succor  was  to  be  feared,  a second  line  of  circumvallation  facing 
outwards  was  to  be  built.  The  army  camped  then  between  the  two  lines 
(B.  G.  vii.  74).  Small  garrisons  ( praesidia ) held  the  redoubts  (castella), 
strengthened  in  day-time  by  sentries  (stationes),  in  night-time  by  strong 
pickets  ( excubitores ).  (B.  G.  vii.  69.) 

( b ) Violent  assault  (oppugnatio  rejoentina)  was  used  against  places  with 
weak  fortifications  well  supplied  with  provisions ; and  against  strongly 


BALLISTA.  CATAPULTA. 


fortified  places  if  time  pressed.  The  principal  means  for  a violent  assault 
were  scaling-ladders  and  breaching-huts  (musculf).  Behind  hurdles  (crates) 
slingers  and  archers  were  as  near  the  wall  as  possible  in  order  to  drive 
the  soldiers  from  the  ramparts.  After  this  had  been  done  the  legionaries, 


48 


GENERAL  INTRODUCTION. 


formed  in  several  columns,  rushed  forward,  in  order  to  distract  the  ene- 
my’s attention  by  an  attack  on  several  points.  At  their  head  were  la- 
borers who  carried  the  ladders  and  material  for  filling  out  the  ditch. 
While  a number  of  soldiers  tried  to  climb  up  the  wall,  others  tried  to 
make  a breach  in  the  wall  through  which  the  place  might  be  entered. 


TESTUDO.  AP.IES. 


(c)  The  formal  siege  (oppugnatio)  was  used  against  strongly  fortified 
and  well-supplied  places.  It  was  often  combined  with  (a)  blockade 
(B.  G.  vii.  11). 

127.  The  Agger.  — The  principal  work  for  a formal  siege  was  the 
mound  (agger).  It  was  begun  at  a distance  of  not  less  than  about 
four  hundred  feet,  the  distance  being  dependent  on  the  power  of  the  hos- 
tile missiles.  Its  height  was  equal  to  the  wall  of  the  stronghold,  or  even 
a little  higher.  (Before  Avaricum  it  was,  for  instance,  eighty  feet.) 
Its  breadth  must  have  been  enough  for  a storming  column,  — at  least 
fifty  feet. 

Note.  — The  breadth  of  the  mound  before  Avaricum  (“pedes  CCCXXX  ) is 
incredible.  The  figures  seem  to  be  corrupt. 

For  the  construction  of  the  agger  the  ground  had  to  be  levelled  by 
workmen  protected  by  musculi  (xeXwvr)  xw(TTP^)>  a S01'^  veiT  stronS 
vineae  (movable  sheds).  Those  who  built  the  agger  were  guarded  by 
plutei  (standing  shield)  against  missiles,  while  others  brought  the 


THE  ROMAN  ART  OF  AVAR. 


49 


material  in  covered  galleries  composed  of  a number  of  vineae.  Archers 
and  slingers  posted  behind  plutei  and  the  artillery  in  moving  towers 
tried  to  keep  the  rampart  free  from  soldiers.  In  a few  cases  turres 
ambulatoriae  were  placed  on  the  mound  (agger),  (B.  O.  ii.  30,  31  ; viii.  41). 
The  agger  then  was  intended  to  give  a firm,  smooth  roadway  for  the 
tower.  As  a rule,  one  or  two  (B.  G.  vii.  17)  moving  towers  accompanied 
the  agger.  The  agger  contained  much  wood-work.  (It  was  frequently 
set  on  fire,  B.  G.  vii.  22,  24.)  This  wood-work  was  mainly  logs  ( arbores , 
materia).  It  was  not  solid,  but  had  holes  which  admitted  draught  (cf. 
B.  G.  vii.  24,  where  the  mound  is  set  on  fire  from  below).  It  gradu- 
ally approached  the  wall  (B.  G.  vii.  24,  cum  murum  hostium  paene 
contingeret).  It  was  erected  story  after  story.  The  place  near  to  the 
enemy’s  wall  was  filled  out  by  pouring  out  great  masses  of  rubbish, 
stones,  wood,  etc.,  brought  through  the  galleries  left  in  the  middle  of 
each  story,  after  the  agger  had  reached  the  required  height. 


INDUCTIVE  STUDIES 


The  studies  will  contain  (1)  examples  showing  the  method  of  Induc- 
tive Study,  and  (2)  a list  of  topics  for  investigation.  The  topics  may 
be  regarded  as  review  work.  The  purpose  of  this  work  is  to  give  the 
student  an  impulse  to  original  research. 

I.  The  Conjunction  cum  in  First  Book  of  the  Gallic  War. 

A.  Occurrence.  Chaps.  1,  2,  4,  7,  9,  11,  12,  13  (twice),  14,  16  (twice),  19,  20 
(three  times),  22,  23,  25,  26  (four  times),  27,  31,  32,  33  (twice),  35,  36,  38,  39,40 
(four  times),  41,  42  (three  times),  43,  47,  50,  52  (twice),  53.  In  all,  forty-six  times. 


B.  Classification. 

a.  “ cum  — prohibent  — gerunt,”  1.  “ cum  — videbatur,”  40. 

From  a we  observe  the  following:  namely,  the  conjunction  cum  (1)  denotes 
absolute  time:  (2)  it  takes  the  indicative  mood. 


b.  “ cum  — conaretur  — cogerent,”  4. 
“ cum  — nuntiatum  esset,”  7. 

“ cum  — exisset,”  12. 

“ cum  — intellegerent,”  13. 

“ cum  — possent,”  13. 

“ cum  — posset,”  16. 

“ cum  — peteret,”  20. 

“ cum  — posset,”  20. 

“ cum  — teneretur  — abesset  — 
cognitus  esset,”  22. 

“ biduum  supererat,  cum  — opor- 
teret ” = in  quo  tempore,  23. 
“ cum  — inflexisset,”  25. 

“ cum  — esset  pugnatum,”  26. 

“ cum  — possent,”  26. 

“ cum  — convenissent  — proiecis- 
sent  — petissent  — iussisset,” 
27. 


“ cum  — contenderent,”  31. 

“ cum  — quaereret  — posset,”  32. 

“ cum  — occupavissent,”  33. 

“cum  — vellet”  (in  oratio  obliqua), 
36. 

“ cum  — processisset,”  38 
“ cum  — iussisset  ” (in  oratio  obli- 
qua), 39. 

“ cum  — tenuisset  — fecisset,”  40. 

“ cum  --  animadvertisset,”  40. 

“ cum  — mitterentur,”  42. 

“ cum  — fleret,”  42. 

“ cum  — conspexisset,”  47. 

“ cum  — quaeretur,”  50. 

“ cum  — animadvertisset,”  52. 

“ cum  — conversa  esset,”  52. 

“ cum  — traheretur,”  53. 


52 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


From  b we  observe  that  the  subjunctive  mood  is  used  without  exception.  The 
conjunction  cum  (1)  takes  the  subjunctive  mood,  and  (2)  denotes  relative  time, — 
i.  e.,  time  present,  past,  or  future,  in  connection  with  the  time  of  the  action  of  the 
principal  verb.  Or,  since  in  numerous  instances  the  notion  of  time  and  cause  is 
mingled,  we  may  say  that  cum  (1 ) expresses  the  temporal  idea  with  conjoint  notion 
of  cause,  and  (2)  takes  the  subjunctive.  We  observe  furthermore  (3)  that  the 
tenses  employed  are  the  imperfect  and  pluperfect. 


c.  “ cum  — praestarent,”  2. 

“ cum  — possent,”  9. 

“ cum  — possent,”  11. 

“ cum  — accederent,”  19. 

“ cum  — teneretur,”  20. 

With  praesertim. 

“ praesertim  cum  — divideret,”  33. 


“ cum  — potuissent,”  26. 

“ cum  — appellatus  esset,”  35. 

“ cum  — viderentur,”  40. 

“ eum  — intermitteret,”  41. 

“ cum  — polliceretur,”  42. 

Perfect  subjunctive  with  praesertim. 
11  praesertim  cum  — susceperit,”  16. 


From  c we  observe  that  the  conjunction  cum  (1)  denotes  cause,  and  (2)  takes 
the  subjunctive  mood  when  so  used.  Also  it  is  seen  (3)  that  the  causal  idea  is  some- 
times emphasized  by  the  adverb  praesertim. 


( l “ cum  — haberet,”  43. 

Perfect  subjunctive.  Present  subjunctive. 

“ cum  — pugnatum  sit,”  26.  | “ cum  — sint,”  14. 

From  d we  observe  that  the  conjunction  cum  (1)  denotes  concession,  — i.e., 
actions  notwithstanding  which  other  events  occur,  and  (2)  takes  the  subjunctive 
mood  when  so  used. 


II.  Indirect  Discourse,  illustrated  by  chapter  20  of  the  First  Book. 

The  exact  words  of  the  speaker  are  as  follows : — 

A. 

“ Do  not  pass  any  very  severe  sentence  upon  my  brother.  I know  that  these  facts 
are  true,  and,  no  one  receives  more  pain  on  that  account  than  I do.  Because,  when 
1 could  do  a great  deal  by  my  influence  at  home  and  in  the  rest  of  Gaul,  and  my 
brother  Dumnorix  very  little  on  account  of  his  youth,  by  my  help  he  rose  to  author- 
ity and  is  now  using  the  power  and  strength  thus  gained  not  only  to  lessen  my 
influence,  but  almost  for  my  own  ruin.  Yet  I am  moved  by  affection  for  my  brother 
and  by  public  opinion.  If  any  very  severe  punishment  is  inflicted  upon  him  by  you, 
no  one  will  think  that  it  was  done  without  my  own  desire,  since  I hold  such  a place 
in  your  friendship.  And  for  that  reason  it  will  happen  that  the  affections  of  the 
whole  of  Gaul  will  be  turned  from  me.” 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


53 


In  Latin. 

B.  . , 

“ Ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem  statue.  Ego  scio  haec  esse  vera,  nee 

quisquam  ex  hoc  plus  quam  ego  doloris  capio,  propterea  quod,  cum  ipse 
gratia  plurimum  domi  atque  in  reliqua  Gallia,  ille  minimum  propter 
adolescentiam  posset,  per  me  crevit  ; quibus  opibus  ac  nervis  non  solum 
ad  minuendam  gratiam,  sed  paene  ad  perniciem  meam  utitur.  Ego  tamen 
et  amore  fraterno  et  existimatione  vulgi  commoveor.  Q,uod  si  quid  ei 
a te  gravius  acciderit,  cum  ipse  hunc  locum  amicitiae  apud  te  teneam, 
nemo  existimabit  non  mea  voluntate  factum.  Q/ua  ex  re  fiet,  uti  totius 
Galliae  animi  a me  avertantur.” 

The  words  of  the  speaker  when  indirectly  quoted  are  as  follows  : — 

C. 

Divitiacus  began  to  implore  Caesar  not  to  pass  any  very  severe  sentence  upon 
his  brother,  (saying)  that  he  knew  that  those  facts  were  true,  and  no  one  received 
more  pain  on  that  account  than  he  did.  Because  when  he  could  do  a great  deal  by 
his  influence  at  home  and  in  the  rest  of  Gaul,  and  his  brother  very  little  on  account 
of  his  youth,  by  his  help  he  had  risen  to  authority,  which  power  and  streugth  he 
was  using  not  only  to  lessen  his  influence,  but  almost  for  his  ruin.  let  he  was 
moved  by  affection  for  his  brother  and  by  public  opinion.  But  if  any  very  severe 
punishment  should  be  inflicted  upon  him  by  Caesar,  no  one  would  think  that  it  was 
done  without  his  own  desire,  since  he  held  such  a place  in  Caesar’s  friendship.  And 
for  that  reason  it  would  happen  that  the  affections  of  the  whole  of  Gaul  would  be 
turned  from  him. 

In  Latin. 

D. 

Divitiacus  obsecrare  coepit,  ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem  statueret. 
Scire  se  illa  esse  vera,  nec  quemquam  ex  eo  plus  quam  se  doloris  capere, 
propterea  quod,  cum  ipse  gratia  plurimum  domi  atque  in  reliqua  Gallia, 
ille  minimum  propter  adolescentiam  posset,  per  se  crevisset  ; quibus 
opibus  ac  nervis  non  solum  ad  minuendam  gratiam,  sed  paene  ad  per- 
niciem suam  uteretur.  Sese  tamen  et  amore  fraterno  et  existimatione 
vulgi  commoveri.  Q,uod  si  quid  ei  a Caesare  gravius  accidisset,  cum 
ipse  eum  locum  amicitiae  apud  eum  teneret,  neminem  existimaturum  non 
sua  voluntate  factum.  Q,ua  ex  re  futurum,  uti  totius  Galliae  animi  a se 
averterentur. 

From  a study  of  the  above  we  observe  the  following  : — 

1 . Principal  declarative  clauses  in  indirect  discourse  have  their  verbs  in  the  in- 
finitive with  subjects  in  the  accusative : scire  se  ilia  esse  vera  for  ego  scio  ; 


54 


IXDFCTTVE  STUDY. 


quemquam  — se  — capere  for  quisquam  — ego  — capio  : sese  commoveri  for 
commoveor;  neminem  existimaturum  for  nemo  existimabit:  futurum  (esse) 
for  futurum  est.  erit,  or  fiet. 

_ Unlike  the  English  idiom,  which  changes  the  tense  of  principal  verbs  in  in- 
oirecT  discourse  from  present  tt  past  after  a verb  of  saying  containing  a past  notion, 
the  Latin  language  employs  the  present  infinitive,  the  time  of  which  is  relative  to 
that  ;.f  the  verb  on  which  the  h 7 . j depends.  E.g.,  He  said  that  he  knew 

that  those  things  were  true  = Dixit  scire  (not  scivisse)  se  ilia  esse  (not  fuisse 
vera. 

7.  The  verb  in  all  sub  rdinate  clauses  is  in  the  subjunctive  : posset,  crevisset, 
uteretur,  accidisset,  teneret,  averterentur.  Erom  B we  see  which  of  these 
verbs  would  he  in  the  indicative  in  the  direct  narrative. 

4.  The  tense  of  coepit  throws  the  verbs  of  the  subordinate  clauses  into  the 
secondary  tenses,  i.  e.,  imperfect  and  pluperfeer. 

5.  The  imperative  bee  ernes  the  subjunctive  : statueret  for  statue. 

6.  The  first  person  is  changed  to  the  third  : ego  to  se  l scire  se,  se  eapere, 
se  commoveri,  a se  averterentur):  meus  to  suus  (ad  suam  perniciem,  sua 
voluntate  1 : ego  ipse  to  is  ipse  ( ipse  posset,  ipse  teneret ) ; haec  to  illa  i illa 
esse  vera  ; hoc  to  eo  ( ex  eo  plus!  ; hunc  to  eum  (eum  locum  amicitiae). 

7.  The  se  :nd  person  is  changed  to  the  third:  statue  to  statueret  (quid 
statueret  ; te  to  Caesare  a Caesare  accidisset);  te  to  eum  (apud  eum 
teneret). 

S.  In  B we  observe  that  accidisset  would  he  the  future  perfect  in  the  direct 
discourse,  denoting  the  action  as  completed  at  the  fnture  time  denoted  by  existi- 
mabit, — a nicety  of  expression  which  the  English  language  does  not  exhibit. 
Notice  the  tense  used  in  the  oratio  obliqua. 

III.  The  Geruxd  and  Gerundive  in  Second  Book  of  the  Gallic  War. 

A.  Occurrence  of  the  Gerund.  Chaps.  1,  6 (twice),  7,  9,  10,  12,  17,  21  (three 
times  . 24.  In  all  twelve  times. 

B.  Occurrence  of  the  Gerundive.  Chaps.  1.  2 (impersonal  construction), 
5 (impersonal  construction  . 7,  S,  9,  10  (three  times),  17,  19,  20  (nine  times),  21  (five 
times).  2S.  In  all,  twenty-six  times. 

C.  Classification. 

a.  Genitive  of  the  gerund. 

“ conjurandi  causas,”  1. 
consistendi  potestas,”  6. 
finem  oppugnandi,”  6. 

" studium  propugnandi,”  7 

“ transeundi  initium,”  9- 


“ pugnandi  causa,”  10. 

“ praedandi  causa,”  17- 
“ cohortandi  causa,”  21. 
"pugnandi  tempus,”  21. 
praedandi  causa,”  24. 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


oo 


6.  Accusative  f the  gerund. 

”ad.  oppugnandum."  12. 

c.  Nominative  of  the  gerundive 

" Caesari  omnia  erant  agenda,"  20. 

■■  vexillum  proponendnm, ' 20. 

‘‘siaum  tuba  dandum,"  20. 

"revocandi  milites.  " 20 

a Genitive  of  the  gerundive. 

“ potiundi  oppidi,  " 7. 
committendi  proelii,"  19 

e.  Accusative  of  the  gerundive. 

” non  omittendum  sibi  concilium 
Nervii  existimaverunt,  17 
" ad  homines  conducendos,"  1. 

" ad  aciem  instruendam,"  8. 

■•  ad  bellum  gerendum,"  9. 

f A"  have  of  the  gerundive. 

" de  expugnando  oppido,"  10. 

“ de  flumine  transeundo,"'  10 

g.  Impersonal  constrnction. 

” dubitandum  non  existimavit,"  3. 

D.  Cove  IASIO  V. 

From  a and  d we  learn  that  the  genitive  of  the  gerund  and  gerundive  depen  & i 
a no  on.  hie  any  other  genitive  on  its  noun. 

The  examples  in  1 and  e exhibit  a fon  Iness  to  employ  the  preposition  ad  with, 
the  accusative  to  express  purpose,  readiness,  and  ability. 

In  the  examples  in  c and  and  arse  example  in  ».  we  see  the  notion  of  necessity, 
duty,  or  .-'.ligation  thrust  into  the  gemndi~e. 

From  first  example  A ■_•  Caesari  ennia  erart  agenda,  and  first  exam" 'em 
omittendum  sibi,  we  observe  that  the  nemen  agentis,  :r  the  principal  actor,  is 
put  in  the  dative  case. 

F rom  f it  is  seen  that  the  ah  lafcive  with  the  prepositions  de  and  in  is  of  frequent 
occurrence. 

The  examples  in  e and  r show  that  when  the  gerund  would  have  a direct 
object,  the  gerundive  f .rmation  is  preferred  , when  the  gerundive  is  used,  toe  noun, 


ad  dimicandum,  ’ 11. 


• milites  arcessendi,"  20. 
" acies  instruenda,"  20. 

••  milites  cohortandi,  " 20. 

- s-  w— v dandum.  20. 


aggeris  petendi.  20. 
eemnuttendi  proelii  o. ti  o 


21. 


“ ad  defendendos  eos,  " 10. 

~ ad  insignia  adeommedanda,  " 21. 
‘'ad  galeas  induendas."  21 
'•  aa  tegimenta  detrudenda,  " 21 


: in  quaerendis  suis,"  21 
. 2C emiranda  calamitate, " 2S. 


iogendum  sit.  " -3. 


56 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


which  would  have  been  the  direct  object  of  the  gerund,  takes  the  construction 
which  the  gerund  would  have  had. 

From  the  first  example  in  d and  second  example  in  f we  notice  that  even  de- 
ponent verbs  and  intransitive  verbs  allow  the  gerundive  formation. 


In  studying  the  three  following  topics  the  student  is  expected  to  deduce  as  many 
principles  as  the  classifications  admit  of. 


IV.  The  Ablative  Case  in  the  Third  Book  of  the  Gallic  War. 
Chaps.  16-20. 

A.  Occurrence.  Chaps.  16  (six  times),  17  (nineteen  times),  18  (seventeen 
times),  19  (nine  times),  20  (sixteen  times).  In  all,  sixty-seven  times. 


B.  Classification. 

a.  “ quo  proelio,”  16. 

“ militum  vocibus,”  17. 

“ magnis  praemiis  pollicitationi- 
bus,” 18. 

Ablative  of  means. 


“ quibus  angustiis  prematur,”  18. 
“ quibus  fossas  compleant,”  18. 

“ quo  plurimum  valebant,”  20. 


b.  “ a barbaris  ius  conservaretur,”  I “ ab  iis  erat  provisum,”  18. 

16.  | “ ab  his  sit  concessum,”  18. 

Ablative  of  Agency,  nomen  agentis  always  takes  the  preposition  ab. 


c.  “cum  his  copiis,”  17.  “cum  tanta  multitudine”  (hostile 

“ cum  Viridovice”  (friendly  sense),  sense),  17. 

17. 

Ablative  of  accompaniment  ; always  with  the  preposition  cum.  The  classical 
distinction  between  the  ablative  of  manner  and  the  ablative  with  cum  is,  that  cum 
thrusts  into  the  ablative  the  notion  of  addition  or  unexpectedness  ; e.  g.,  cum 
celeritate  would  denote  an  additional  quality  or  one  which  would  not  be  expected. 

d.  Ablative  with  preposition  ab. 

1.  See  b. 

2.  “ ab  agricultura  et  cotidiano  labore,”  17. 

Ablative  of  separation. 

3 “ a Caesare  acceperat,”  17.  | “ ab  imo  adelivis,”  19. 

Ablative  of  source. 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


57 


e.  Ablative  with  preposition  ex. 

1.  “ ex  quibus  exercitum  coegerat,”  I “ex  iis  quos  habebat,”  18. 

17.  I “ ex  tertia  parte  Galliae,"  20. 

Ablative  of  separation  ; often  equivalent  to  a partitive  genitive.  This  substitution 
of  a preposition  for  the  ending  of  the  genitive  case  (cf.  ex  his  unus  for  horum 
unus)  is  an  anticipation  of  the  breaking  down  of  the  inflectional  system.  The 
substitution  of  the  preposition  de  in  this  sense  is  perpetuated  in  the  Eomauce  lan- 
guages; cf.  French  de. 

2.  “ ex  Gallia,”  17.  | “ duces  ex  concilio  dimittunt,” 

“ ex  castris,”  18.  I 18. 

Ablative  of  place  from  which.  Notice  that  ex  denotes  “ from  the  interior  of.” 

3.  “ ex  fuga  evaserant,”  19. 

Ablative  of  means ; originally  an  ablative  of  source,  but  the  source  was  looked 
upon  as  the  means.  A similar  confusion  of  source  and  meaus  is  found  in  some 
Greek  writers  in  their  use  of  for  uirb. 

f.  Tolosa  et  Narbone,”  20. 

Ablative  of  place  from  which,  without  a preposition ; mostly  confined  to  names  of 
towns. 


g.  Ablative  with  preposition  de. 

1.  “ ea  de  causa,”  17. 

Ablative  of  source ; metaphorically. 

2.  “ de  navali  pugna,  de  victoria,”  19. 
de,  “concerning.” 


h.  “ in  Venitis,”  17. 

“ in  iis  locis,  ’ 20. 

Ablative  with  preposition  in  ; place  in 

i.  “ spatio  duum  milium,”  17. 

“ idoneo  loco,”  17  (like  loco  are 
locis,  terra  marique,  dextra, 
laeva,  etc.). 

Ablative  of  place  in  which,  without 
regarded  also  as  the  means. 

j.  “ auxilii  causa,”  18. 

“ auxilii  ferendi  causa,”  18. 

“ his  rebus  adducti,”  18. 

Ablative  of  cause. 


I “ in  itinere  agmen  adorti,”  20. 

“ in  convalle  in  insidiis,”  20. 
which. 

“ castris  sese  tenebat,”  17. 

“ duabus  portis,”  19. 


a preposition  ; chiefly  when  the  place  is 

i “ opportunitate,  inscientia,  defetiga- 
tione,  virtute,  exercitatione,”  19. 
“ latitudine,  et  multitudine,”  19. 


58 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


k.  “ his  paucis  diebus,”  17. 

“ proxima  nocte,”  18. 
Ablative  of  time  when. 


“ uno  tempore,”  19. 

“ eodem  tempore,”  20. 


I.  “ magno  cursu  contenderunt,”  19. 
Ablative  of  manner. 


m.  “ integris  viribus  milites,”  19. 

Ablative  of  characteristic  or  quality.  The  main  distinction  which  can  he  observed 
between  the  ablative  of  quality  and  the  genitive  of  quality  is,  that  the  genitive  de- 
notes the  permanent  condition,  but  the  ablative  the  assumption  of  a new  quality  or  a 
temporary  state. 

Notice  viribus  is  a temporary  condition,  while  “omnes  gravioris  aetatis” 
(chap.  16)  shows  a permanent  state. 


n.  “ pro  perfuga,”  18  (equivalent  to  a noun  in  apposition). 
Ablative  with  preposition  pro. 


o.  “ eo  gravius  Caesar  vindicandum 

statuit,”  16. 

“ quo  diligentius  ius  conservare- 
tur,” 16  for  ut  with  compara- 

Ablative  denoting  degree  of  comparison. 

p.  “ quibus  amissis,”  16. 

“ omni  senatu  necato,”  16. 

“ senatu  suo  interfecto,”  17. 

“ productis  copiis,”  17. 

“ praesertim  eo  absente  ” (the  idea 
of  cause,  emphasized  by  prae- 
sertim), 17. 

“ aequo  loco  ” (with  an  adjec- 
tive for  a participle;  condition 
strengthened  by  nisi),  17. 

“ opportunitate  aliqua  data,”  17. 

“ bac  confirmata  opinione,”  18. 

“ qua  re  concessa,”  18. 

“ ut  explorata  victoria”  (ut  as- 


tive  degree  to  explain  the  com 
parison  = ut  eo. 
paucis  ante  annis,”  20. 


sisting  a condition  = contrary  to 
fact),  18. 

“ sarmentis  virgultisque  collectis,” 
18. 

“ impeditis  hostibus,”  19. 

“ exercitu  pulso,”  19. 

“ impedimentis  amissis,”  19. 

“ re  frumentaria  provisa,  auxihis 
equitatuque  comparato,  multis 
viris  evocatis,”  20. 

“ cuius  adventu  cognito,”  20. 

“ magnis  copiis  coactis  equitatu,”  20. 
“ equitatu  suo  pulso,”  20 
“ insequentibus  nostris,”  20. 


Ablative  absolute.  Especially  common,  for  the  Latin  language  was  handicapped 
in  having  no  perfect  active  participle.  The  present  active  participle  was  used  with 
much  more  exactness  than  in  English,  being  never  employed  in  the  best  writers 
unless  the  time  of  the  action  expressed  by  it  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  verb.  Hence 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


59 


to  express  the  past  notion  conveyed  by  the  present  or  perfect  active  participle  in 
English  the  Latin  language  must  use  (1)  a clause  introduced  by  cum,  postquam, 
etc. ; or  (2)  the  perfect  participle  of  a deponent  verb  ; or  (3)  the  ablative  absolute. 

C.  Let  the  student  establish  as  many  rules  as  possible  from  the  above 
classification. 


V.  The  Subjunctive  Mood  in  the  Fourth  Book  of  the  Gallic  War. 
Chaps.  22-31. 

A.  Occurrence.  Chaps.  22  (five  times),  23  (seven  times),  24  (once),  25  (four 
times),  26  (once),  27  (five  times),  28  (four  times),  29  (three  times),  30  (once), 
31  (twice).  In  all,  thirty-three  times. 

B.  Classification 

а.  “ legati  qui  se  excusarent  ” (qui 

= ut  ii),  22. 

“ qui  pollicerentur,”  22. 

“ ut  administrarentur,”  23. 

Subjunctive  of  purpose. 

б.  “ quo  minus  venire  possent  ” 

(after  verb  of  hindering),  22. 

“ uti  telum  adigi  posset,”  23. 

“ ut  nulla  cursum  tenere  posset,” 

28. 

“ sed  aliae  eodem  referrentur,”  28. 

Subjunctive  of  result. 

c.  “ naves  quibus  reportari  possent,”  29. 

Subjunctive  in  relative  clause  of  characteristic.  This  is  a true  subjunctive  of 
result,  the  action  of  the  verb  being  the  result  of  other  actions  or  qualities  belonging 
to  the  antecedent  of  the  relative ; e.  g.,  nemo  est  qui  noceat  = there  is  no  one 
who  so  conducts  himself,  or  is  of  such  a character,  that  he  harms. 

</.  “ quod  bellum  fecissent,”  22.  | “ questus  quod  bellum  intulissent,”  27. 

Subjunctive  with  quod,  denoting  cause  on  the  authority  of  another  than  the 
writer,  or  an  assumed  reason. 

e.  “ ut  quae  motum  haberent”  (emphasized  by  ut),  23. 

Subjunctive  in  relative  clause  expressing  cause. 


“ ut  ea  res  eveniret,”  25. 

“ ne  tantum  dedecus  admittere- 
tur,” 25. 

“ ut  ignosceretur  petiverunt,”  27. 


“ ad  partem  insulae  deicereren- 
tur,”  28. 

“ accidit  ut  esset  luna  plena,” 
29. 

“ ut  navigari  commode  posset  effe- 
cit,” 31. 


60 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


f “ ut  ratio,  maritimae  res  postularent,”  23. 

Subjunctive  by  the  attraction  of  another  subjunctive  clause. 

9.  “ quae  eognosset  et  quae  fieri  vellet  ostendit,”  23. 

Subjunctive  in  indirect  question. 

/;.  “ quae  imperasset,  facturos,”  22.  | “ quaeque  imperasset,  facturos,”  27. 

Subjunctive  in  subordinate  clause  in  indirect  discourse.  In  the  direct  narrative 
imperasset  would  have  been  in  the  future  perfect,  to  show  that  the  command  will 
be  given  before  the  obedience  begins. 

i.  “ dum  reliquae  naves  convenirent,  exspectavit,”  23. 

Subjunctive  with  dum,  denoting  futurity  and  purpose. 


j.  “ cum  esset  administratum,”  23. 

“ cum  tela  conicerent,  incitarent,” 
24. 

Subjunctive  with  cum,  denoting  cause. 


“ reliquae  cum  essent  inutiles,” 
29. 

“ cum  administraretur,”  31. 


k.  “ cum  voce  magna  dixisset,”  25. 
“ hos  cum  conspexissent,”  25. 

“ quod  cum  animadvertisset,” 
26. 


quae  cum  adpropinquarent  et  vid 
erentur,”  28. 

cum  equites  intellegerent,  cogno- 
scerent,” 30. 


Subjunctive  with  cum,  denoting  relative  time. 


1.  “ cum  mandata  deferret,”  27.  | “ cum  pacem  petissent,”  27. 

Subjunctive  with  cum,  denoting  concession. 

C.  Let  the  student  establish  as  many  rules  for  the  subjunctive  mood  as  he  can, 
based  upon  the  above  classification. 

VI.  What  we  know  of  the  Germans  from  the  Text  of 
Caesar. 

A.  For  places  where  the  words  “Germania”  and  “ Germani  ” occur,  the  student 
should  consult  the  Geographical  Index. 

B.  Principal  facts  about  this  people. 

a.  The  training  for  war.  i.  .36. 

b.  The  personal  appearance  and  prowess,  i.  39. 

c.  The  method  of  engagement  in  cavalry  battles,  i.  48. 

cl.  The  superstition  in  vogue  in  regard  to  the  expediency  of  entering  battle, 
i.  50. 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


61 


e.  The  manner  of  fighting  in  battle,  i.  52. 

/.  The  method  of  life ; means  of  protecting  their  own  boundaries;  proceedings 
in  time  of  war;  government  in  time  of  peace;  morality;  strength  of  the  nation, 
vi.  23,  24. 

C.  Let  the  student  construct  an  historical  account  of  the  Germans  by  filling  out 
the  references  given  above,  and  also  by  further  investigation.  (See  A.) 


VII.  Additional  Exercises. 

In  the  following  topics  the  places  of  occurrence  in  first  four  books  are  given  to 
assist  the  student.  The  portion  of  text  to  be  assigned  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the 
instructor. 

1.  debeo,  oportet. 

a.  debeo.  — debeant,  i.  17.  debere,  i.  44,  45.  deberet,  ii.  27.  debuit,  ii.  33. 
debuerint,  i.  11. 

b.  oportet.  — oportere,  i.  34,  3G,  44;  iii.  18,  24;  iv.  29.  oportebat,  i.  4. 
oporteret,  i.  16,  23,  44,  45  (twice)  ; ii.  20. 

2.  licet. 

licet,  iv.  1.  liceat,  i.  7.  licere,  i.  42;  iii.  10;  iv.  8.  liceret,  i.  30,  31,  35,  39. 

3.  coepit. 

coepit,  i.  20,  26;  ii.  10,  12,23;  iii.  3,21;  iv.  7,  14,25.  coeperunt,  i.  15,  23, 
25  (twice),  32,  54;  ii.  6,  13,  19,26;  iii.  23,  26,  28;  iv.  27,  30.  coeperint,  ii.  5. 
coeperant,  i.  26  ; iii.  12.  coepisset,  iii.  13.  coepissent,  iii.  5,  24.  coeptus  est, 
iv.  18.  coepti  sunt,  ii.  6.  coepta  erat,  iv.  18.  coepta  essent,  i.  47  ; ii.  2.  Judg- 
ing from  the  examples  just  cited  when  is  coepisse  used  in  passive?  Note  the 
voice  of  the  complementary  infinitive  used  in  last  four  cases. 

4.  proprior  and  proximus. 

propius,  i.  42,  46  ; iv.  9,  11,  28.  proximus,  iii.  7.  proximum,  i.  22,  24. 
proximo,  i.  50.  proxima,  i.  40;  ii.  12,35;  iii.  18.  proximo,  i.  44.  proximi, 
i.  1,  54;  ii.  3,  12,  27  ; iii.  11.  proximas,  i.  12.  proxima  (acc.),  iii.  12.  proximis, 
i.  3 ; ii.  33  ; iv.  25.  proxime,  i.  24  ; ii.  8,  19;  iii.  29. 

5.  aut.  sive.  vel. 

a.  aut,  i.  1 (twice),  13  (four  times),  15,  19  (twice),  22,  27,  31  (twice),  34  (twice), 
39  (three  times),  40  (eight  times),  43,  47  (twice),  48,  53;  ii.  25,  30,  33  (twice); 


62 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


iii.  6,  14,  16,  17,  22  (twice),  26  ; iv.  1,  2,  5,  16,  17,  20  (twice),  24  (twice), 
29  (twice),  30. 

b.  sive,  i.  12  (twice),  23,  27  (twice);  iii.  13,  17. 

c.  vel,  i.  6 (twice),  19  (twice),  31  (three  times) ; iii.  14;  iv.  7 (twice),  16. 

6.  postquam,  cum. 

a.  postquam,  i.  24,  27  ; ii.  5 ; iii.  15. 

b.  cum,  i.  1,2,  4,  7,  9,  11,  12,  13  (twice),  14,  16,  19,  20  (three  times),  22,  23,  25, 

26  (four  times),  27,  31,  32,  33  (twice),  35,  36,  38,  39,  40  (four  times),  41,  42  (three 
times),  43,  47,  50,  52  (twice),  53;  ii.  1,  2,  3,  4 (twice),  6 (twice),  8,  11  (twice), 
13  (twice),  15,  16,  17  (four  times),  19,  20,  22,  24  (three  times),  25,  26  (three  times), 
27,  28,  29  (three  times),  33  (twice) ; iii.  1 (twice),  2 (twice),  3 (twice),  5,  7,  9,  10,  11, 
12,  13,  14  (twice),  15  (three  times),  16,  17,  20  (twice),  21,  22,  24,  25  (twice),  28,  29  ; 

iv.  2,  3,  4 (twice),  5,  6,  7,  11  (twice),  12  (three  times),  14,  15  (three  times),  16  (three 
times),  23,  24,  25  (twice),  26,  27  (twice),  28,  29,  30,  31,  32  (twice),  33,  37  (twice),  38. 

7.  dum. 

i.  7,  11,  27,  39,  46;  iii.  17;  iv.  13,  22,  23,  32,  34. 

8.  ut.  ne. 

a.  ut,  i.  2 (twice),  3 (three  times),  4 (twice),  5 (twice),  6 (twice),  7 (twice), 
9 (three  times),  10,  11,  12,  13  (four  times),  10,  19,  20  (twice),  22  (three  times), 
25  (four  times),  26,  28  (twice),  29,  31  (three  times),  33  (twice),  34,  35  (twice),  36, 
38  (three  times),  39  (four  times),  40,  41  (twice),  42,  43  (five  times),  44  (twice), 
46  (twice),  47,  48  (twice),  49,  50,  51,  52;  ii.  1,  3,  5,  7,  8,  9 (twice),  10  (twice), 
11  (twice),  14,  17  (three  times),  18  (three  times),  21,  22  (three  times),  23,  25,  26, 

27  (five  times),  28  (twice),  32  (twice),  33  (four  times)  ; iii.  2,  3,  4 (twice),  8 (twice), 
9,  12,  13  (twice),  14  (three  times),  15  (three  times),  17  (twice),  18,  19  (three  times), 
20,  21,  22,  26  (twice);  iv.  1,  2 (twice),  3,  11  (four  times),  12,  13  (twice),  16  (twice), 
17  (three  times),  19  (three  times),  21  (three  times),  23  (three  times),  25,  27,  28,  29, 
31,  33,  35. 

b.  ne,  i.  4,  9,  13  (twice),  17,  19,  20,  22,  23,  26,  27,  28,  30,  31  (twice),  35,  37,  38, 
42  (twice),  43,  46,  49,  51  (twice)  ; ii.  1,  5,  8,  21,  26,  31,  32,  33;  iii.  10,  11,  26,  29; 
iv.  6,  9,  11  (twice),  13,  25. 

9.  ante. 

i.  3,  6,  16,  18,  21,  31  (three  times),  33,44,49,50;  ii.  12,22,  32,  33  (twice),  35; 

iii.  20  (twice) ; iv.  9,12,35,36. 

10.  apud. 

i.  2,  9,  17,  18  (twice),  16,  20  (twice),  31,  33,  40,  47,  50;  ii.  2,  4,  7,  14;  iii.  9,  21  ; 

iv.  1,  2,  8,  13,  15,  18. 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


63 


In  the  remaining  topics  no  help  is  given,  as  the  work  should  be  pursued  inde- 
pendently. The  student  should  collect  examples  from  the  text,  classify  them,  and 
establish  as  many  principles  or  truths  as  he  is  able  from  the  material  which  he  has 
gathered. 


11.  Conjunctions. 

, et. 

12.  1 atque 
' que. 

13.  The  conjunction  cum. 

14.  antequam 

15.  Particles. 

16.  Adjectives 

17.  Adverbs. 

18.  Appositives 

19.  The  nominative 

20.  The  genitive. 

21.  The  dative. 

22.  Dative  of  agent  so  called. 

23.  Two  datives. 

24.  The  dative  after  verbs  of  persuad- 

ing. 

25.  The  accusative. 

26.  The  accusative  of  extent  of  space 

and  duration  of  time. 

27.  The  accusative  of  limit  of  motion. 

28.  The  ablative. 

29.  The  ablative  absolute. 

30.  The  ablative  of  place. 

31.  Prepositions. 


ex. 


34.  The  objective  genitive. 

35.  The  locative  case. 

36.  The  comparative  degree. 

37.  Comparatives  aud  superlatives. 

38.  Noun  formation. 

39.  Irregular  nouns. 

40.  Collective  nouns. 

41.  Abstract  nouns. 

42  Compounds. 

43.  Derivatives 

44.  Numerals. 


45  Negatives. 

46.  Classification  of  verbs. 

47.  Conjugation. 

48.  Irregular  verbs 

49.  The  infinitive. 

50.  The  supine. 

51.  The  participle 

52.  Gerund  and  gerundive. 

53.  The  subjunctive  mood. 

54.  Subjunctive  of  result. 

55.  Subjunctive  of  purpose. 

56.  Conditional  sentences 

57.  Commands  and  desires. 

58.  Mixed  purpose  or  result 

59.  The  imperfect  tense. 

60.  The  perfect  tense. 

61.  The  present  tense. 

62.  The  sequence  of  tenses. 

63.  The  active  voice. 

64.  The  passive  voice. 

65.  Deponent  verbs. 

66.  Impersonal  verbs. 

67.  The  periphrastic  conjugation. 

68.  Methods  of  expressing  futurity. 

69.  Methods  of  expressing  necessity. 

70.  Methods  of  expressing  cause. 

71.  Methods  of  expressing  concession. 

72.  Indirect  question. 

73.  Indirect  discourse. 

74.  Construction  after  verbs  of  com- 

manding. 

75.  Construction  after  verbs  of  fear- 

ing. 

76.  Verbs  of  remembering,  etc. 

77.  Relative  clauses. 

78.  Relative  adverbs. 

79.  Conditional  relative  sentences. 

80.  Expressions  of  time. 

81.  Methods  of  denoting  possession. 

82.  The  Belgae. 

83.  The  Boii. 


64 


INDUCTIVE  STUDY. 


84.  Gaul. 

85.  The  Helvetii. 

86.  Ariovistus. 

87.  Dumnorix. 

88.  The  Allobroges. 

89.  Britain. 

90.  Helvetia. 

9 1 . Correlatives. 


92.  Classification  of  clauses. 

93.  The  Roman  Calendar 

94.  The  predicate. 

95.  The  style  of  Caesar. 

96.  Figures  of  speech. 

97.  Asyndeton. 

98.  Ellipsis. 

99.  Periphrasis 


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CORSICA 


U itude 


C.  IULII  CAESARIS 

DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COMMENTARIUS  PRIMUS. 


1.  A word  which  the  student  meets  for  the  first  time  is  printed  in  the  full- 
faced  type.  (The  first  occurrence  of  different  stems  is  also  treated  in  the  same 
way,  e.  g.  est  and  fuit.) 

2.  After  its  first  occurrence  every  word  is  put  into  ordinary  type.  The  student 
can  therefore,  by  a glance  at  a page,  realize  what  words  he  has  met  already  in  his 

1.  Description  or  Gaul. 

1.  1 Gallia  est  omnis  2 divisa  in  partes 
tres,  3 quarum  unam  incolunt  Belgae,  aliam 
Aquitani,  tertiam,  qui  ipsorum  4 lingua 

5 Celtae,  nostra  Galli  appellantur.  hi  oinnes 

6 lingua,  institutis,  legibus  inter  se  differunt.  5 
Gallos  ab  Aquitanis  Garumna  flumen,  a Bel- 
gis Matrona  et  Sequana  1 dividit.  liorum 
omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae,  propterea 
quod  a cultu  atque  humanitate  provin- 
ciae longissime  absunt,  minimeque  ad  eos  10 
commeant  atque  ea,  quae  ad  3 effeminandos 

animos  pertinent,  important,  proximique  SUllt  9 Germanis,  qui 
trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  quibuscum  continenter  bellum  gerunt. 

1.  1 Gallia , Iutrod.  No.  72,  and  Geo.  Index.  2 divisa , A.  & G.  291  b\ 

G.  439  ; II.  550,  n.  2.  3 quarum,  A.  & G.  216 : G.  366  ; H.  397.  4 A.  & 

G.  243,  e;  G.  403  ; II.  418.  5 Cellae,  Iutrod.  No.  48.  6 lingua , A.  & G. 
253  ; G.  398;  H.  424;  Iutrod.  No.  73.  7 dividit , A.  & G.  205  /;  G.  202 
R.  1 ; 11.463,11,3.  8 effeminandos,  A.  & G. '600  ; G.  42S  ; H.  544.  9 Ger- 
manis, A.  & G.  234«;  G.  356’ ; H.  391,  1.  Iutrod.  No.  74  and  Geo.  Index. 


reading. 


mercatores  saspe 


66 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


qua  de  causa  Helvetii  quoque  10  reliquos  Gallos  virtute  prae- 
cedunt, quod  fere  cotidianis  proeliis  cum  Germanis  conten- 
dunt, cum  aut  11  suis  12  finibus  eos  prohibent,  aut  ipsi  in 
eorum  finibus  bellum  gerunt,  eorum  una  pars,  quam  13  Gallos 
5 obtinere  14  dictum  est,  initium  capit  a flumine  Rhodano ; con- 
tinetur Garumna  flumine,  Oceano,  finibus  Belgarum ; attingit 
etiam  ab  Sequanis  et  Helvetiis  flumen  Ebenum  ; vergit  ad 
septentriones.  Belgae  ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus  oriuntur ; 
pertinent  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis  Ebeni ; spectant  in 
io  septentrionem  et  orientem  solem.  Aquitania  15  a Garumna 
16 flumine  ad  Pyrenaeos  montes  et  ad  eam  partem  Oceani,  quae 
est  ad  Hispaniam,  pertinet ; spectat  inter  occasum  solis  et 
septentriones. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  geography  of  Gaul.  (2?)  The  partitive  genitive.  (3.)  The  ablative  of 
specification.  (4.)  The  dative  after  adjectives.  (5.)  The  preposition  regularly  used 
with  the  ablative  of  accompaniment.  (fi.)  The  reflexive  pronoun.  (7  ) The  idiom 
reliquos  Gallos.  (8.)  The  impersonal  construction.  (9.)  The  different  uses  of  the 
preposition  ad  in  the  chapter. 

2-29.  The  Helvetian  Wail 
The  ambitious  designs  of  the  Helvetii  under  Orgetorix. 

2.  Apud  Helvetios  longe  nobilissimus  et  ditissimus  fuit 
15  Orgetorix.  is  M.  Messala  et  M.  Pisone  1 consulibus  2 regni 
cupiditate  inductus  coniurationem  nobilitatis  fecit  et  ° civi- 
tati persuasit,  4 ut  de  finibus  suis  cum  omnibus  copiis  5exi- 

1.  10  reliquos,  A.  & G.  193;  G.  287,  it. ; H 440,  2,  n.  1,  2.  11  suis, 

A.  & G.  196  ; G.  295  ; Ii.  449,  1.  12  finibus,  A.  & G.  243  ; G.  38S  ; H. 

414.  13  Gallos  obtinere,  A.  & G.  272;  G.  528,  scc.  2;  H.  535.  14  dic- 

tum est,  A.  & G.  270  ; G.  535  ; Ii.  538.  J5  a Garumna,  A.  & G.  244 ; G. 
3S8  ; H.  415.  16  flumine,  A.  & G.  183  ; G.  319  ; H.  363. 

2.  1 consulibus,  A.  & G.  255  a ; G.  408;  H.  431,  4.  2 regni,  A.  & G. 

217;  G.  361,  2 ; H.  396,  III  3 civitati,  A.  & G.  227;  G 345,  2;  H.  385, 
II.  4.  4 ut  — exirent,  A & G.  331  ; G.  546;  H.  498.  5 exirent,  A.  & 

G.  286;  205,  c,  1 ; G 510;  Ii.  495,  II;  461. 


COMM.  I.  2-3. 


07 


rent:  perfacile  6 esse,  cum  virtute  'omnibus  3 praestarent,  totius 
Galliae  9 imperio  potiri,  id  hoc  facilius  eis  persuasit,  quod 
undique  loci  natura  Helvetii  continentur : una  ex  parte  flu- 
mine Rheno,  latissimo  atque  altissimo,  qui  agrum  Helvetium 
a Germanis  dividit ; altera  ex  parte  monte  lura  altissimo,  qui  5 
est  inter  Sequanos  et  Helvetios;  tertia  lacu  Lemanno  et  flumine 
Rhodano,  qui  provinciam  nostram  ab  Helvetiis  dividit,  his  re- 
bus 10  fiebat,  ut  et  minus  late  11  vagarentur,  et  minus  facile 
finitimis  bellum  inferre  possent ; qua  ex  parte  homines  12  bel- 
landi cupidi  magno  dolore  afficiebantur.  pro  multitudine  10 
autem  hominum  et  pro  gloria  belli  atque  fortitudinis  angustos 
13  se  finis  habere  arbitrabantur,  qui  in  longitudinem  14  milia 

10  passuum  CCXL,  ili  latitudinem  CLXXX  patebant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  The  superlative  degree.  (2.)  The  ablative  absolute.  (3.)  The  objective  geni- 
tive. (1  ) 'The  construction  after  persuasit.  (5.)  The  omission  of  the  verb  which 
governs  the  indirect  discourse.  (6.)  The  dative  after  compounds.  (7.)  The  case 
employed  after  potior.  (8.)  The  accusative  of  extent  of  space. 

The  Helvetii  make  preparations.  Orgetorix  is  chosen  to  carry 
out  their  plans. 

3.  His  rebus  adducti  of  auctoritate  Orgetorigis  permoti 
constituerunt  ea,  quae  ad  proficiscendum  1 pertinerent,  com-  15 
parare,  iumentorum  et  carrorum  “ quam  maximum  numerum 
coemere,  sementes  quam  maximas  facere,  ut  in  itinere  copia 

2.  6 esse,  A.  & G.  330,  e;  G.  653;  II.  523.  7 omnibus , A.  & G.  228; 

G 346;  H.  386.  8 praestarent , A.  & G.  326;  G.  587;  H.  517.  9 imperio, 

A.  & G.  249;  G.  405;  H.  421.  Wjfcba, t,  A.  & G.  277;  G.  222;  H.  468. 

11  vagarentur,  A.  & G 332,  a ; G 558,  3;  II.  501,  I.  12  bellandi.  A.  V 

G.  218,  a ; 298;  G.  429  ; II.  399,  T;  542,1.  13  se,  A.  & G.  196;  G 

294;  II.  449.  14  milia,  A.  & G.  94,  <? ; 257;  G.  335;  H.  178;  397. 

15  passuum,  A.  & G.  216 ; G.  366  ; II.  396,  IV. 

3.  1 perimerent,  A.  & G.  311,  d ; G.  630;  H.  524.  2 quam  maximum, 

A & G.  93,  b-,  G.  317;  II.  170,  2. 


68 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


frumenti  3 suppeteret,  cum  proximis  civitatibus  pacem  et  ami- 
citiam confirmare.  ad  eas  res  4 conficiendas  biennium  sibi 
satis  esse  duxerunt : ili  tertium  annum  profectionem  5 lege 
confirmant.  ad  eas  res  conficiendas  Orgetorix  deligitur.  is 
5 sibi  legationem  ad  civitates  suscepit,  in  eo  itinere  persuadet 
° Castico,  Catamantaloedis  filio,  Sequano,  cuius  pater  regnum 
in  Sequanis  multos  7 annos  obtinuerat  et  a senatu  populi  Ro- 
mani amicus  appellatus  erat,  ut  regnum  in  civitate  sua  8 occu- 
paret, quod  pater  ante  habuerat ; itemque  Dumnorigi  Haeduo, 
lo  fratri  Divitiaci,  qui  eo  9 tempore  principatum  in  civitate  10 *  ob- 
tinebat ac  maxime  plebi  acceptus  erat,  ut  idem  conaretur, 
persuadet  eique  filiam  suam  in  matrimonium  dat.  perfacile 
11  factu  12  esse  illis  probat  conata  perficere,  propterea  quod  ipse 
suae  civitatis  imperium  13  obtenturus  esset : non  esse  dubium, 
15  quin  totius  14  Galliae  plurimum  Helvetii  15  possent;  se  suis 
copiis  suoque  exercitu  illis  regna  conciliaturum  confirmat,  hac 
oratione  adducti  inter  se  fidem  et  iusiurandum  dant  et  10  regno 
occupato  per  tres  potentissimos  ac  firmissimos  populos  totius 
17  Galliae  sese  potiri  posse  sperant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  superlative  rvith  quam.  (2.)  The  subjunctive  of  purpose.  (3.)  The 
gerundive  construction.  (4)  The  accusative  of  duration  of  time.  (5.)  The  his- 
torical present.  (6.)  The  ablative  of  time.  (7.)  The  datives  in  this  chapter. 
(8.)  The  formation  factu.  (9.)  The  genitive  after  potior. 

3.  3 suppeteret , A.  & G.  31/  ; G.  5-13,1;  II.  197,  II.  4 conficiendas , 

A.  & G.  300 ; G.  428  ; 11.  5-14.  5 * lege,  A.  & G.  248,  c.  1 ; G.  403  ■ II.  418. 

6 Castico,  A.  & G.  227  ; G.  345,  2 ; ’ll.  385,  II,  4.  7 annos , A.  & G.  256  ; 

G.  337  ; II.  379.  8 occuparet,  A.  & G.  331,  a ; G.  546  ; H.  499,  3.  8 tempore, 

A.  & G.  256  ; G.  392;  Ii.  429.  10  obtinebat,  A.  & G.  277;  G.  222 ; II.  468. 

11  factu,  A.  & G.  303  ; G.  437  ; H.  547-  12  esse,  A.  & G.  336,  1,  2 ; G.  653 ; 

Ii.  535.  18  obtenturus  esset,  A.  & G.  113,  b,  1 ; G.  515  ; H.  233;  516,  II. 

14  Galliae,  A.  & G.  216  ; G.  366  ; Ii.  397-  15  possent,  A.  & G.  319,  d\  G. 

551,  2;  H.  501,  IT,  2.  16  regno  occupato,  A.  & G.  255;  G-  408;  II. 

431,  2.  17  Galliae,  A.  & G.  249,  u\  G.  405,  n.  3 ; II.  410,  V,  3. 


COMM.  I.  4-5. 


09 


The  scheme  is  discovered . Orgetorix  is  tried,  and  is  rescued 
by  his  vassals.  His  death. 

4.  Ea  res  est  Helvetiis  per  indicium  enuntiata.  1 moribus 
suis  Orgetorigem  ex  vinculis  causam  dicere  coegerunt;  2 dam- 
natum poenam  sequi  oportebat,  ut  igni  3 cremaretur.  ^ die 
5 constituta  causae  dictionis  Orgetorix  ad  iudicium  omnem  suam 
familiam,  ad  hominum  milia  decem,  undique  coegit  et  omnes  5 
clientes  obaeratosque  suos,  quorum  magnum  numerum  habebat, 
eodem  conduxit:  6 per  eos,  ne  causam  diceret,  se  eripuit,  cum 
civitas  ob  eam  rem  incitata  armis  ius  suum  exsequi  7 conaretur 
multitudinemque  hominum  ex  agris  magistratus  cogerent,  Or- 
getorix mortuus  est ; neque  abest  suspicio,  ut  Helvetii  arbi-  io 
trantur,  quin  ipse  sibi  mortem  8 consciverit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) The  idiom  ex  vincatis  causam  d/cere.  (2.)  The  participle.  (3.)  The  sub- 
stantive clause  of  result.  (4.)  The  distinction  between  per  with  the  accusative  and 
ah  with  the  ablative.  (5.)  The  conjunction  cum  in  temporal  sense,  (fi.)  The  prep- 
osition ad  with  numerals.  (7  ) The  subjunctive  with  quin  after  negative  clauses. 

(8.)  The  intensive  pronoun. 

The  Helvetii  nevertheless  complete  their  preparations. 

5.  Post  eius  mortem  1 nihilo  minus  Helvetii  id,  quod  con- 
stituerant, facere  conantur,  2 ut  e finibus  snis  exeant.  ubi 

iam  se  ad  eam  rem  paratos  esse  arbitrati  sunt,  oppida  sua 

4.  1 moribus,  A.  & G.  24-5;  G.  407;  H.  410.  2 damnatum,  A.  & G. 

292,  ex.  5;  G.  070;  H.  549,  2.  3 cremaretur,  A.  & G.  332;  G.  559;  H. 

501,  HI.  4 die,  A.  & G.  256,  1;  G.  392;  II.  429.  5 constituta,  A.  & 

G.  73 ; G.  70  ; H.  123.  6 per  eos,  A.  & G.  240,  b ■ G.  417  ; II.  415,  1, 1, 

x.  1.  7 conaretur,  A.  & G.  325;  G.  586;  II.  521,  II,  2.  8 consciverit, 

A.  & G.  319,  d ■ G.  551;  H.  504. 

5.  1 nihilo,  A.  & G.  250;  G.  400;  H.  423. 

332  ; G.  540  ; H.  501,  III. 


2 ut  — exeant,  A.  & G. 


70 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


omnia,  3 numero  ad  duodecim,  vicos  ad  quadringentos,  reliqua 
privata  aedificia  incendunt,  frumentum  omne,  praeterquam  quod 
seeum  portaturi  erant,  comburunt,  ut  domum  reditionis  spe 
sublata  paratiores  ad  omnia  pericula  subeunda  4 essent,  trium 
5 mensum  molita  cibaria  sibi  quemque  5 domo  efferre  iubent. 
persuadent  Rauracis  et  Tulingis  et  Latovicis  finitimis,  uti 
eodem  '’usi  consilio  oppidis  suis  vicisque  exustis  una  cum 
iis  proficiscantur,  Boiosque,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incoluerant  et 
in  agrum  Noricum  transierant  Noreiamque  oppugnarant,  re- 
10  ceptos  ad  se  socios  sibi  adsciscunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  degree  of  difference.  (2.)  Substantive  clauses  of  purpose. 
(3.)  The  accusative  of  limit  of  motion.  (4  ) Verbal  nouns.  (5.)  The  ablative  ab- 
solute. ((>.)  The  gerundive.  (7.)  The  construction  after  utor.  (8.)  Other  verb 
which  the  student  has  met  in  the  text  that  has  the  same  construction  after  it. 

The  two  routes  offering  an  egress  from  the  country. 

6.  Erant  omnino  itinera  duo,  quibus  1 itineribus  domo  exire 
2 possent:  3 unum  per  Sequanos,  angustum  et  difficile,  inter 
montem  luram  et  flumen  Rhodanum,  vix  qua  singuli  carri 
4 ducerentur;  mons  autem  altissimus  impendebat,  ut  facile  per- 
is pauci  prohibere  possent:  5 alterum  per  provinciam  nostram, 
6 multo  facilius  atque  expeditius,  propterea  quod  inter  fines 
Helvetiorum  et  Allobrogum,  qui  nuper  pacati  erant,  Rhodanus 
fluit  isque  nonnullis  1 locis  ' vado  transitui'.  extremum  oppi- 

5.  3 munero , A.  & G.  253  ; G.  398;  H.  -124.  4 exsent,  A.  & G.  31/  ; 

2,87  <?;  G.  545,  T;  II  49  7,11;  495,11.  5 domo,  A.  & G 258,  u ; G.  411  ; 

H.  412,  II,  1.  6 usi,  A.  & G.  249  ; G.  405  ; H.  421,  1. 

6.  1 itineribus , A.  & G.  200;  G.  017;  H.  453,  2.  2 possent,  A.  & G. 

320;  G.  033;  H.  503.  3 unum,  A.  & G.  184;  G.  321  ; H 364.  4 duce- 
rentur, A.  & G 320;  G.  633;  H.  503.  5 alterum,  A.  & G.  184;  G.  321  ; 

H.  304.  6 mullo,  A.  & G.  250 ; G.  400  ; H.  423.  7 locis , A.  & G.  258,/; 

G.  3S4 ; II.  425,  II,  2. 


COMM.  I.  6-7. 


71 


dam  Allobrogum  est  proximumque  Helvetiorum  finibus  Genava, 
ex  eo  oppido  pons  ad  Helvetios  pertinet.  Allobrogibus  sese 
vel  persuasuros,  quod  nondum  8 bono  animo  in  populum  Ro- 
manum 9 viderentur,  existimabant,  vel  vi  coacturos,  ut  per 
suos  fines  eos  ire  paterentur,  omnibus  rebus  ad  profectionem  5 
comparatis  diem  dicunt,  10  qua  die  ad  ripam  Rhodani  omnes 

11  conveniant,  is  dies  erat  a.  d.  \ . 12  Ival.  Apr.  L.  Pisone, 

A . Gabinio  consulibus. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  relative  pronoun.  (2.)  Partitive  apposition.  (3.)  The  ablative  of 
quality.  (4.)  Sequence  of  tenses.  (5.)  The  Roman  reckoning  of  time. 

Caesar  attempts  to  check  the  march  of  the  Helvetii.  They  send 
ambassadors  to  him. 

7.  1 Caesari  cum  id  2 nuntiatum  esset,  eos  per  provinciam  nos- 
tram iter  facere  3 conari,  maturat  ab  urbe  proficisci  et  quam  io 
4 maximis  potest  itineribus  in  Galliam  ulteriorem  contendit  et 
ad  Genavam  perveuit.  5 provinciae  toti  quam  maximum  potest 
militum  numerum  imperat  (erat  omnino  in  Gallia  ulteriore  6 legio 
una),  pontem,  qui  erat  ad  Genavam,  iubef  rescindi  ubi  de 

eius  adventu  Helvetii  certiores  facti  sunt,  legatos  ad  eum  mit-  15 
tunt  nobilissimos  civitatis,  cuius  legationis  Nammeius  et  Veru- 
cloetius  principem  locum  obtinebant,  qui  7 dicerent  8 sibi  esse  in 
animo  sine  ullo  maleficio  iter  per  provinciam  facere,  propterea 

6.  8 bono  animo , A.  & G 251 ; G.  402 ; H.  419,  II.  9 viderentur , 

A.  & G 286;  336,  2;  G.  653;  H.  524;  493,  1,  2.  10  qua  die , A & G. 

200  ; G.  617  ; H.  453,  2.  11  conveniant , A.  & G 317  ; G.  632  ; H.  497,  I. 

12  Kal.,  A.  & G.  259,  e ; 376  ; G.  appendix;  H.  642,  III,  3 ; 644,  11. 

7 1 Caesari,  A.  & G.  225,  e;  G.  344;  H.  384,  1.  2 nuntiatum  esset, 

A.  & G.  325  ex.  2 ; G.  5S6  ; H 521,  II,  2.  3 conari , A.  & G.  329,  1 ; H. 

539,  II.  4 maximis , A.  & G.  93,  b ; G.  317  ; H.  170,  2.  5 provinciae, 

A & G.  227  ; G.  345  ; H.  385,  1.  6 legio , Introd.  No.  98.  7 dicerent, 

A.  & G.  317  ; G.  544  ; H.  497,  I.  8 sibi,  A.  & G.  231 ; G.  349  ; H.  387. 


72 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


quod  aliud  iter  haberent  nullum  . rogare,  ut  eius  voluntate  id 
sibi  facere  liceat.  Caesar,  quod  9 memoria  tenebat  L.  Cassium 
consulem  10 occisum  exercitumque  eius  ab  Helvetiis  pulsum  et 
sub  iugurn  missum,  concedendum  non  putabat;  neque  homines 
5 inimico  animo  data  facultate  per  provinciam  11  itineris  faciundi 
temperaturos  ab  iniuria  et  maleficio  existimabat  tamen,  ut 
spatium  intercedere  posset,  dum  milites,  quos  imperaverat, 
12  convenirent,  legatis  respondit  diem  se  ad  deliberandum  sump- 
turum : si  quid  vellent,  ad  Idus  Apr.  13  reverterentur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  dative  of  indirect  object.  (2.)  The  infinitive  clause  as  an  appositive. 
(3.)  The  relative  in  purpose  clauses.  (4.)  The  dative  of  possessor.  (5.)  The  idiom 
certiores  faci) . (6.)  The  ablatives  in  this  chapter.  (7. ) The  gerundive.  (8.)  The 

imperative  after  a verb  of  saying.  (9.)  The  Roman  legion. 

Caesar  erects  fortifications.  The  Helvetii  attempt  to  cross  the 
Rhone  against  his  will,  hut  are  compelled  to  desist. 

10  8.  Interea  ea  1 legione,  quam  secum  habebat,  militibusque, 

qui  ex  provincia  convenerant,  a lacu  Lemanno,  qui  in  flumen 
Rhodanum  influit,  ad  montem  luram,  qui  fines  Sequanorum  ab 
Helvetiis  dividit,  milia  passuum  decem  novem  murum  in  altitu- 
dinem 2 pedum  sedecim  fossamqne  perducit.  eo  opere  per- 
15  fecto  praesidia  disponit,  castella  communit,  3 quo  facilius,  si  4 se 
invito  transire  5 conarentur,  prohibere  possit,  ubi  ea  dies,  quam 
constituerat  cum  legatis,  venit,  et  legati  ad  eum  reverterunt, 
negat,  se  6 more  et  exemplo  populi  Romani  posse  iter  ulli  per 

7 9 memoria , A.  & G.  2-18  ; G.  403  ; H.  420  10  occisum,  A.  & G 272  ; 

G.  527  ; Ii.  535,  1.  11  itineris  faciundi,  A.  & G.  298;  G.  428  ; 151,  5 ; 

Ii.  544.  12  convenirent,  A.  & G.  328;  G.  574;  II.  519,  II,  2.  13  re- 

verterentur, A.  & G.  339  ; G.  655  ; II . 523,  III. 

8.  1 legione,  A.  & G.  248;  G.  40  5 ; II.  420.  2 pedum,  A.  & G 215,  h ; 

G.  364 ; H.  396,  V.  8 (/uo  — possit , A.  <5  G.  317,  b ; G.  545, 2 ; II.  497,  II. 

4 se  invito,  A.  & G.  255,  a \ G.  408;  H.  431,  4.  5 conarentur,  A.  & G. 

342;  G.  631 ; H.  529,  2.  6 more,  A.  & G.  245  ; G.  407;  H.  416, 


COMM.  I.  8-9. 


73 


provinciam  dare  et,  si  vim  facere  7 coneiitur,  prohibiturum  os- 
tendit. Helvetii  ea  8 9 spe  deiecti  navibus  iunctis  ratibusque 
compluribus  factis,  alii  vadis  Rhodani,  qua  minima  altitudo 
Humi  ilis  erat,  nonnumquam  interdiu,  saepius  noctu,  si  perrum- 
pere 9 possent,  conati,  operis  munitione  et  inditum  concursu  et  5 
telis  repulsi  hoc  conatu  destiterunt 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  instrument.  (2.)  The  genitive  of  quality.  (3.)  The  regular 
conjunction  in  final  clauses  containing  a comparative.  (4.)  The  subjunctive  by 
attraction.  (5.)  The  indirect  question,  (fi  ) The  different  parts  of  speech  for  form- 
ing the  ablative  absolute  that  the  student  has  met  with. 


Dumnorix  prevails  upon  the  Sequani  to  allow  the  Helvetii 
to  march  through  their  territory. 

9.  Relinquebatur  una  per  Sequanos  via,  qua  1 Sequanis  in- 
vitis propter  angustias  ire  non  poterant.  his  cum  sua  sponte 
persuadere  non  possent,  legatos  ad  Dumnorigem  Haeduum  mit- 
tuut,  ut  2 eo  deprecatore  a Sequanis  'impetrarent.  Dumnorix  io 
gratia  et  largitione  apud  Sequanos  plurimum  poterat  et  Helvetiis 
erat  amicus,  quod  ex  ea  civitate  Orgetorigis  filiam  in  matrimo- 
nium duxerat,  et  cupiditate  regni  adductus  4 novis  rebus  studebat 
et  quam  plurimas  civitates  suo  beneficio  habere  obstrictas 
volebat.  ' itaque  rem  suscipit  et  a Sequanis  impetrat,  ut  per  15 
fines  suos  Helvetios  ire  patiantur,  obsidesque  uti  inter  sese 
dent,  perficit : Sequani,  ne  itinere  Helvetios  prohibeant,  Helvetii, 
ut  sine  maleficio  et  iniuria  5 transeant. 

8.  7 donentur , A.  & G.  336 ; G.  653 ; H.  524.  8 spe,  A.  & G.  243 ; 

G.  388;  H.  414.  9 possent , A & G.  334,0  G.  462,  2;  H.  529,  1. 

9.  1 Sequanis  invitis.  A.  & G.  255  ; G.  408  ; H.  431.  2 eo  depreca- 
tore, A.  & G.  255,«;  G 403;  H.  431,  4.  3 impetrarent , A.  & G.  287,  e; 

G.  511,  r.  ; H.  495,  II.  4 novis  rebus , A.  & G.  227,  e',  G.  345;  H.  384, 

1,  6.  5 transeant , A.  & G.  317;  G.  545  ; H.  497,  II. 


74 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  mood  used  with  the  conjunction  cum  in  causal  sense.  (2.)  The  his- 
torical present.  (3.)  The  construction  after  studeo.  • (4.)  The  idiom  plurimum  posse. 
(5.)  The  expression  for  “to  marry”  used  of  the  man.  ( 0. ) The  negatives  used 
in  purpose  clauses.  (7.)  The  anticipation  of  the  part  the  verb  “to  have”  was  to 
hold  in  verbid  conjugation. 


Caesar  prepares  to  defeat,  this  plan. 

10.  Caesari  renuntiatur,  Helvetiis  esse  in  animo,  per  agrum 
Sequanorum  et  Haeduorum  iter  in  Santonum  fines  facere,  qui 
non  longe  a Tolosatium  finibus  absunt,  quae  civitas  est  in  pro- 
vincia. id  si  1 fieret,  intellegebat  magno  cum  periculo  provinciae 
5 futurum,  ut  homines  bellicosos,  populi  Romani  inimicos,  locis 
patentibus  maximeque  frumentariis  finitimos  2 haberet,  ob  eas 
causas  ei  3 munitioni,  quam  fecerat,  T.  Labienum  4 legatum  prae- 
fecit, ipse  in  Italiam  magnis  itineribus  contendit  duasque  ibi 
legiones  conscribit  et  tres,  quae  circum  Aquileiam  hiemabant, 
10  ex  hibernis  educit  et,  qua  proximum  iter  in  ulteriorem  Galliam 
per  Alpes  erat,  cum  his  quinque  legionibus  ire  contendit,  ibi 
Centrones  et  G-raioceli  et  Caturiges  5 locis  superioribus  occupatis 
6 itinere  exercitum  prohibere  conantur,  compluribus  his  proeliis 
pulsis  ab  Ocelo,  quod  est  citerioris  provinciae  extremum,  in  fines 
15  Vocontiorum  ulterioris  provinciae  die  septimo  pervenit;  inde  in 
Allobrogum  fines,  ab  Allobrogibus  in  Segusiavos  exercitum 
ducit,  hi  sunt  extra  provinciam  trans  Rhodanum  primi. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Subordinate  clauses  in  indirect  discourse.  (2.)  The  dative  after  compounds. 
(3.)  The  ablative  absolute.  (4.)  Substantive  clauses  of  result.  (5.)  The  ablative  of 
separation.  (6.)  The  comparison  of  adjectives  in  «i  preceded  by  a vowel  (7.)  The 
functions  of  the  legatus. 

10.  1 Jieret,  A.  & G.  336  ; G.  653  ; H.  524.  2 haberet,  A.  & G.  329  ; 

G.  507  ; H.  501,  1 3 munitioni,  A.  & G.  22S  ; G.  346  ; II.  386.  4 le- 

gatum, Iutrod.  No.  100,  b.  5 lords — occupatis , A.  & G.  255  : G.  408;  H. 
431,  2.  6 itinere , A.  & G.  243  ; G.  38S ; IT.  414. 


COMM.  I.  11 


75 


The  Haedui  and  other  tribes  complain  io  Caesar  of  the 
devastation  of  their  field's. 

11.  Hel\  retii  iam  per  angustias  et  fines  Sequanorum  suas 
copias  traduxerant  et  in  Haeduorum  fines  pervenerant  eorumque 
agros  populabantur.  Haedui,  cum  se  1 suaque  ab  iis  defendere 
non  2 possent,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  3 rogatum  auxilium: 
ita  se  omni  tempore  de  populo  Romano  i meritos  esse,  ut  paene  5 
in  conspectu  exercitus  nostri  agri  5 vastari,  liberi  eorum  in  ser- 
vitutem abduci,  oppida  expugnari  non  ° debuerint.  eodem  tem- 
pore Haedui  Ambarri,  necessarii  et  consanguinei  Haeduorum, 
Caesarem  certiorem  faciunt  sese  7 depopulatis  agris  non  facile  ab 
oppidis  vim  hostium  prohibere.  item  Allobroges,  qui  trans  io 
Rhodanum  vicos  possessionesque  habebant,  8 fuga  se  ad  Cae- 
sarem recipiunt  et  demonstrant  sibi  praeter  agri  solum  nihil 
esse  9 reliqui.  10  quibus  rebus  adductus  Caesar  non  11  exspec- 
tandum 12  sibi  statuit,  dum  omnibus  fortunis  sociorum  consump- 
tis in  Santonos  Helvetii  13  pervenirent.  15 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Causal  clauses  with  cam.  (2.)  The  use  of  iho  present  infinitive  after  debeo. 

(3.)  The  time  denoted  by  the  infinitive.  (4.)  The  supine.  (5  ) The  passive 
notion  in  deponent  verbs.  (fi.)  The  impersonal  construction.  (7.)  The  ablative  of 
means.  (8.)  The  partitive  genitive.  (9.)  The  dative  of  agent.  (10.)  Temporal 
clauses  with  dam.  (11.)  The  omission  of  the  verb  which  governs  the  indirect 
discourse. 

11.  1 sua , A.  & G.  188,  197,  d,  ex.  2;  G.  195,  it.  2:  IT.  441,  449. 

2 possent.  A.  & G.  320  ; G.  587  ; IT.  517.  3 rogatum,  A.  & G.  302;  G. 

430  ; H.  546  4 meritos  esse,  A.  & G.  330  s,  335,  336;  G.  651-653;  II. 

522-524.  5 vastari , A.  & G.  28S, a;  H.  537,  1.  6 deluerint,  A.  & G. 
2S7,e;  II.  495,  VI.  1 depopulatis  agris,  A.  & G 135,  b ■ H.  231,  2. 

8 A.  & G.  248;  G 403;  IT.  420.  9 reliqui , A.  & G.  216;  G.  371; 

II.  397  10  quibus,  A.  & G.  180 f\  G.  612  n 1 ; IT.  453.  11  exspectandum, 

A.  & G.  330,  r ; G.  353  ; IT.  234.  12  sibi,  A.  & G.  232;  G.  352  ; H.  388. 

13  pervenirent,  A.  & G.  328;  G.  574;  IT.  519,  II,  2. 


76 


DI*:  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  destruction  of  the  Tigurini. 

12.  Piamen  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  Haeduorum  et  Sequa-. 
norum  in  Rhodanum  influit  incredibili  1 lenitate,  ita  ut  oculis, 
in  utram  partem  2 fluat,  iudicari  non  3 possit,  id  Helvetii  rati- 
bus ac  lintribus  innetis  transibant,  ubi  per  exploratores  Caesar 
5 certior  factus  est,  tres  iam  copiarum  partes  Helvetios  id  4 flumen 
traduxisse,  quartam  fere  partem  citra  flumen  Ararim  reliquam 
esse,  de  tertia  vigilia  cum  legionibus  tribus  e castris  profectus 
ad  eam  partem  pervenit,  quae  nondum  flumen  transierat,  eos 
impeditos  et  inopinantes  aggressus  magnam  eorum  partem  con- 
10  cidit : reliqui  fugae  sese  5 mandarunt  atque  in  proximas  silvas 
abdiderunt,  is  pagus  appellabatur  Tigurinus;  nam  omnis  civitas 
Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos  divisa  est.  liic  pagus  unus,  cum 
domo  exisset  patrum  nostrorum  memoria,  L.  Cassium  consulem 
interfecerat  et  eius  exercitum  sub  iugum  miserat,  ita  sive  casu 
15  sive  consilio  deorum  immortalium,  quae  6 pars  civitatis  Helvetiae 
insignem  calamitatem  populo  Romano  intulerat,  ea  princeps 
poenas  persolvit,  qua  in  re  Caesar  non  solum  publicas,  sed 
etiam  privatas  iniurias  ultus  est,  quod  eius  soceii  L.  Pisonis 
avum,  L.  Pisonem  legatum,  Tigurini  eodem  proelio,  quo  Cas- 
20  sium,  interfecerant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  manner.  (2.)  Tbc  accusative  after  compounds.  (1.)  Indirect 
question.  (4.)  Subjunctive  of  result.  (5.)  The  attraction  of  the  antecedent.  (6.)  The 
contraction  of  the  perfect.  (7  ) The  idiom  princeps  poenas  persolvit.  (8.)  The 
deponent  verb.  (9. ) Temporal  clauses.  (10.)  The  divisions  of  the  Roman  day  and 
night.  (11.)  The  three  methods  (illustrated  in  this  chapter)  of  supplying  the  de- 
ficiency caused  by  the  absence  of  a perfect  active  participle  in  the  Latin  language. 

12.  1 lenitate,  A.  & G.  248;  G 401  ; IT.  419,  III.  2 Jiual,  A.  & G. 
334;  G.  469;  H.  529,  I.  3 possit,  A & G.  319;  G.  554;  II.  500,  II. 
4 fhimen , A.  & G.  239,  b\  G.  330;  IT.  376.  5 mandarunt,  A.  & G.  128,«; 
G.  191 ; II.  235.  6 pars,  A.  & G.  200,  b,  k.  ; G.  622  ; H 445,  9.  7 prin- 
ceps, A.  & G.  191 ; H.  442. 


COMM.  I.  13. 


77 


The  embassy  sent  from  the  Helvetii.  I)n:ico  speahs. 

13.  Hoc  proelio  facto  reliquas  copias  Helvetiorum  ut  con- 
sequi 1 posset,  pontem  in  Arare  2 faciundum  curat  atque  ita 
exercitum  traducit.  Helvetii  repentino  eius  adventu  commoti 

eum  id,  quod  ipsi  diebus  viginti  aegerrime  confecerant,  ut  flumen 
transirent,  uno  illum  die  fecisse  3 intellegerent,  legatos  ad  eum  5 
mittunt ; cuius  legationis  Divico  princeps  fuit,  qui  bello  Cas- 
siano dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat.  is  ita  cum  Caesare  egit:  si 
pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Helvetiis  4 laceret,  in  eam  partem 

5 ituros  atque  ibi  futuros  Helvetios,  ubi  eos  Caesar  constituisset 
atque  esse  voluisset;  sin  bello  persequi  perseveraret,  6 remi-  io 
nisceretur  et  veteris  incommodi  populi  Romam  et  pristinae 
virtutis  Helvetiorum.  quod  improviso  unum  pagum  adortus 
esset,  cum  ii,  qui  flumen  transissent,  7 suis  auxilium  ferre  non 
possent,  ne  ob  eam  rem  aut  suae  magnopere  virtuti  tribueret 
aut  ipsos  despiceret.  se  ita  a patribus  maioribusque  suis  di-  is 
dicisse.  ut  magis  virtute,  quam  dolo  8 contenderent  aut  insidiis 
niterentur.  quare  ne  committeret,  ut  is  locus,  libi  constitis- 
sent, ex  calamitate  populi  Romani  et  internecione  exercitus 
nomen  caperet  aut  memoriam  proderet. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  subjunctive  of  purpose.  (2.)  Tempor.il  clauses  with  cum.  (3.)  The 
gerundive  construction.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  time.  (5.)  Subordinate  clauses  in  indirect 
discourse,  (fi.)  The  prepositions  in  this  chapter.  (7.)  The  mood  in  indirect  discourse 
representing  the  indicative  future  (perfect)  of  the  direct.  (8  ) The  sequence  of  tenses. 

13.  1 posset,  A.  & G.  317;  G.  545,  1;  H.  497,  II.  2 faciundum,  A 

6 G.  294,  d\  G.  431 ; TI.  544.  3 intellegerent , A.  & G.  325  ; G.  586  : H. 

521,  IT,  2.  4 faceret,  A.  & G.  336;  G.  653  ; II.  524.  5 ituros,  A & G. 
330,  1 ; G.  527  ; H.  535,  1.  6 reminisceretur,  A.  & G.  339  ; G.  655  ; H. 

523,  III.  7 suis,  A.  & G.  190,  cr,  G.  195;  H.  441,  1 8 contenderent, 

A.  & G.  319;  G.  554;  H.  500,  II. 


78 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesar’s  reply. 

14.  His  C aesar  ita  respondit:  1 eo  sibi  minus  2 dubitationis 
dari,  quod  eas  res,  quas  legati  Helvetii  commemorassent, 
3 memoria  teneret,  atque  4 eo  gravius  ferre,  quo  minus  merito 
populi  Romani  accidissent:  qui  si  alicuius  6iniuriae  sibi  ccn- 
5 scius  fuisset,  non  fuisse  difficile  cavere  ; sed  eo  deceptum,  quod 
neque  commissum  a se  intellegeret,  quare  timeret,  neque  sine 
causa  timendum  putaret.  6 quod  si  veteris  'contumeliae  obli- 
visci vellet,  8 num  etiam  recentium  iniuriarum,  quod  eo  invito 
iter  per  provinciam  per  vim  temptassent,  quod  Haeduos,  quod 
10  Ambarros,  quod  Allobrogas  9vexassent,  memoriam  deponere 
posse  ? quod  sua  victoria  tam  insolenter  gloriarentur  quodque 
tam  diu  se  impune  iniurias  tulisse  admirarentur,  eodem  per- 
tinere. consuesse  enim  deos  immortales,  quo  gravius  homines 
ex  commutatione  rerum  doleant,  quos  pro  scelere  eorum  ulcisci 
15  velint,  Ilis  secundiores  interdum  res  et  diuturniorem  impuni- 
tatem concedere.  cum  ea  ita  10  sint,  tamen,  si  obsides  ab  iis 
sibi  dentur,  uti  ea,  quae  polliceantur,  facturos  intellegat,  et  si 
Haeduis  de  ini  uriis,  quas  ipsis  sociisque  eorum  intulerint,  item 
si  Allobrogibus  satisfaciant,  sese  cum  iis  pacem  esse  facturum. 
20  Divico  respondit  : ita  Helvetios  a maioribus  suis  institutos  esse, 
uti  obsides  accipere,  non  dare,  consuerint:  eius  rei  populum 
Romanum  esse  testem,  hoc  responso  dato  discessit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  cause.  (2.)  The  partitive  genitive.  (3.)  The  correlative  quo 
— f'o.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  difference.  (5.)  The  ablative  of  means.  (G . ) The  geni- 
tive after  adjectives.  (7.)  'the  genitive  after  verbs.  (8.)  Concessive  clauses  with 
cum.  (9.)  Interrogative  words  used  in  text  thus  far. 

14.  1 eo,  A.  & G.  245  ; G.  407;  H.  416.  2 dubitationis,  A.  & G.  210 ; 

G.  370;  II.  397.  3 memoria , A.  & G.  24S  ; G.  403;  H.  420.  4 eo  — 

quo,  A & G.  1 0.6 , c, ; G.  400  ; H.  423.  5 iniuriue,  A.  & G.  218,  a ; G.  373 ; 

H.  399,  2.  6 quod  si,  A.  & G.  240,  b ; II.  423,  6.  7 contumeliae,  A.  & 

G.  219  ; G.  375  ; II.  406.  Tl.  8 num,  A.  & G 210,  0 ; G.  458  ; H.  351, 1, 
N.  3.  9 vex assent,  A.  & G.  333;  G.  525  ; II.  516.  10  sin/,  A.  & G. 

326;  G.  588;  H.  515,  III. 


COMM.  I.  15-16. 


79 


The  cavalry  of  Caesar  defeated  by  the  Helvetii.  The  march 
of  both  armies. 

15.  Postero  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent,  idem  facit  Caesar 
equitat mnque  omnem,  ad  numerum  quattuor  milium,  quem  ex 
omni  provincia  et  Haeduis  atque  eorum  sociis  coactum  habebat, 
praemittit,  qui  1 videant,  quas  in  partes  hostes  iter  faciant,  qui 

2 cupidius  novissimum  agmen  insecuti  alieno  loco  cum  equitatu  5 
Helvetiorum  proelium  committunt;  et  pauci  3 de  nostris  cadunt, 
quo  proelio  sublati  Helvetii,  quod  quingentis  equitibus  tantam 
multitudinem  equitum  propulerant,  audacius  subsistere  non- 
numquam et  novissimo  agmine  proelio  nostros  lacessere  coe- 
perunt. Caesar  suos  a proelio  continebat  ac  satis  habebat  in  io 
praesentia  hostem  rapinis,  pabulationibus  populationibusque 
prohibere,  ita  dies  circiter  quindecim  iter  fecerunt,  uti  inter 
novissimum  hostium  agmen  et  nostrum  primum  non  amplius 
quinis  aut  senis  milibus  passuum  interesset. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  relative  clause  of  purpose.  (2.)  An  equivalent  for  the  partitive  geni- 
tive. (3.)  The  force  of  the  comparative  (4.)  Collective  nouns.  (5.)  The  ablative 
of  instrument.  (6  ) The  accusative  of  duration  of  time.  (7  ) Distributive  numerals. 

The  delay  of  the  Haedui  in  furnishing  grain.  Caesar  calls  a 
council  of  their  chiefs. 

16.  Interim  cotidie  Caesar  1 Haeduos  frumentum,  quod  essent  15 
publice  polliciti,  2 flagitare.  nam  propter  frigora,  quod  Gallia 
sub  septentrionibus,  ut  ante  dictum  est,  posita  est,  non  modo 
frumenta  in  agris  matura  non  erant,  sed  ne  pabuli  quidem  satis 

15.  3 videant,  A & G.  317;  G.  632;  H.  497,  1.  2 cupidius,  A.  & G. 

93,  cr,  G.  312;  FT.  441,  1.  3 de  nostris,  A.  & G.  216,  c;  G.  371,  k.  5 ; 

II.  397,  3,  n.  3. 

16.  1 Haeduos  frumentum , A.  & G.  239,  c ; G.  233;  H 374.  2 flagi- 

tare, A.  & G.  275 ; G.  650  ; H.  536,  1. 


80 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


magna  copia  suppetebat  : eo  autem  3 frumento,  quod  flumine 
Arare  navibus  subvexerat,  propterea  uti  miniis  poterat,  quod 
iter  ab  Arare  Helvetii  averterant,  a quibus  discedere  nolebat, 
diem  ex  die  ducere  llaedui  : conferri,  comportari,  adesse  dicere. 

5 ubi  se  diutius  duci  intellexit  et  diem  instare,  quo  die  frumen- 
tum militibus  metiri  oporteret,  convocatis  eorum  principibus, 
quorum  magnam  copiam  in  castris  habebat,  in  his  Divitiaco  et 
Lisco,  qui  summo  magistratui  praeerat,  quem  vergobretum  ap- 
pellant Haedui,  qui  creatur  annuus  et  vitae  necisque  in  suos 
io  habet  potestatem,  graviter  eos  accusat,  quod,  cum  neque  emi 
neque  ex  agris  sumi  posset,  tam  necessario  tempore,  tam  pro- 
pinquis hostibus  ab  iis  lion  4 sublevetur  ; praesertim  cum 
magna  ex  parte  eorum  precibus  adductus  bellum  susceperit, 
multo  etiam  gravius,  quod  sit  destitutus,  queritur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(].)  Verbs  which  admit  two  accusatives.  (2.)  Beqiientatives.  (3.)  The  “his- 
torical infinitive.”  (4.)  The  construction  after  utor.  (5.)  Position  of  the  emphatic 
word  with  lie  — qiiidem.  (0.)  The  dative  with  compounds.  (7-)  The  ablative 
with  comparatives.  (8.)  Causal  clauses  introduced  by  quod  on  authority  ot  another. 

Speech  of  Li  sens. 

15  17.  Tum  demum  Tuscus  oratione  Caesaris  adductus,  quod 

antea  tacuerat,  proponit ; esse  nonnullos,  quorum  auctoritas 
apud  plebem  plurimum  valeat,  qui  privatim  plus  possint,  quam 
ipsi  magistratus.  hos  seditiosa  atque  improba  oratione  multi- 
tudinem deterrere,  ne  frumentum  1 conferant,  quod  praestare 
20  debeant : si  iam  principatum  Galliae  obtinere  non  possint, 
Gallorum  quam  Romanorum  imperia  praeferre,  neque  dubitare 
[debeant],  2 quin,  st  Helvetios  superaverint  Romani,  una  cum 

16,  3 frumento,  A.  & G.  249  ; G.  405  ; H.  421,  1.  4 sublevet 'ur , A.  & 

G.  321  ; G.  541  ; H.  516,  1 1. 

17.  1 conferant , A.  & G.  331,  e;  G,  548;  H.  505,  II,  2.  2 quin,  A. 

& G.  319,  d ; G.  551  ; H.  505,  1. 


COMM.  I.  17-18. 


81 


reliqua  Gallia  3 Haeduis  libertatem  sint  erepturi.  ab  eisdem 
nostra  consilia  quaeque  in  castris  gerantur  hostibus  enuntiari : 
hos  a se  coerceri  non  posse  : quin  etiam,  quod  necessariam  rem 
coactus  Caesari  enuntiarit,  intellegere  sese,  quanto  id  cum  peri- 
culo fecerit,  et  ob  eam  causam,  quam  diu  potuerit,  tacuisse.  s 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Subjunctive  after  verbs  of  hindering.  (2.)  The  time  of  the  infinitive. 

('■’>  ) Result  expressed  bv  quin.  (4.)  The  dative  for  the  ablative  of  separation. 

(5.)  The  accusatives  in  this  chapter. 

Discus  discloses  the  treachery  of  Dumnorix. 

18.  Caesar  hac  oratione  Lisci  Dumnorigem,  Divitiaci  fratrem, 
designari  sentiebat,  sed,  quod  pluribus  praesentibus  eas  res 
iactari  nolebat,  celeriter  concilium  dimittit,  Liscum  retinet, 
quaerit  ex  solo  ea,  quae  iit  conventu  dixerat,  dicit  liberius 

atque  audacius.  eadem  secreto  ab  aliis  quaerit  ; reperit  esse  io 
vera  : ipsum  esse  Dumnorigem,  summa  audacia,  magna  apud 
plebem  propter  liberalitatem  gratia,  cupidum  rerum  novarum, 
complutis  1 annos  portoria  reliquaque  omnia  Haeduorum  vecti- 
galia parvo  pretio  redempta  2 habere,  propterea,  quod  illo 
licente  contra  liceri  audeat  nemo.  his  rebus  et  suam  rem  15 

familiarem  auxisse  et  facultates  ad  largiendum  magnas  com- 
parasse ; magnum  numerum  equitatus  suo  sumptu  semper  alere 
et  circum  se  habere,  neque  solum  3 domi,  sed  etiam  apud  finiti- 
mas civitates  largiter  posse,  atque  huius  potentiae  4 causa  matrem 
in  Biturigibus  homini  illic  nobilissimo  ac  potentissimo  collo-  20 
casse,  ipsum  ex  Helvetii-;  uxorem  habere,  sororem  ex  matre  et 
propinquas  suas  5 nuptum  in  alias  civitates  collocasse,  favere  et 

17.  3 Haeduis,  A.  & G.  229  ; G.  344,  R.  2;  II.  385,  II,  2. 

18.  1 annos,  A.  & G.  256  ; G.  337 ; H.  379.  2 habere,  A.  & G.  292,  e; 

G.  230 ; H.  388,  1,  n.  3 domi , A.  & G.  258,  d;  G.  412,  r.  1 ; H.  426,  2. 

4 rausa,  A.  & G.  245,  c ; G.  407  ; H.  416.  5 nuptum , A.  & G.  302;  G. 

436  ; H.  546,  1. 

6 


82 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


cupere  Helvetiis  propter  earn  affinitatem,  odisse  etiam  suo 
nomine  Caesarem  et  Romanos,  quod  eormn  adventu  potentia  eius 
deminuta  et  Divitiacus  frater  in  antiquum  locum  gratiae  atque 
honoris  sit  restitutus,  si  quid  accidat  Romanis,  summam  in 
5 spem  per  Helvetios  regni  obtinendi  venire ; imperio  populi  Ro- 
mani non  modo  de  regno,  sed  etiam  de  ea,  quam  habeat,  gratia 
desperare,  reperiebat  etiam  in  quaerendo  Caesar,  quod  proelium 
equestre  adversum  paucis  ante  diebus  esset  factum,  initium  eius 
fugae  factum  a Dumnorige  atque  eius  equitibus  (nam  equitatui, 
io  quem  6 auxilio  Caesari  Haedui  miserant,  Dumnorix  praeerat): 
eorum  fuga  reliquum  esse  equitatum  perterritum. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  locative  case.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  cause.  (3.)  The  supine.  (4.)  Two 
datives.  (5.)  The  ablative  of  juice.  (6.)  The  dative  with  special  verbs.  (7.)  The 
ablative  of  characteristic. 


Caesar  summons  Diritiacus,  brother  of  Dumnorix 

19.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis,  cum  ad  lias  suspiciones  certis- 
simae res  accederent,  quod  per  tines  Sequanorum  Helvetios 
1 traduxisset,  quod  obsides  inter  eos  dandos  curasset,  quod  ea 
15  omnia  non  modo  2iniussu  suo  et  civitatis,  sed  etiam  inscienti- 
bus ipsis  fecisset,  quod  a magistratu  Haeduorum  accusaretur, 
satis  esse  causae  arbitrabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut  ipse  animad- 
verteret, aut  civitatem  animadvertere  iuberet.  his  omnibus  rebus 
unum  repugnabat,  quod  Divitiaci  fratris  summum  in  populum 
20  Romanum  studium,  summam  in  se  voluntatem,  egregiam  fidem, 
iustitiam,  temperantiam  cognoverat:  nam,  8 ne  eius  supplicio 
Divitiaci  animum  offenderet,  verebatur.  itaque  prius,  quam 

18.  e auxilio  Caesari , A.  & G.  233 : G.  370 ; Ii.  390,  II. 

19.  1 traduxisset , A.  & G.  341.  d ; G.  630  ; II.  516,  IT  2 iniussu , A. 

& G.  714;  G.  76,  b ; II  134.  3 ne,  A & G.  331,/;  G.  552  ; II.  498, 

HI,  N. 


COMM.  I.  19-20. 


83 


quicquam  4 conaretur,  Divitiacum  ad  se  vocari  iubet  et  coti- 
dianis interpretibus  remotis,  per  C.  Valerium  Procillum,  prin- 
cipem Galliae  provinciae,  familiarem  suum,  cui  summam  omnium 
rerum  fidem  habebat,  cum  eo  colloquitur  simul  commone- 
facit, quae  ipso  praesente  in  concilio  Gallorum  de  Dumnorige 
sint  dicta,  et  ostendit,  quae  separatim  quisque  de  eo  apud  se 
dixerit,  petit  atque  hortatur,  ut  sine  eius  offensione  animi  vel 
ipse  de  eo  causa  cognita  statuat,  vel  civitatem  statuere  iubeat. 

Topics  for  Study, 

(1.)  Clauses  introduced  by  quod  on  another’s  authority.  (2.)  The  partitive  geni- 
tive. (3.)  The  construction  after  verbs  of  fearing.  (4.)  Defective  nouns.  (5.)  The 
subjunctive  with  priusquam.  (6.)  Subjunctive  of  purpose. 

Divitiacus  intercedes  for  his  brother.  Caesar  pardons  Dumnorix. 

20.  Divitiacus  multis  cum  lacrimis  Caesarem  complexus  ob- 
secrare coepit,  ue  quid  gravius  iu  fratrem  statueret  : scire  se 
illa  esse  vera,  nec  quemquam  ex  eo  plus  quam  se  doloris  ca- 
pere, propterea  quod,  cum  ipse  1 gratia  plurimum  domi  atque  in 
reliqua  Gallia,  ille  minimum  propter  adulescentiam  posset,  per 
se  crevisset;  quibus  opibus  ac  nervis  noil  solum  ad  minuendam 
gratiam,  sed  paene  ad  perniciem  suam  2 uteretur,  sese  tamen  et 
amore  ° fraterno  et  existimatione  vulgi  commoveri.  quod  si 
quid  ei  a Caesare  gravius  4 accidisset,  cum  ipse  eum  locum 
amicitiae  apud  eum  teneret,  neminem  existimaturum,  non  sua 
voluntate  factum ; qua  ex  re  futurum,  uti  totius  Galliae  animi 
a se  averterentur,  haec  cum  pluribus  verbis  flens  a Caesare 
peteret,  Caesar  eius  dextram  prendit  ; consolatus  rogat,  finem 
orandi  5 faciat ; 6 tanti  eius  apud  se  gratiam  esse  ostendit,  uti  et 

19.  4 conaretur , A.  & G.  327;  G.  579  ; H 520,  TT. 

20  1 gratia , A.  & G.  245  ; G.  407  ; H.  416.  2 uteretur , A.  & G.  336; 

G.  653;  H.  524.  3 fraterno,  A & G.  190,  b-  G.  363,  r.  ; H.  395,  u.  2. 

4 accidisset , A.  & G.  307,  /;  G.  659:  H 525,  2.  5 faciat,.  A.  & G. 
331,/  r.;  G.  546,  r.  2;  H.  499,  2.  6 tanti , A.  & G.  252,  a - G.  379; 

H.  405. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


84 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


reipublicae  iniuriam  et  suum  dolorem  eius  voluntati  ac  precibus 
condonet.  Dumnorigem  ad  se  vocat,  fratrem  adhibet;  quae  in 
eo  reprehendat,  ostendit,  quae  ipse  intellegat,  quae  civitas  que- 
ratur, proponit;  monet,  ut  in  reliquum  tempus  omnes  suspiciones 
5 vitet ; praeterita  se  Divitiaco  fratri  condonare  dicit.  Dumnorigi 
custodes  ponit,  ut,  quae  agat,  quibuscuin  loquatur,  scire  possit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  adjective  for  the  genitive.  (2.)  Principal  clauses  in  indirect  discourse. 
(3.)  Subordinate  clauses  in  indirect  discourse.  (4.)  Change  of  person  in  indirect 
discourse.  (5.)  The  omission  of  ut.  (6.)  The  periphrastic  form  futurum  esse. 

The  preparations  for  engaging  the  Helvetii. 

21.  Eodem  die  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus  hostes  sub 
monte  consedisse  milia  passuum  ab  ipsius  castris  octo,  qualis 
esset  natura  montis  et  qualis  in  circuitu  ascensus,  qui  1cog- 

10  noscerent,  misit,  renuntiatum  est,  facilem  esse,  de  tertia  vigilia 
Titum  Labienum,  legatum  pro  praetore,  cum  duabus  legionibus 
et  iis  ducibus,  qui  iter  cognoverant,  summum  iugum  montis  as- 
cendere nibet;  quid  sui  consilii  sit,  ostendit.  ipse  de  quarta 
vigilia  eodem  itinere,  quo  hostes  ierant,  ad  eos  contendit  equita- 
15  tum  que  omnem  ante  se  mittit.  P.  Considius,  qui  rei  militaris 
peritissimus  habebatur  et  in  exercitu  L.  Sullae  et  postea  in  M. 
Crassi  fuerat,  cum  exploratoribus  praemittitur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  powers  of  praefor.  (2.)  Relative  clauses  of  purpose.  (3.)  Th  e vigiliae. 

(4.)  The  indirect  question. 

These  preparations  are  rendered  useless  hy  the  fears  of 
P.  Considius. 

22.  Prima  luce,  cum  summus  mons  a T.  Labieno  teneretur, 
ipse  ab  hostium  castris  non  longius  mille  et  quingentis  passibus 

21.  1 cognoscerent , A.  & G.  317  ; G.  G32 ; IT.  497,  1. 


COMM.  I.  22-23. 


85 


abesset,  neque,  ut  postea  ex  captivis  comperit,  aut  ipsius  ad- 
ventus aut  Labieni  1 cognitus  esset,  Considius  equo  admisso  ad 
eum  accurrit,  dicit  montem,  quem  a Labieno  occupari  voluerit, 
ab  hostibus  teneri  : id  se  a Gallicis  annis  atque  insignibus  cog- 
novisse. Caesar  suas  copias  in  proximum  2 collem  subducit,  5 
aciem  instruit.  Labienus,  ut  erat  ei  praeceptum  a Caesare,  ne 
proelium  3 committeret,  nisi  ipsius  copiae  prope  hostium  castra 
visae  essent,  ut  undique  uno 
tempore  in  hostes  impetus 
fieret,  monte  occupato  nostros  ; io 

exspectabat  4 proelioque  ab- 
stinebat. milito  denique  die 
per  exploratores  Caesar  cog- 
novit et  montem  a suis  teneri 
et  Helvetios  castra  movisse  et  15 

Considium  timore  perterritum,  quod  non  vidisset,  pro  viso  sibi 
renuntiasse,  eo  die  quo  consuerat  intervallo  hostes  sequitur  et 
5 milia  passuum  tria  ab  eorum  castris  castra  ponit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  The  idiom  equo  admisso.  (2)  Substantive  clauses.  (3.)  Dependent  clauses 
in  indirect  discourse.  (4.)  Asyndeton.  (5.)  The  idiom  multo  die. 


Caesar  advances  towards  Bibracte. 

23.  Postridie  eius  1 diei,  quod  omnino  biduum  supererat, 
cum  exercitui  frumentum  metiri  oporteret,  et  quod  a Bibracte,  20 
oppido  Haeduorum  longe  maximo  et  copiosissimo,  non  amplius 
milibus  passuum  X \ III  aberat,  rei  frumentariae  prospiciendum 

22.  1 cognitus  esset,  A.  & G.  325  ; G.  5S6  ; H.  521,  II,  2.  2 collem , 

Introd.  No.  116.  3 committeret , A.  & G.  321,«;  G.  546;  H.  498,  I. 

4 proelio,  A.  & G.  243;  G.  388;  II.  414,  1.  5 milia , A.  & G.  257,  b ; 

G.  335  ; H.  379. 

23.  i diei,  A.  & G.  214,  g ; G 371,  e.  4;  H.  398,  5. 


86 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


existimavit : iter  ab  Helvetiis  avertit  ac  Hibracte  irc  contendit, 
ea  res  per  fugitivos  L.  Aemilii,  decurionis  equitum  Gallorum, 
hostibus  nuntiatur.  Helvetii,  seu  quod  timore  perterritos  Ro- 
manos discedere  a se  existimarent,  2 eo  magis,  quod  pridie 
5 superioribus  locis  occupatis  proelium  non  commisissent,  sive  eo, 
quod  re  frumentaria  intercludi  posse  confiderent,  commutato 
consilio  atque  itinere  converso  nostros  a novissimo  agmine  in- 
sequi ac  lacessere  coeperunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(L)  The  genitive  with  postridie.  (2.)  The  impersonal  construction.  (3)  The 
powers  ol  the  decurio.  (4.)  Ablative  ol  degree  ol  difference.  (5  ) The  dative  alter 
compounds. 


Preparations  for  battle. 


24.  Postquam  id  animum  advertit,  copias  suas  Caesar  in 
io  proximum  collem  subducit  1 equitatumque,  qui  sustineret  hos- 
tium impetum,  misit.  ipse  interim  in  colle 
medio  triplicem  2 aciem  instruxit  3 legionum 
quattuor  veteranarum  [ita  uti  supra]  ; sed  ili 
summo  iugo  duas  legiones,  quas  in  Gallia  cite- 
riore proxime  conscripserat,  et  omnia  4 auxilia 
collocavit  ac  totum  montem  hominibus  com- 
plevit; interea  5 sarcinas  in  unum  locum  conferri 
et  eum  ab  his,  qui  in  superiore  acie  constiterant, 
muniri  iussit.  Helvetii  cum  omnibus  suis  carris 
secuti  impedimenta  in  unum  locum  contulerunt ; 
ipsi  confertissima  6 acie  reiecto  nostro  equitatu  phalange  facta 
sub  primam  nostram  aciem  successerunt. 


Wmm 

SARCTNA. 


23.  2 eo,  A.  & G.  250,  a;  G.  400 ; H.  423. 

24.  1 equitatum. , Introd.  No.  108,  2 aciem , Introd.  No.  113.  3 le- 
gionum, Introd.  No.  98.  4 auxilia,  Iutrod.  No,  107.  5 sarcinas  — conferri, 

Introd.  No.  123,  I,  2)  b.  6 acie , A.  & G.  24S,  a : G.  401  : II.  419,  III. 


COMM.  I.  25. 


87 


i Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  lioiimi  legion.  (2.)  The  distinction  between  sarcinas  nnd  im- 
pedimenta. (3.)  The  Roman  cavalry.  (4.)  Ablative  absolute.  15.)  The 
Roman  line  of  battle. 

The  battle. 

25.  C Aesar  primum  suo,  deinde  omnium  ex  conspectu 
remolis  equis,  nt  aequato  omnium  periculo  spem  fugae 
tolleret,  cohortatus  suos  proelium  commisit,  milites  e loco 
superiore  pilis  missis  facile  hostium  phalangem  perfrege- 
runt. ea  disiecta  1 gladiis  destrictis  in  eos  impetum  fece- 
runt. Gallis  magno  ad  pugnam  erat  impedimento,  quod 
pluribus  eorum  2 scutis  uno  ictu  3 pilorum  transfixis  et 
colligatis,  cum  ferrum  se  4 inflexisset,  neque  evellere  neque 
J sinistra  impedita  satis  commode  pugnare  poterant,  multi 
1 ut  diu  iactnto  brachio  praeoptarent  scutum  manu  emit- 
'i  tere  et  nudo  corpore  pugnare,  tandem  vulneribus  defessi 
I et  pedem  referre  et,  quod  mons  suberat  circiter  mille  pas- 
jj  suum,  eo  se  recipere  coeperunt,  capto  monte  et  succedenti- 
bus nostris  Boii  et  Tulingi,  qui  hominum  5 milibus  circiter 
I XI,  agmen  hostium  claudebant  et  novissimis  praesidio  erant,  - 
i ex  itinere  nostros  latere  aperto  aggressi  circumvenire,  et 
id  conspicati  Helvetii,  qui  in  montem  sese  receperant, 
rursus  instare  et  proelium  redintegrare  coeperunt.  Ro- 
mani conversa  ,J  signa  bipartito  intulerunt  : prima  ac  secunda 
acies,  ut  victis  ac  summotis  resisteret,  7 tertia,  ut  venientes 
exciperet. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  manner.  (2.)  Roman  arms.  (3  ) Causal  clauses 
piLirii.  with  cum.  (4  ) The  dative  of  service.  (5.)  The  idiom  pedem  referre. 

25-  1 gladiis  destrictis , Iiitrod.  No.  116.  2 scutis.  Introii  No  102. 

3 pilorum,  Introd.  No.  102.  4 inflexisset , A & G.  326;  G.  587;  H.  517. 

0 milibus,  A & G.  218  ; G-.  403  ; H 420.  6 signa,  Introd.  No.  103.  7 ter- 

tia, Introd.  No.  125,  1)  a. 


5 

10 

.15 

20 


88 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  defeat,  of  the  Helvetii. 

26.  Ita  ancipiti  proelio  diu  atque  acriter  pugnatum  est.  diu- 
tius cum  sustinere  nostrorum  impetus  non  possent,  alteri  se,  ut 
coeperant,  in  montem  receperunt,  alteri  ad  impedimenta  et  carros 
suos  se  contulerunt,  nam  hoc  toto  proelio,  cum  nb  hora  septima 
5 ad  vesperum  pugnatum  sit,  aversum  hostem  videre  nemo  potuit, 
ad  multam  noctem  etiam  ad  impedimenta  pugnatum  est,  propterea 
quod  pro  vallo  carros  obiecerant  et  e loco  superiore  in  nostros 
venientes  tela  coniciebant  et  nonnulli  inter  carros  rotasque  mataras 
ac  tragulas  subiciebant  nostrosque  vulnerabant,  diu  cum  esset 
io  pugnatum,  impedimentis  castrisq.ue  nostri  potiti  sunt,  ibi  Orgeto- 
rigis lilia  atque  unus  e liliis  captus  est.  ex  eo  proelio  circiter  milia 
hominum  CXXX  superfuerunt  eaque  tota  nocte  continenter  ie- 
runt: nullam  1 partem  noctis  itinere  intermisso  m fines  Lingonum 
[die  quarto]  pervenerunt,  cum  et  propter  vulnera  militum  et  prop- 
15  ter  sepulturam  occisorum  nostri  [triduum  morati]  eos  sequi  non 
potuissent.  Caesar  ad  2 Lingonas  litteras  nuntiosque  misit,  ne  eos 
frumento  neve  alia  re  iuvarent  : qui  si  iuvissent,  se  eodem  loco, 
quo  Helvetios/habiturum,  ipse  triduo  intermisso  cum  omnibus 
copiis  eos  sequi  coepit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  impersonal  constriction.  (2.)  Duration  of  time.  (3.)  Missive  weapons. 
(4  ) Greek  form  in  accus.  plur. 

The  Helvetii  surrender.  Six  thousand  try  to  escape. 

20  27.  Helvetii  omnium  rerum  inopia  adducti  legatos  de  deditione 

ad  eum  miserunt.  1 qui  cum  eum  in  itinere  convenissent  seque  ad 
pedes  proiecissent  suppliciterque  locuti  flentes  pacem  petissent, 

26.  1 partem , A.  & G.  256  ; G.  337  ; II.  379.  2 

G.  73  ; H 68. 

27.  1 qui,  A.  & G.  180,/;  G.  612,  r.  ; II.  453. 


Lingonas,  A.  & G.  63,/; 


COMM.  I.  27-28. 


89 


atque  eos  in  ro  loco,  quo  tum  essent,  suum  adventum  exspectare 
iussisset,  paruerunt,  eo  postquam  Caesar  pervenit,  obsides,  arma, 
servos,  qui  ad  eos  perfugissent,  poposcit,  dum  ea  conquiruntur 
et  conferuntur,  nocte  intermissa  circiter  hominum  milia  VI  eius  pagi, 
qui  Verbigenus  appellatur,  sive  timore  perterriti,  ne  armis  traditis  5 
supplicio  2 afficerentur,  sive  spe  salutis  inducti,  quod  in  tanta  mul- 
titudine dediticiorum  suam  fugam  aut  occultari,  aut  omnino  igno- 
rari posse  3 existimarent,  prima  nocte  e castris  Helvetiorum  egressi 
ad  Rhenum  finesque  Germanorum  contenderunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  relative  pronoun  taking  the  place  of  a conjunction  with  a demonstrative. 
(2.)  The  construction  after  verbs  of  fearing.  (3.)  Causal  clauses  with  quod  expressing 
the  thought  of  some  other  person  than  the  author. 


The  rettirn  of  the  Helvetii  to  their  territory. 

28.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  resciit,  quorum  per  fiues  ierant,  his,  uti  10 
conquirerent  et  reducerent,  st  sibi  purgati  esse  vellent,  imperavit  : 
reductos  in  hostium  numero  habuit ; reliquos  omnes  obsidibus, 
armis,  perfugis  traditis  in  deditionem  accepit.  Helvetios,  Tulin- 
gos, Latovicos  in  fines  suos,  unde  erant  profecti,  reverti  iussit,  et 
quod  omnibus  fructibus  amissis  1 domi  nihil  erat,  quo  famem  tol-  15 
erarent,  Allobrogibus  imperavit,  ut  iis  frumenti  copiam  facerent  : 
ipsos  oppida  vicosque,  quos  incenderant,  restituere  iussit.  id  ea 
maxime  ratione  fecit,  quod  noluit  eum  locum,  unde  Helvetii  dis- 
cesserant, vacare,  ne  propter  bonitatem  agrorum  Germani,  qui 
trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  e suis  finibus  in  Helvetiorum  fines  tran-  20 
sirent  et  finitimi  Galliae  provinciae  Allobrogibusque  essent.  P>oios, 
petentibus  Haeduis,  quod  egregia  virtute  erant  cogniti,  ut  in  fini-  1 

27.  2 afficerentur.  A.  & G.  331,  /*;  G 552  ; H.  49S,  III.  3 existimarent , 

A.  & G 321  ; G 630  ; H.  516,  II. 

28.  1 domi,  A.  & G.  253,  d\  G.  412,  r.  1 ; H.  426,  2. 


90 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


bus  suis  collucarent,  concessit ; quibus  illi  agros  dederunt,  quosque 
postea  in  2 parem  iuris  libertatisque  condicionem,  atque  ipsi  erant, 
receperunt. 

Topics  tor  Study. 

(1.)  The  loeative  case.  (.2.)  The  dative  after  hnpero.  (3.)  Compare  the  con- 
struction after  iubeo  with  that  after  impero.  (4.)  The  idiom  parem  atque. 

The  comparative  estimate  of  the  number  of  Helvetii  toko  returned 
home  and  the  number  that  had  gone  forth  from  their  country. 

29.  In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae  repertae  sunt  litteris  Graecis 
5 confectae  et  ad  Caesarem  relatae,  quibus  in  tabulis  nominatim 
ratio  confecta  erat,  1 qui  numerus  domo  2 exisset  eorum,  qui  arma 
ferre  possent,  et  item  separatim  pueri  senes  mulieresque.  quarum 
omnium  rerum  summa  erat  capitum  Helvetiorum  milia  CCLXIII, 
Tulingorum  milia  XXXVI,  Latovicorum  XIIII,  Rauracorum 
io  XXIII,  Boiorum  XXXII ; ex  his,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ad 
milia  XCTI.  summa  omnium  fuerunt  ad  milia  CCCLXVIII. 
eorum,  qui  domum  redierunt,  censu  habito,  ut  Caesar  impera- 
verat, repertus  est  numerus  milium  C et  X. 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  place.  (2.)  The  form  of  the  interrogative  pronoun  used 
adjectively.  (3)  Subjunctive  in  indirect  questions.  (4.)  Agreement  of  a verb  with 
the  predicate  noun. 

28.  2 parent,  — atque , A.  & G.  156  a ; G.  64-6  ; H.  451,  5. 

29.  1 rjui,  A.  & G.  104,  a ; G.  104;  H.  188,  II.  1.  2 exisset , A.  & G. 

3'4;  G.  469;  II.  529,  3. 


COMM.  I.  30-31. 


91 


30-54.  The.  War  with  Ariovistus. 

Ambassadors  from  almost  all  parts  of  Gaul  congratulate  Caesar 
and  request  a council. 

30.  Hello  Helvetiorum  confecto  totius  fere  Galliae  legati,  prin- 
cipes civitatum,  ad  Caesarem  1 gratulatum  convenerunt : intellegere 
sese,  tametsi  pro  veteribus  Helvetiorum  iniuriis  populi  Romani  ab 
his  poenas  bello  repetisset,  tamen  eam  rem  non  minus  ex  usu 
terrae  Galliae  quam  populi  Romani  accidisse,  propterea  quod  eo  5 
concilio  florentissimis  rebus  domos  suas  Helvetii  reliquissent,  uti 
toti  Galliae  bellum  inferrent  2 imperioque  potirentur  locumque 
domicilio  ex  magna  copia  deligerent,  quem  ex  omni  Gallia  op- 
portunissimum ac  fructuosissimum  iudicassent,  reliquasque  civitates 
stipendiarias  haberent,  petierunt,  uti  sibi  concilium  totius  Galliae  io 
in  diem  certam  indicere  idque  Caesaris  voluntate  facere  liceret  : 
sese  habere  quasdam  res,  quas  ex  communi  consensu  ab  eo  petere 
vellent,  ea  re  permissa  diem  concilio  constituerunt  et  iureiurando, 
ne  quis  enuntiaret,  nisi  quibus  communi  consilio  3 mandatum  esset, 
inter  se  sanxerunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) Distinction  between  the  subjective  and  objective  Snitive.  (2.)  The  Supine. 

(3  ) The  mood  and  tense  which  represent  the  future  perfect  indicative  in  the  indirect 
discourse.  (I.)  The  ablative  with  special  verbs. 

Complaints  made  against  Ariovistus  and  the  Germans. 

31.  Eo  concilio  dimisso  idem  _ principes  civitatum,  qui  ante 
fuerant,  ad  Caesarem  reverterunt  petieruntque,  uti  sibi  secreto  in 
occulto  de  sua  omniiunque  salute  cum  eo  agere  liceret,  ea  re 
impetrata  sese  omnes  flentes  1 Caesari  ad  pedes  proiecerunt  : non 
minus  se  id  contendere  et  laborare,  ne  ea,  quae  dixissent,  enuntia-  20 

30  1 gratulatum , A.  & G.  302  ; G.  436  ; II.  546  2 imperio,  A.  & G. 

249  ; G.  405  ; H.  421 , I.  3 mandatum  esset , A.  & G.  336  ; G.  653  ; H.  524. 

31.  1 Caesari , A.  & G.  235,  a ; G.  343,  r.  2 ; II . 384,  4,  n.  2. 


92 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


renting  quam  uti  ea,  quae  2 vellent,  impetrarent,  propterea  quod, 
si  enuntiatum  esset,  summum  in  cruciatum  se  venturos  viderent, 
locutus  est  pro  his  Divitiacus  Haeduus  : Galliae  totius  factiones 
esse  duas  : harum  alterius  principatum  tenere  Haeduos,  alterius 
5 Arvernos,  hi  cum  tantopere  de  potentatu  inter  se  multos  annos 
contenderent,  factum  esse,  uti  ab  Arvernis  Sequanisque  Germani 
'Gnercede  arcesserentur,  horum  primo  circiter  milia  XV  Rhenum 
transisse  : posteaquam  agros  et  cultum  et  copias  Gallorum  homines 
feri  ac  barbari  adamassent,  traductos  plures  : nunc  esse  in  Gallia 
io  ad  C et  XX  milium  numerum,  cum  lns  Haeduos  eorumque  clien- 
tes semel  atque  iterum  armis  contendisse  ; magnam  calamitatem 
pulsos  accepisse,  omnem  nobilitatem,  omnem  senatum,  omnem 
equitatum  amisisse,  quibus  proeliis  calamitatibusque  fractos,  qui 
et  sua  virtute  et.  populi  Romani  hospitio  atque  amicitia  plurimum 
15  ante  in  Gallia  poiuissent,  coactos  esse  Sequanis  obsides  dare  uo- 
bilissimos  civitatis,  et  iureiurando  civitatem  obstringere,  sese  neque 
obsides  repetituros  neque  auxilium  a populo  Romano  imploraturos 
neque  recusaturos,  quo  minus  perpetuo  sub  illorum  dicione  atque 
imperio  4 essent,  unum  se  esse  ex  omni  civitate  Haeduorum,  qui 
20  adduci  non  potuerit,  ut  iuraret  aut  liberos  suos  obsides  daret,  ob 
eam  rem  se  e\  civitate  profugisse  et  ° Romam  ad  senatum  venisse 
auxilium  postulatum,  quod  solus  neque  iureiurando  neque  obsidi- 
bus  teneretur,  sed  peius  victoribus  Sequanis  quam  Haeduis  victis 
accidisse,  propterea  quod  Ariovistus,  rex  Germanorum,  in  eorum 
25  finibus  consedisset  tertiamque  partem  agri  Sequani,  qui  esset  op- 
timus totius  Galliae,  occupavisset  et  nunc  de  altera  parte  tertia 
Sequanos  decedere  iuberet,  propterea  quod  paucis  6 mensibus  ante. 
Harudum  milia  hominum  XXIIII  ad  eum  venissent,  quibus  locus 
ac  sedes  pararentur,  futurum  esse  paucis  annis,  uti  omnes  ex 

31.  2 vellent , A.  & G.  1336;  G.  653;  H.  521.  8 mereede,  A.  & G 252; 

G.  40-1;  H.  422.  4 emat,  A.  & G.  317,4;  G.  545,  2;  II.  497,  II,  2. 
5 Romam.  A.  & G 25S.  b : G.  410;  H.  3S0,  II.  ° mensibus,  A.  & G. 
259, 1;  G.  400,  it.  3 ; H.  430. 


COMM.  I.  31-32. 


93 


Galliae  hnibus  pellerentur  atque  omnes  Germani  Rhenum  transi- 
rent : neque  enim  conterendum  esse  Gallicum  cum  Germanorum 
agro,  neque  hanc  consuetudinem  victus  cum  illa  comparandam. 
Ariovistum  autem,  ut  semel  Gallorum  copias  proelio  vicerit,  quod 
proelium  factum  sit  ad  Magetobriam,  superbe  et  crudeliter  im-  5 
perare,  obsides  nobilissimi  cuiusque  liberos  poscere  et  in  eos  omnia 
exempla  cruciatusque  edere,  si  qua  res  non  ad  nutum  aut  ad  vo- 
luntatem eius  facta  sit.  homiuem  esse  barbarum,  iracundum, 
temerarium  : non  posse  eius  imperia  diutius  sustineri.  nisi  si 
quid  in  Caesare  populoque  Romano  sit  auxilii,  omnibus  Gallis  10 
idem  esse  faciendum,  quod  Helvetii  fecerint,  ut  domo  emigrent, 
aliud  domicilium,  alias  sedes,  remotas  a Germanis,  petant  fortu- 
namque,  quaecumque  accidat,  experiantur.  haec  si  enuntiata 
Ariovisto  sint,  non  dubitare,  quin  de  omnibus  obsidibus,  qui 
apud  eum  sint,  gravissimum  supplicium  8 sumat.  Caesarem  vel  15 
auctoritate  sua  atque  exercitus,  vel  recenti  victoria,  vel  nomine 
populi  Romani  deterrere  posse,  ne  maior  multitudo  Germanorum 
9Rhenum  traducatur,  Galliamque  omnem  ab  Ariovisti  iniuria  posse 
defendere. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  Caesari  ad  pedes.  (2.)  Subordinate  clauses  in  indirect  discourse. 

(3.)  Purpose  clauses  with  quo.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  price.  (5.)  Accusative  of 
limit  of  motion,  Row  ten  ad  senatum.  (fi.)  Construction  with  oum  after  verbs  of 
doubting.  (7.)  Manner  of  denoting  an  interval  between  two  events.  (S.)  The 
ablative  of'time.  (9.)  The  predicate  accusative.  (10.)  The  partitive  genitive- 
til.)  Hendiadys.  (12.)  Relative  clauses  of  purpose. 

The  wretched  lot  of  the  Sequani. 

32.  Hac  oratione  ab  Divitiaco  habita  omnes,  qui  aderant,  magno  20 
fletu  auxilium  a Caesare  petere  coeperunt,  animadvertit  Caesar 

31.  7 nisi  si,  A.  & G.  315,  «;  G.  520  : H 5078  3,  x.  4 . 8 sumat,  A & G 

332,  ff-,  G.  551,  2 ; H.  501,  II,  2.  9 Rhenum,  A.  & G.  239,  b ; G.  330,  n.  1 ; 

H 376,  n. 


94 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


unos  ex  omnibus  Sequanos  nihil  earum  rerum  facere,  quas  ceteri 
■ facerent,  sed  tristes  capite  demisso  terram  intueri,  eius  rei  causa 
quae  1 esset,  miratus  ex  ipsis  quaesiit,  nihil  Sequafii  respondere, 
sed  in  eadem  tristitia  taciti  permanere,  cum  ab  his  saepius  quaer- 
5 eret  neque  ullam  omnino  vocem  exprimere  posset,  idem  Divitiacus 
Haeduus  respondit : hoc  esse  miseriorem  gravioremque  fortunam 
Sequanorum  quam  reliquorum,  quod  soli  ne  in  occulto  quidem  queri 
neque  auxilium  implorare  auderent  absentisque  Ariovisti  crudeli- 
tatem, velut  si  coranr  adesset,  horrerent,  propterea  quod  reliquis 
10  tamen  fugae  facultas  daretur,  2 Sequanis  vero,  qui  intra  fines  suos 
Ariovistum  recepissent,  quorum  oppida  omnia  in  potestate  eius 
essent,  omnes  cruciatus  essent  perferendi. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  absolute.  (2. ) The  historical  infinitive.  (3.)  Dative  oi' 
agent.  (4.)  The  indirect  question. 

Caesar  resolves  to  remedy  their  evils. 

33.  His  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  Gallorum  animos  verbis  confirma- 
vit pollicitusque  est  1 sibi  eam  rem  curae  futuram:  magnam  se 
15  habere  spem  et  beneficio  suo  et  auctoritate  adductum  Ariovistum 
finem  iniuriis  facturum,  hac  oratione  habita  concilium  dimisit, 
et  2 secundum  ea  multae  res  eum  hortabantur,  quare  sibi  eam  rem 
cogitandam  et,  suscipiendam  putaret,  imprimis  quod  Haeduos, 
fratres  consanguineosque  saepenumero  a senatu  appellatos,  in  ser- 
20  vitute  atque  in  dicione  videbat  Germanorum  teneri  eorumque 
obsides  esse  apud  Ariovistum  ac  Sequanos  intellegebat ; quod  in 
tanto  imperio  populi  Romani  turpissimum  sibi  et  reipublicae  esse 
arbitrabatur.  paulatim  autem  Germanos  consuescere  Rhenum 

32.  1 esset,  A.  & G.  334;  G.  469;  H 529  2 Sequanis , A & G.  232: 

G.  353  ; H.  388. 

33.  1 sibi,  A.  & G-  233;  G 350  H.  390  2 secundum , A & G.  153  • 

G.  417  ; H.  433. 


COmi.  I.  33-34. 


95 


transire  et  in  Galliam  magnam  eorum  multitudinem  venire  populo 
Romano  periculosum  videbat,  neque  sibi  homines  feros  ac  barbaros 
temperaturos  existimabat,  quin,  cum  omnem  Galliam  occupavissent, 
ut  ante  Cimbri  Teutoni  pie  fecissent,  in  provinciam  exirent  atque 
inde  in  Italiam  contenderent,  praesertim  cum  Sequanos  a provincia  5 
nostra  Rhodanus  divideret ; quibus  3 rebus  quam  maturrime  occur- 
rendum putabat,  ipse  autem  Ariovistus  tantos  sibi  spiritus,  tantam 
arrogantiam  sumpserat,  ut  ferendus  uon  videretur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  dative  after  compounds.  (2.)  The  dative  of  service.  (3.)  The  dative 
with  special  verbs.  (4.)  The  preposition  secumltim.  (5.)  Relative  clauses  of  result. 

Caesar  demands  a conference  with  Ariovistus.  The  refusal 
of  Ariovistus. 

34.  Quamobrem  placuit  ei,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legatos  mitteret, 
qui  1 ab  eo  2 postularent,  uti  aliquem  locum  medium  utriusque  io 
colloquio  diceret  : velle  sese  de  republica  et  summis  utriusque 
rebus  cum  eo  agere,  ei  legationi  Ariovistus  respondit : si  quid 
ipsi  a Caesare  3 opus  esset,  sese  ad  eum  venturum  fuisse ; si  1 quid 
ille  se  velit,  illum  ad  se  venire  oportere,  praeterea  se  neque  sine 
exercitu  in  eas  partes  Galliae  venire  audere,  quas  Caesar  possideret,  15 
neque  exercitum  sine  magno  commeatu  atque  molimento  in  unum 
locum  contrahere  posse,  sibi  autem  mirum  videri,  quid  in  sua 
Gallia,  quam  bello  vicisset,  aut  Caesari  aut  omnino  populo  Romano 
° negotii  esset. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  construction  with  postulo.  (2.)  The  regular  construction  with  opus, 
and  the  construction  with  opus  as  a predicate  noun.  (3.)  The  construction  after 
verbs  of  asking.  (4.)  The  dative  of  possession. 

33.  3 rebus,  A.  & G.  228  ; G.  346;  II  386. 

34.  1 ab  eo,  A.  & G.  239,  c,  s.  1 ; G.  333,  r.  ; H.  374,  n.  2.  2 postu- 
larent, A & G.  317 ; G.  632;  II.  497,  1.  3 opus,  A & G.  243,  e,  r.  , 

G.  390;  II.  414,4,  n.  4.  4 quid — se,  A & G.  239,  c\  G.  333;  II.  374. 

5 negotii,  A.  & G.  216 ; G.  371 ; 11.  397. 


96 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  second  embassy. 

35.  IJ is  responsis  ad  Caesarem  relatis  iterum  ad  eum  Caesar 
legatos  cum  his  mandatis  mittit  : quoniam  tanto  suo  populique 
Romani  beneficio  affectus,  cum  in  consulatu  suo  rex  atque  amicus 
a senatu  appellatus  esset,  hanc  sibi  populoque  Romano  gratiam 

5 referret,  ut  in  colloquium  venire  invitatus  gravaretur  neque  de 
communi  re  dicendum  sibi  et  cognoscendum  putaret,  haec  esse, 
quae  ab  eo  postularet  : primum  ne  quam  hominum  multitudinem 
amplius  trans  Rhenum  in  Galliam  traduceret ; deinde  obsides, 
quos  haberet  ab  Haeduis,  redderet  Sequanisque  permitteret,  ut, 
io  quos  illi  haberent,  voluntate  eius  reddere  illis  liceret ; neve  Hae- 
duos Hniuria  lacesseret,  neve  his  sociisve  eorum  bellum  inferret, 
si  id  ita  2 fecisset,  sibi  populoque  Romano  perpetuam  gratiam 
atque  amicitiam  cum  eo  futuram  : si  non  impetraret,  sese,  quoniam 
M.  Messala,  M.  Pisone  consulibus  senatus  censuisset,  uti,  quicum- 
15  que  Galliam  provinciam  obtineret,  quod  commodo  reipublicae  facere 
posset,  Haeduos  ceterosque  amicos  populi  Romani  defenderet,  sese 
Haeduorum  iniurias  non  neglecturum. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  graham  referre.  (2)  Tile  repetition  of  prepositions.  (3.)  The 
ablative  of  manner.  (4.)  Conditional  sentences'  in  indirect  discourse. 

The  reply  of  Ariovistus. 

36.  Ad  haec  Ariovistus  respondit  : ins  esse  belli,  ut,  qui  vicis- 
sent, iis,  quos  vicissent,  quemadmodum  vellent,  imperarent : item 

■io  populum  Romanum  1 victis  non  ad  alterius  praescriptum,  sed  ad 
suum  arbitrium  imperare  consuesse.  si  ipse  populo  Romano  non 
praescriberet,  quemadmodum  suo  Hire  uteretur,  non  oportere 
sese  a populo  Romano  in  suo  iure  impediri.  Haeduos  sibi, 
quoniam  belli  fortunam  temptassent  et  armis  congressi  ac  superati 

35.  1 ini, uria.  A.  & G.  24-8,  R. ; G.  401  ; H.  419,  III,  n.  2.  2 jecisset, 

A.  & G.  337;  G 659;  H.  527,1 

36  1 viciis,  A.  & G.  118;  G.  195,  u.  1;  H.  441. 


COMM.  I.  36-37. 


97 


essent,  stipendiarios  esse  factos.  magnam  Caesarem  iniuriam 
facere,  qui  suo  adventu  vectigalia  sibi  deteriora  2 faceret.  Hae- 
duis se  obsides  redditurum  non  esse,  neque  iis  neque  eorum  sociis 
iniuria  bellum  illaturum,  si  in  eo  manerent,  quod  convenissent, 
stipendiumque  quotannis  penderent  ; si  id  non  fecissent,  longe 
iis  fraternum  nomen  populi  Romani  afuturum,  quod  sibi  Caesar 
denuntiaret  se  Haeduorum  iniurias  non  neglecturum,  neminem 
secuai  sine  sua  pernicie  contendisse,  cum  vellet,  ^congrederetur  : 
intellecturum,  quid  invicti  Germani,  exercitatissimi  in  armis,  qui 
inter  annos  quatuordecim  tectum  non  subissent,  virtute  possent. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  substantive  use  of  adjectives  and  participles.  (2.)  Relative  clauses  ex- 
pressing cause.  (3.)  The  mood  which  represents  the  imperative  iu  indirect  discourse. 
(4.)  The  idiom  longe  — afuturum. 

Caesar  hastens  against  Ariovistus  and  seizes  Vesontio. 

37.  Haec  eodem  tempore  Caesari  mandata  referebantur  et 
legati  ab  Haeduis  et  a Treveris  veniebant:  Haedui  1 questum, 
quod  Harudes,  qui  nuper  in  Galliam  2 transportati  essent,  lines 
eorum  3 popularentur : sese  ne  obsidibus  quidem  datis  pacem 
Ariovisti  redimere  potuisse ; Treveri  autem,  pagos  centum  Sue- 
borum ad  ripas  Rheni  consedisse,  qui  Rhenum  transire  conaren- 
tur ; his  praeesse  Nasuam  et  Cimberium  fratres,  quibus  rebus 
Caesar  vehementer  commotus  maturandum  sibi  existimavit,  ne, 
si  nova  manus  Sueborum  cum  veteribus  copiis  Ariovisti  sese 
coniunxisset,  minus  facile  4 resisti  posset,  itaque  re  frumentaria 
quam  celerrime  potuit  comparata  magnis  itineribus  ad  Ariovis- 
tum contendit. 

36.  2 faceret,  A.  & G.320,  e ; G.  636  ; H.  517.  3 congrederetur,  A.  & G. 

339;  G.  655  ; H.  523,  III. 

37.  1 questum,  A.  & G.  302;  G.  436;  H.  546.  2 transportati  essent, 
A.  & G.  311,  a ; G.  509  ; H.  524.  3 popularentur , A & G.  341,  d\  G.  630; 
H.  516,  II  4 resisti,  A.  & G.  230;  G.  203;  H.  384,  5. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


98 


1)E  BELLO  GALLICO 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  eodem  tempore  — et.  (2.)  The  dative  with  special  verbs. 
(3.)  The  impersonal  construction.  (4.)  Clauses  introduced  by  quod  expressing  the 
reason  of  another. 

38.  Cum  tridui  1 viam  processisset,  nuntiatum  est  ei  Ario- 
vistum cum  suis  omnibus  copiis  ad  occupandum  Vesontionem, 
2 quod  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum,  contendere  triduique 
viam  a suis  finibus  profecisse,  id  ne  accideret,  magnopere  sibi 

5 praecavendum  Caesar  existimabat.  namque  omnium  rerum, 
quae  ad  bellum  usui  erant,  summa  erat  in  eo  oppido  facultas, 
idque  natura  loci  sic  muniebatur,  ut  magnam  ad  ducendum  bel- 
lum daret  facultatem,  propterea  quod  flumen  Dubis  ut  circino 
circumductum  paene  totum  oppidum  cingit ; reliquum  spatium, 
io  quod  est  non  amplius  pedum  DC,  qua  flumen  intermittit,  mons 
continet  magna  altitudine,  ita  ut  radices  montis  ex  utraque  parte 
ripae  fluminis  contingant.  hunc  murus  circumdatus  arcem  efficit 
et  cum  oppido  coniungit.  huc  Caesar  magnis  nocturnis  diur- 
nisque itineribus  contendit  occupatoque  oppido  ibi  praesidium 
15  collocat. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  accusative  of  extent  of  space.  (2.)  The  attraction  of  the  relative.  (3.) 
The  gerundive.  (1.)  The  ablative  of  characteristic. 

Reports  reach  the  Roman  soldiers  concerning  the  huge  stature 
and  remarkable  skill  of  the  Germans.  The  army  is  in  a 
state  of  panic. 

39.  Dum  paucos  dies  ad  Vesontionem  rei  frumentariae  com- 
meatusque  causa  moratur,  ex  percontatione  nostrorum  vocibus- 
que Gallorum  ac  mercatorum,  qui  ingenti  magnitudine  corporum 
Germanos,  incredibili  virtute  atque  exercitatione  in  armis  esse 

2o  praedicabant  (saepenumero  sese  cum  his  congressos  ne  vultum 

38.  1 viam,  A.  & G.  257  ; G.  355 ; H.  379. 

G.  616,  3,  II;  H.  445,  4. 


2 quod,  A.  & G.  119  , 


COMM.  I.  39. 


99 


quidem  atque  aciem  oculorum  dicebant  ferre  potuisse),  tantus 
subito  timor  omnem  exercitum  occupavit,  ut  non  mediocriter 
omnium  mentes  animosque  perturbaret,  hic  primum  ortus  est  a 
1 tribunis  militum,  praefectis  reliquisque,  qui  ex  urbe  amicitiae 
causa  Caesarem  secuti  non  magnum  in  re  militari  usum  habe-  5 
bant : quorum  2 alius  alia  causa  illata,  quam  sibi  ad  proficiscen- 
dum necessariam  esse  3 diceret,  petebat,  ut  eius  voluntate  discedere 
liceret ; nonnulli  pudore  adducti,  ut  timoris  suspicionem  vitarent, 
remanebant,  hi  neque  vultum  fingere  neque  interdum  lacrimas 

tenere  poterant : abditi  in  io 
tabernaculis  aut  suum  fa- 
tum querebantur,  aut  cum 
familiaribus  suis  commune 
periculum  miserabantur, 
volgo  totis  castris  tes-  15 
tamenta  obsignabantur, 
horum  vocibus  ac  timore, 
paulatim  etiam  ii,  qui 
magnum  in  castris  usum 
habebant,  milites  centurionesque  quique  equitatui  praeerant,  per-  20 
turbabantur,  qui  se  ex  his  minus  timidos  existimari  volebant, 
non  se  hostem  vereri,  sed  angustias  itineris,  magnitudinem  sil- 
varum, quae  intercederent  inter  ipsos  atque  Ariovistum,  aut  4 rem 
frumentariam,  ut  satis  commode  supportari  posset,  timere  dicebant, 
nonnulli  etiam  Caesari  renuntiabant,  cum  castra  moveri  ac  signa  25 , 
ferri  iussisset,  non  fore  dicto  audientes  milites  neque  propter 
timorem  signa  laturos. 

Topics  for  Study, 

(1.)  The  idiom  alius  aha.  (2.)  Clauses  which  contain  a statement  on  the  author- 
ity of  another.  (3.)  The  accusative  of  anticipation.  (4.)  The  idiom  signa  laturos. 

39.  1 tribunis  militum.  Int.rod.  No.  101.  2 alius  alia , A.  & G.  203,  c ; 

G.  306;  H.  459,  c.  “ diceret,  A.  & G.  341,  d-  G.  630 ; Ii.  528, 1.  4 rem 

frumentariam,  A.  & G.  334,  c ; II  420 


TABERNACULUM. 


100 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesar’s  speech. 

40.  Haec  cum  animadvertisset,  convocato  consilio  oninmmque 
ordinum  ad  id  consilium  adhibitis  centurionibus  vehementer  eos 
incusavit  primum,  quod,  aut  quam  in  partem  aut  quo  consilio 
ducerentur,  sibi  quaerendum  aut  cogitandum  1 putarent.  Ariovis- 
5 tum  se  consule  cupidissime  populi  Romani  amicitiam  appetisse : 
cur  hunc  tam  temere  quisquam  ab  officio  discessurum  2iudicaret? 
sibi  quidem  3 persuaderi  cognitis  suis  postulatis  atque  aequitate 
condicionum  perspecta  eum  neque  suam  neque  populi  Romani 
gratiam  repudiaturum,  quod  si  furore  atque  amentia  impulsus 
io  bellum  intulisset,  quid  tandem  vererentur?  aut  cur  de  sua  vir- 
tute aut  de  ipsius  diligentia  desperarent  ? factum  eius  hostis 
periculum  patrum  nostrorum  memoria,  cum  Cimbris  et  Teutonis 
a Gaio  Mario  pulsis  non  minorem  laudem  exercitus  quam  ipse 
imperator  meritus  4 videbatur;  factum  etiam  nuper  in  Italia 
15  servili  tumultu,  5 quos  tamen  aliquid  usus  ac  disciplina,  quae  a 
nobis  accepissent,  sublevarent,  ex  quo  iudicari  posse,  quantum 
haberet  in  se  6 boni  constantia,  propterea  quod,  quos  aliquamdiu 
inermos  sine  causa  timuissent,  hos  postea  armatos  ac  victores 
superassent.  denique  hos  esse  eosdem,  quibuscum  saepenumero 
2o  Helvetii  congressi  non  solum  in  suis,  sed  etiam  in  illorum  finibus 
plerumque  superarint,  qui  tamen  pares  esse  nostro  exercitui  non 
potuerint,  si  quos  adversum  proelium  et  fuga  Gallorum  com- 
moveret, bos,  si  quaererent,  reperire  posse  diuturnitate  belli 
defetigatis  Gallis  Ariovistum,  cum  multos  menses  castris  se  ac 
25  paludibus  tenuisset  neque  sui  potestatem  fecisset,  desperantes  iam 
de  pugna  et  dispersos  subito  adortum*  magis  ratione  et  consilio 

40.  1 putarent,  A.  & G.  341,  d ; G.  630;  H.  516,  II.  2 indicaret, 
A.  & G.  338,  r.  ; G.  654,  R.  2 ; H.  523,  II,  x.  3 persuaderi,  A.  & G.  230 ; 

G.  20S  ; H.  301,  1.  4 videbatur,  A.  & G.  336,  b\  G.  630,  R.  1;  H.  524,  2,  2. 

6 quos,  A.  & G.  119,  b ; H.  445,  6.  6 boni,  A.  & G.  1S7;  G.  195,  R.  2; 

H.  397,  3. 


COMM.  I.  -10-41. 


101 


quam  virtute  vicisse,  cui  1 rationi  contra  homines  barbaros  atque 
imperitos  locus  fuisset,  hac  ne  ipsum  quidem  sperare  nostros 
exercitas  capi  posse.  qui  suum  timorem  in  rei  frumentariae 
simulationem  angustiasque  itineris  conferrent,  facere  arroganter, 
cum  a at  de  officio  imperatoris  desperare  aut  praescribere  vide- 
rentur. haec  sibi  esse  curae  ; frumentum  Sequanos,  Leucos, 
Lingones  subministrare,  lainque  esse  in  agris  frumenta  matura; 
de  itinere  ipsos  brevi  tempore  indicaturos,  quod  non  tore  dicto 
audientes  milites  neque  signa  8 laturi  5 dicantur,  nihil  se  ea  re 
commoveri  : scire  enim,  quibuscumque  exercitus  dicto  audiens 
non  fuerit,  au  male  re  gesta  fortunam  defuisse,  aut  aliquo  faci- 
nore comperto  avaritiam  esse  convictam.  suam  innocentiam 
perpetua  vita,  felicitatem  Helvetiorum  bello  esse  perspectam, 
itaque  se,  quod  in  longiorem  diem  collaturus  fuisset,  repraesen- 
taturum et  proxima  nocte  de  quarta  vigilia  castra  moturum,  ut 
quam  primum  intellegere  posset,  1,1  utrum  apud  eos  pudor  atque 
officium,  an  timor  valeret.  quod  si  praeterea  nemo  sequatur, 
tamen  se  cum  sola  decima  legione  iturum,  de  qua  non  dubitaret, 
sibi  que  eam  praetoriam  cohortem  futuram.  huic  legioni  Ci.esar 
et  indulserat  praecipue  et  propter  virtutem  confidebat  maxime. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  rank  of  the  centurions.  (2.)  The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs.  (3.) 
Parenthetical  clauses  in  indirect  discourse.  (4.)  The  antecedent  implied  in  an  adjec- 
tive. (5.)  The  attraction  of  the  antecedent.  (6.)  The  personal  construction  with 
verbs  of  saying.  (7.)  Double  questions.  (8)  The  dative  of  service.  (9.)  The 
partitive  genitive.  (10.)  The  sahjnuetive  in  interrogative  sentences. 

The  ardor  of  the  soldiers.  The  march. 

41.  Hac  oratione  habita  mirum  in  modum  conversae  suat 
omnium  mentes,  suramaque  alacritas  et  cupiditas  belli  gerendi 

40.  7 rationi,  A.  & G 200  b ; G.  618  ; H 145,  9.  8 laturi,  A.  & G 

272,  b ; H.  536,  2.  9 dicantur,  A.  & G.  330,  b ; G.  52S  ; H.  534,  I,  s.  1. 

10  utrum  — an,  A.  & G.  211 ; G 160  ; H.  353. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


102 


HE  BELLO  GALLICO 


innata  est,  1 princepsque  decima  legio  per  tribunos  militum  ei 
gratias  egit,  quod  de  se  optimum  indicium  fecisset,  seque  esse  ad 
bellum  gerendum  paratissimam  confirmavit,  deinde  reliquae  le- 
giones per  tribunos  militum  et  primorum  ordinum  centuriones 
5 egerunt,  uti  Caesari  satisfacerent  : se  neque  umquam  dubitasse 
neque  timuisse  neque  de  summa  belli  suum  indicium,  sed  2 im- 
peratoris esse,  existimavisse,  eorum  satisfactione  accepta  et 
itinere  exquisito  per  Divitiacum,  quod  ex  aliis  ei  maximam 
fidem  habebat,  ut  milium  amplius  quinquaginta  circuitu  locis 
io  apertis  exercitum  duceret,  de  quarta  vigilia,  ut  dixerat,  profectus 
est.  septimo  die,  cum  iter  non  intermitteret,  ab  exploratoribus 
certior  factus  est,  Ariovisti  copias  a nostris  milibus  passuum 
quattuor  et  vigiuti  abesse. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  The  idiom  princeps  egit.  (2.)  The  predicate  genitive.  (3.)  The  Subjunctive 
of  result.  (4.)  The  Roman  legion.  (5.)  The  Roman  method  of  march. 

The  demands  for  a conference. 

42.  Co  gnito  Caesaris  adventu  Ariovistus  legatos  ad  euin  mittit : 
15  quod  antea  de  colloquio  postulasset,  id  per  se  fieri  licere,  quoniam 
propius  accessisset,  seque  id  sine  periculo  facere  posse  existimare, 
non  respuit  condicionem  Caesar  iamque  eum  ad  sanitatem  reverti 
arbitrabatur,  cum  id,  quod  antea  petenti  1 denegasset,  ultro  pol- 
liceretur, magnamque  in  spem  veniebat,  pro  suis  tantis  populique 
20  Romani  in  eum  beneficiis  cognitis  suis  postulatis  fore,  uti  perti- 
nacia desisteret,  dies  colloquio  dictus  est  ex  eo  die  quintus, 
interim  saepe  ultro  citroque  cum  legati  inter  eos  mitterentur, 
Ariovistus  postulavit,  ne  quem  peditem  ad  colloquium  Caesar 

41.  1 princeps,  A.  & G.  191 ; G.  324,  R.  6 ; IT.  443,  N.  1.  2 imperatoris, 

A.  & G.  214,  c ; G.  365  ; H.  402. 

42.  1 denegasset,  A.  & G.  336;  G.  653  ; H.  524. 


COMM.  I.  42-43. 


103 


adduceret  : vereri  se,  ne  per  insidias  ab  eo  circumveniretur : 

uterque  cum  equitatu  veniret : alia  ratione 
se  non  esse  venturum.  Caesar,  quod  neque 
colloquium  interposita  causa  tolli  volebat, 
neque  salutem  suam  Gallorum  equitatui  com-  5 
mittere  audebat,  commodissimum  esse  statuit 
omnibus  equis  Gallis  2 equitibus  detractis 
eo  legionarios  indites  legionis  decimae,  cui 
quam  maxime  confidebat,  imponere,  ut 
praesidium  quam  amicissimum,  si  3 quid  io 
opus  4 facto  esset,  haberet,  quod  cum  fieret, 
non  irridicule  quidam  ex  militibus  decimae 
legionis  dixit  : plus,  quam  pollicitus  esset, 
Caesarem  facere  : pollicitum  se  in  cohortis 
praetoriae  loco  decimam  legionem  habiturum  ir> 
ad  equum  rescribere. 

VILES  LEVIS  ARMATURAE. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  dative  instead  of  the  ablative  of  separation.  (2.)  The  adverbial  accusa- 
tive. (3.)  The  construction  after  opus.  (4.)  The  periphrastic  future. 

Caesar’s  speech. 

43.  Planities  erat  magna  et  in  ea  tumulus  terrenus  satis 
grandis.  hic  locus  aequo  fere  spatio  ab  castris  Ariovisti  et 
Caesaris  aberat,  eo,  ut  erat  dictum,  ad  colloquium  venerunt, 
legionem  Caesar,  quam  equis  devexerat,  1 passibus  ducentis  ab  20 
eo  tumulo  constituit,  item  equites  Ariovisti  pari  intervallo  con- 
stiterunt. Ariovistus,  ex  equis  ut  colloquerentur  et  praeter  se 
denos  ut  ad  colloquium  adducerent,  postulavit,  ubi  eo  ventum 

42.  2 equitibus , A.  & G.  229;  G.  346;  H.  385,  U,  2.  3 quid,  A.  & G. 

240,  a ; G.  331,  n.  2 ; H.  378.  4 facto , A.  & G.  243,  e ; G.  390  ; H.  414,  u.  3. 

43.  1 passibus,  A.  & G.  257,  b ; G.  400,  a.  1 ; H.  379.  2. 


104 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


est,  Caesar  initio  orationis  sna  senatusque  in  eum  beneficia  com- 
memoravit, quod  rex  2 appellatus  esset  a senatu,  quod  amicus,  quod 
munera  amplissima  missa ; quam  rem  et  paucis  hominum  con- 
tigisse et  pro  magnis  officiis  consuesse  tribui  docebat;  illum, 
5 cum  neque  aditum  neque  causam  postulandi  iustam  haberet, 
beneficio  ac  liberalitate  sua  ac  senatus  ea  praemia  consecutum, 
docebat  etiam,  quam  veteres  quamque  iustae  causae  necessitu- 
dinis ipsis  cum  Haeduis  intercederent,  quae  senatusconsulta 
quotiens  quamque  honorifica  in  eos  facta  essent,  ut  omni  tem- 
lo  pore  totius  Galliae  principatum  Haedui  tenuissent,  prius  etiam, 
quam  nostram  amicitiam  appetissent,  populi  Romani  hanc  esse 
consuetudinem,  ut  socios  atque  amicos  non  modo  sui  nihil  deper- 
dere, sed  gratia,  dignitate,  honore  auctiores  velit  esse  : quod  vero 
ad  amicitiam  populi  Romani  attulissent,  id  iis  eripi  quis  pati 
15  3 posset?  postulavit  deinde  eadem,  quae  legatis  in  mandatis  de- 
derat, ne  aut  Haeduis  aut  eorum  sociis  bellum  inferret ; obsides 
redderet;  si  nullam  partem  Germanorum  domum  remittere  posset, 
at  ne  4 quos  amplius  Rhenum  transire  pateretur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  degree  of  difference.  (2.)  Causal  clauses  introduced  by  quod. 
(3.)  The  deliberative  subjunctive  in  indirect  discourse.  (4.)  The  indefinite  quis  in 
compounds. 

The  answer  of  Ariovistus. 

44.  Ariovistus  ad  postulata  Caesaris  pauca  respondit,  de  suis 
20  virtutibus  multa  praedicavit  : transisse  Rhenum  sese  non  sua 
sponte,  sed  rogatum  et  arcessitum  a Gallis ; non  sine  magna 
1spe  magnisque  praemiis  domum  propinquosque  reliquisse;  sedes 

43.  2 appellatus  esset,  A.  & G.  341,  d;  G.  541;  H.  528,  1.  3 posset, 
A.  & G.  338,  a ; G.  65,4,  r.  1 ; H.  523,  II,  1,  n.  4 quos,  A.  & G.  105,  d\ 
G.  302;  H.  455,  I. 

44.  1 spe — praemiis,  G.  695  ; H.  636,  III,  2. 


COMM.  I.  44. 


105 


habere  in  Gallia  ab  ipsis  concessas,  obsides  ipsorum  voluntate 
datos  ; stipendium  capere  iure  belli,  quod  victores  victis  im- 
ponere consuerint,  non  sese  Gallis,  sed  Gallos  sibi  bellum  intu- 
lisse : omnes  Galliae  civitates  ad  se  oppugnandum  venisse  ac 
contra  se  castra  habuisse ; eas  omnes  copias  a se  uno  proelio 
pulsas  ac  superatas  esse,  si  iterum  experiri  velint,  se  iterum 
paratum  sese  decertare ; si  pace  uti  velint,  iniquum  esse  de  sti- 
pendio recusare,  quod  sua  voluntate  ad  id  tempus  pependerint, 
amicitiam  populi  Romani  2 sibi  ornamento  et  praesidio,  non  detri- 
mento esse  oportere,  idque  se  ea  spe  petisse,  si  per  populunv 
Romanum  stipendium  remittatur  et  dediticii  subtrahantur,  non 
minus  libenter  sese  recusaturum  populi  Romani  amicitiam,  quam 
appetierit,  quod  multitudinem  Germanorum  in  Galliam  traducat, 
id  se  sui  muniendi,  non  Galliae  impugnandae  causa  facere  ; eius 
rei  testimonium  esse,  quod  nisi  rogatus  non  venerit,  et  quod  bel- 
lum non  intulerit,  sed  defenderit.  se  prius  in  Galliam  venisse, 
quam  populum  Romanum,  numquam  ante  hoc  tempus  exercitum 
populi  Romani  Galliae  provinciae  fines  egressum,  quid  sibi  vel- 
let ? cur  in  suas  possessiones  veniret  ? provinciam  suam  hanc 
esse  Galliam,  sicut  illam  nostram,  ut  ipsi  concedi  non  oporteret, 
si  in  nostros  fines  impetum  faceret,  sic  item  nos  esse  iniquos,  qui 
in  suo  iure  se  interpellaremus.  quod  fratres  a senatu  Haeduos 
appellatos  diceret,  non  se  tam  barbarum  neque  tam  imperitum 
esse  rerum,  ut  non  sciret  neque  bello  Allobrogum  proximo  Hae- 
duos Romanis  auxilium  tulisse  neque  ipsos  in  his  contentionibus, 
quas  Haedui  secum  et  cum  Sequanis  habuissent,  auxilio  populi 
Romani  usos  esse,  debere  se  suspicari  simulata  Caesarem  ami- 
citia, quod  exercitum  in  Gallia  habeat,  sui  opprimendi  causa  habere, 
qui  nisi  decedat  atque  exercitum  deducat  ex  his  regionibus,  sese 
illum  non  pro  amico,  sed  hoste  habiturum,  quod  si  eum  inter- 
fecerit, multis  sese  nobilibus  principibusque  populi  Romani  gratum 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


44.  2 sibi  ornamento,  A,  & G.  233;  G.  350:  H.  390,  X, 


106 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


esse  facturam  : id  se  ab  ipsis  per  eorum  nuntios  3 compertum 
habere,  quorum  omnium  gratiam  atque  amicitiam  eius  morte 
redimere  posset.  quod  si  decessisset  et  liberam  possessionem 
Galliae  sibi  tradidisset,  magno  se  illum  praemio  remuneraturum 
5 et  quaecumque  bella  geri  vellet,  sine  ullo  eius  labore  et  periculo 
confecturum. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Hendiadys.  (2.)  The  dative  of  service.  (3.)  The  genitive  with  adjectives. 
(4.)  The  impersonal  construction.  (5.)  The  ablative  of  time. 

Caesar’s  reply.  The  conference  broken  off  by  an  attack  of  the 

Germans. 

45.  Multa  ab  Caesare  in  eam  sententiam  dicta  sunt,  quare 
negotio  desistere  non  1 posset,  et  neque  suam  neque  populi  Ro- 
mani consuetudinem  pati,  uti  optime  merentes  socios  desereret, 

io  neque  se  iudicare  Galliam  potius  esse  Ariovisti  quam  populi 
Romani,  bello  superatos  esse  Arvernos  et  Rutenos  ab  Q.  Fabio 
Maximo,  quibus  populus  Romanus  ignovisset  neque  in  provin- 
ciam redegisset  neque  stipendium  imposuisset,  quod  si  2 antiquis- 
simum quodque  tempus  spectari  oporteret,  populi  Romani 
15  iustissimum  esse  in  Gallia  imperium  ; si  indicium  senatus  obser- 
vari oporteret,  liberam  debere  esse  Galliam,  quam  bello  victam 
suis  legibus  uti  voluisset. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) The  indirect  question.  (2.)  Distinction  between  ablative  of  agent  and  abla- 
tive of  means.  (3.)  The  dative  after  special  verbs.  (4.)  Quisque  with  superlatives. 

46.  Dum  haec  in  colloquio  1 geruntur,  Caesari  nuntiatum  est, 
equites  Ariovisti  proprius  2 tumulum  accedere  et  ad  nostros  ade- 

44.  3 compertum  habere , A.  & G.  292,  c. ; G.  230  ; H.  388,  1,  sr. 

45.  1 posset , A.  & G.  334;  G.  469;  H.  529,  I.  2 antiquissimum  quodque, 
A.  & G.  93,  c;  G.  305  ; H.  458,  1. 

46.  1 geruntur,  A.  & G.  276,  e;  G.  220,  K.  1;  II.  467,  4. 

A.  & G.  234,  e;  G.  356,  4 ; H.  437,  1. 


2 tumulum, 


COMM.  I.  46-47. 


107 


quitare,  lapides  telaque  iii  nostros  conicere.  Caesar  loquendi 
finem  facit  seque  ad  suos  recepit  suisque  imperavit,  ne  quod 
omnino  telum  in  hostes  reicerent.  nam  etsi  sine  ullo  periculo 
legionis  delectae  cum  equitatu  proelium  fore  videbat,  tamen  com- 
mittendum non  putabat,  ut  pulsis  hostibus  dici  posset  eos  ab  se 
per  fidem  in  colloquio  circumventos,  posteaquam  in  volgus  mili- 
tum elatum  est,  qua  arrogantia  in  colloquio  Ariovistus  usus 
3 omni  Gallia  Romanis  interdixisset,  impetumque  in  nostros  eius 
equites  fecissent,  eaque  res  colloquium  ut  diremisset,  multo  maior 
alacritas  studiumque  pugnandi  maius  exercitui  iniectum  est. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  regular  tense  used  with  dam.  (2.)  The  two  constructions  after  propius, 
projdor,  proxime , proximus.  (3.)  The  construction  with  interdixisset.  (4.)  The 
objective  genitive. 

The  ambassadors  sent  to  Ariovistus  are  put  in  chains. 

47.  1 Biduo  post  Ariovistus  ad  Caesarem  legatos  mittit : velle 
se  de  his  rebus,  quae  inter  eos  agi  coeptae  neque  perfectae  essent, 
agere  cum  eo  : uti  aut  iterum  colloquio  diem  constitueret,  aut, 
si  id  minus  vellet,  ex  suis  [legatis]  aliquem  ad  se  mitteret,  col- 
loquendi Caesari  causa  visa  non  est,  et  eo  magis,  quod  pridie 
eius  diei  Germani  retineri  non  poterant,  quin  in  nostros  tela 
2conicerent.  legatum  ex  suis  sese  magno  cum  periculo  ad  eum 
missurum-  et  hominibus  feris  obiecturum  existimabat,  commo- 
dissimum visum  est,  Gaiurn  Valerium  Procillum,  C.  Valeri  Caburi 
filium,  summa  virtute  et  humanitate  adulescentem,  cuius  pater 
a Gaio  Valerio  Flacco  3 civitate  donatus  erat,  et  propter  fidem  et 
propter  linguae  Gallicae  scientiam,  qua  multa  iam  Ariovistus 

46.  3 omni  Gallia,  A.  & G.  243  ; G 3S8  ; H.  413 

47.  1 biduo,  A.  & G.  250;  G.  400,  r.  3;  H.  430.  2 conicerent,  A.  & G. 

319,  d , G.  550;  H.  504,  4.  3 civitate,  A.  & G 225,  d\  G.  348;  H.  384. 

II,  2. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


108 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO. 


longinqua  consuetudine  utebatur,  et  quod  in  eo  peccandi  Ger- 
manis causa  non  esset,  ad  eum  mittere,  et  M.  Metium,  qui  hospitio 
Ariovisti  utebatur.  his  mandavit,  ut,  quae  diceret  Ariovistus, 
cognoscerent  et  ad  se  referrent,  quos  cum  apud  se  in  castris 
5 Ariovistus  conspexisset,  exercitu  suo  praesente  conclamavit  : 
quid  ad  se  venirent  ? an  speculandi  causa  ? conantis  dicere 
prohibuit  et  in  catenas  coniecit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  'the  ablative  of  degree  of  difference.  (2.)  Coepi  vvitli  a passive  infinitive. 
(3.)  The  construction  after  verbs  of  hindering.  (4.)  The  constructions  with  donare. 

The  German  method  of  fighting. 

48.  Eodem  die  castra  promovit  et  milibus  passuum  sex  a 
Caesaris  castris  sub  monte  consedit,  postridie  eius  diei  praeter 
io  castra  Caesaris  suas  copias  traduxit  et  milibus  passuum  duobus 
ultra  eum  castra  fecit  eo  consilio,  uti  frumento  commeatuque, 
qui  ex  Sequanis  et  Haeduis  1 supportaretur,  Caesarem  interclu- 
deret. ex  eo  die  dies  continuos  quinque  Caesar  pro  castris 

suas  copias  produxit  et  aciem  instructam  habuit,  ut,  si  vellet 
15  Ariovistus  proelio  contendere,  ci  potestas  non  deesset.  Ariovis- 
tus his  omnibus  diebus  exercitum  castris  continuit,  equestri 
proelio  cotidie  contendit.  Genus  hoc  erat  pugnae,  quo  se  Ger- 
mani exercuerant,  equitum  milia  erant  sex,  totidem  numero 
pedites  velocissimi  ac  fortissimi,  quos  ex  omni  copia  singuli 
20  singulos  suae  salutis  causa  delegerant  : cum  his  in  proeliis  ver- 
sabantur. ad  hos  se  equites  recipiebant  : hi,  si  quid  erat  durius, 
concurrebant  : si  qui  graviore  vulnere  accepto  equo  deciderat, 
circumsistebant  ; si  quo  erat  longius  prodeundum  aut  celerius 
recipiendum,  tanta  erat  horum  exercitatione  celeritas,  ut  iubis 
25  equorum  sublevati  cursum  adaequarent. 

48.  1 supportaretur,  A.  & G.  342;  G.  631  ; H.  529,  II 


AKIOVISTI  GRADES 

CAESAR  BELL.  GALL.  I,  42-54. 
auctore  Alb.  v.  Kampeii. 

MILIA  PASSUUM 


Ariovisti  equity 

lo(#sfjES| 
Igi.  t colloquii  IU  ' 
Jgfea  A legi^C  llU^Ej 


KILOMETER 


tom  matin' 


I^ppp 


equitai 


alarit 


tuse» 


COMM.  I.  49-50. 


109 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  manners  of  the  Germans.  (2.)  The  subjunctive  hy  attraction.  (3.) 
The  ablative  of  time.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  specification. 

Ariovistus  attacks  the  lesser  camp  of  Caesar,  but  does  not  dare 
to  contend  in  battle. 

49.  Ubi  eum  1 castris  se  tenere  Caesar  intellexit,  ne  diutius 
commeatu  prohiberetur,  ultra  eum  locum,  quo  in  loco  Germani 
consederant,  circiter  passus  sexcentos  ab  iis,  castris  idoneum 
locum  delegit  acieque  triplici  instructa  ad  eum  locum  venit, 
primam  et  secundam  aciem  in  armis  esse,  2 tertiam  castra  munire 
tussit,  hic  locus  ab  hoste  circiter  passus  sexcentos,  uti  dictum 
est,  aberat,  eo  circiter  hominum  numero  sedecim  milia  expedita 
cum  omni  equitatu  Ariovistus  misit,  qUae  copiae  nostros  perter- 
rerent et  munitione  3 prohiberent,  nihilo  secius  Caesar,  ut  ante 
constituerat,  duas  acies  hostem  propulsare,  tertiam  opus  perficere 
lussit.  munitis  castris  duas  ibi  legiones  reliquit  et  partem  auxi- 
liorum, quattuor  reliquas  in  castra  maiora  reduxit. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  Roman  earnp. 

50.  Proximo  die  instituto  suo  Caesar  e castris  utrisque  copias 
suas  eduxit  paulumque  a maioribus  castris  progressus  aciem  in- 
struxit, 'hostibus  pugnandi  potestatem  fecit,  ubi  ne  tum  quidem 
eos  prodire  intellexit,  circiter  meridiem  exercitum  in  castra  re- 
duxit. tum  demum  Ariovistus  partem  suarum  copiarum,  quae 
castra  minora  oppugnaret,  misit.  acriter  utrimque  usque  ad 
vesperum  pugnatum  est.  solis  occasu  suas  copias  Ariovistus 
multis  et  i illatis  et  acceptis  vulneribus  in  castra  reduxit,  cum 
ex  captivis  quaereret  Caesar,  quatnobrem  Ariovistus  proelio  non 

49.  1 castris,  Introd.  No.  d 21.  2 tertiam,  Introd.  No.  125,  1)  a.  3 pro- 

hiberent, A.  & G.  817  ; G.  632  ; H.  497,  1 . 


5 

10 

15 

20 


110 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


decertaret,  hanc  reperiebat  causam,  quod  apud  Germanos  ea  con- 
suetudo 1 esset,  ut  matresfamiliae  eorum  sortibus  et  vaticination- 
ibus declararent,  2 utrum  proelium  committi  ex  usu  esset,  necne: 
eas  ita  dicere  : non  esse  fas  Germanos  superare,  si  ante  novam 
b lunam  proelio  contendissent. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  inood  used  with  qnod  to  assign  a reason  on  another’s  authority.  (2.) 
Clauses  of  result.  (3.)  Double  questions. 

The  battle. 

51.  Postridie  eius  diei  Caesar  praesidio  utrisque  castris,  quod 
satis  esse  visum  est,  reliquit,  omnis  1 alarios  in  conspectu  hos- 
tium pro  castris  minoribus  constituit,  quod  minus  multitudine 
militum  legionariorum  pro  hostium  numero  valebat,  ut  ad  spe- 
10  ciem  alariis  uteretur;  ipse  triplici  instructa  acie  usque  ad  castra 
hostium  accessit,  tum  demum  necessario  Germani  suas  copias 
castris  eduxerunt  generatimque  constituerunt  paribus  intervallis, 
Harudes,  Marcomanos,  Triboces,  Vangiones,  Nemetes,  Sedusios, 
Suebos,  omnemque  aciem  suam  redis  et  carris  circumdederunt,  ne 
15  qua  spes  in  fuga  relinqueretur,  eo  mulieres  imposuerunt,  quae 
in  proelium  proficiscentes  milites  passis  manibus  fientes  implora- 
bant, ne  se  in  servitutem  Romanis  traderent. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  Homan  legion. 


52.  Caesar  singulis  legionibus  singulos  legatos  et  1 quaestorem 
praefecit,  uti  eos  testes  suae  quisque  virtutis  haberet ; ipse  a 
20  dextro  cornu,  quod  eam  partem  minime  firmam  hostium  esse 

50.  1 esset,  A.  & G.  341,  d-,  G.  030;  H.  510,  II  2 utrum  — necne, 
A.  & G.  211 ; G.  400 ; H.  353,  n.  3 

51.  1 alarios,  Introd.  No.  108 

52.  1 quaestorem,  Introd.  No.  110,  c . 


COMM.  I.  52-53. 


Ill 


animadverterat,  proelium  commisit,  ita  nostri  acriter  in  hostes 
signo  dato  impetum  fecerunt,  itaque  hostes  repente  celeriterque 
procurrerunt,  ut  spatium  pila  in  hostes  colliciendi  non  daretur, 
reiectis  pilis,  comminus  gladiis  pugnatum  est.  at  Germani,  cele- 
riter ex  consuetudine  sua  phalange  facta  impetus  gladiorum  ex- 
ceperunt. reperti  sunt  complures  nostri  milites,  qui  in  2 phalangas 
3 insilirent  et  scuta  manibus  revellerent  et  de  supero  vulnerarent, 
cum  hostium  acies  a sinistro  cornu  pulsa  atque  in  fugam  con- 
versa esset,  a dextro  cornu  vehementer  multitudine  suorum  nos- 
tram aciem  premebant,  id  cum  animadvertisset  Publius  Crassus 
adulescens,  qui  equitatui  praeerat,  quod  expeditior  erat  quam  hi, 
qui  inter  aciem  versabantur,  4tertiam  aciem  laborantibus  nostris 
subsidio  misit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  gerund  with  direct  object.  (2.)  The  Greek  accusative  plural.  (3.)  The 
subjunctive  of  characteristic.  (4.)  The  idiom  a sinistro  cornu.  (5.)  The  dative 
of  service. 

The  defeat  of  the  Germans.  Caesar  leads  his  army  into  winter 
quarters  and  sets  out  for  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

53.  Ita  proelium  restitutum  est,  atque  omnes  hostes  terga 
verterunt  neque  prius  fugere  destiterunt,  quam  ad  flumen  Rhe- 
num milia  passuum  ex  eo  loco  circiter  quinque  pervenerunt,  ibi 
perpauci  aut  viribus  confisi  tranare  contenderunt  aut  lintribus  in- 
ventis sibi  salutem  repererunt.  in  his  fuit  Ariovistus,  qui  navi- 
culam deligatam  ad  ripam  nactus  ea  profugit : reliquos  omnes 
consecuti  equites  nostri  interfecerunt.  duae  fuerunt  Ariovisti 
uxores,  una  Sueba  1 natione,  quam  domo  secutu  duxerat,  altera 
Norica,  regis  Voccionis  soror,  quam  in  Gallia  duxerat  a fratre 

52.  2 'phalangas,  A.  & G.  63,/:  G.  73 ; H.  68.  3 insilirent , A.  & G. 

320,  a;  G.  633;  IT.  503,  T.  4 tertiam  aciem,  Introd.  No.  125, 1)  a. 

53.  1 natione,  A.  & G 253  ; G.  398  ; H.  124. 


5 

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15 

20 


112 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


missam  : utraeque  in  ea  fuga  perierunt.  duae  filiae 
harum,  altera  occisa,  altera  capta  est.  Gaius  Va- 
lerius Procillus,  cum  a custodibus  in  fuga  2 trinis 
catenis  vinctus  traheretur,  in  ipsum  Caesarem  hostis 
3 equitatu  persequentem  incidit.  quae  quidem  res 
Caesari  non  minorem  quam  ipsa  victoria  voluptatem 
attulit,  quod  hominem  honestissimum  provinciae  Gal- 
liae, suum  familiarem  et  hospitem,  ereptum  e man- 
ibus hostium  sibi  restitutum  videbat,  neque  eius  ca- 
lamitate de  tanta  voluptate  et  gratulatione  quicquam 
fortuna  deminuerat,  is  se  praesente  de  se  ter  sorti- 
bus consultum  dicebat,  utrum  igni  statim  necaretur, 
an  in  aliud  tempus  reservaretur  : sortium  beneficio 
se  esse  incolumem,  item  M.  Metius  repertus  et  ad 
eum  reductus  est. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  Semi-deponent  verbs.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  specification.  (3.) 
Distributive  numerals. 

54.  Hoc  proelio  trans  Rhenum  nuntiato  Suebi,  qui  ad  ripas 
Rheni  venerant,  domum  reverti  coeperunt ; quos  Ubii,  qui  prox- 
imi 1 Rhenum  incolunt,  perterritos  insecuti,  magnum  ex  his 
numerum  occiderunt.  Caesar  una  aestate  duobus  maximis  bellis 
20  confectis  maturius  paulo,  quam  tempus  anni  postulabat,  in 
2 hiberna  in  Sequanos  exercitum  deduxit,  hibernis  Labienum 
praeposuit  ; ipse  in  citeriorem  Galliam  ad  conventus  agendos 
profectus  est. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Tbe  accusative  of  limit  of  motion.  (2.)  The  omission  of  tbe  preposition  with 
this  accusative.  (3.)  The  two  possible  constructions  with  proximi.  (4.)  The  gerundive 
construction. 

53.  ? trinis,  A.  & G.  95,  b ; G.  95  ; H.  172,  3.  3 equitatu,  Introd. 

No.  125,  1)  6. 

54.  1 Rhenum , A.  & G.  234,  e\  G.  356,  4;  H.  391,  II,  2. 

Introd.  No.  121. 


M 

SIGNUM. 


3 hiberna. 


C.  IULII  CAESARIS 

DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COMMENTARIUS  SECUNDUS. 


The  Belgian  War. 

The  Belgian  confederacy . Caesar  proceeds  against  the  Belgae. 

1.  Cum  esset  Caesar  in  citeriore 
Gallia  [in  hibernis],  ita  uti  supra  de- 
monstravimus, crebri  ad  eum  rumores 
afferebantur,  litterisque  item  Labieni 
certior  fiebat  omnes  Belgas,  1 quam  5 
tertiam  esse  Galliae  partem  dixeramus, 
contra  populum  Romanum  coniurare 
obsidesque  inter  se  dare.  2coniurandi 
has  esse  causas  : primum,  quod  3 vere- 
rentur, ne  omni  pacata  Gallia  ad  eos  10 
exercitus  noster  adduceretur ; deinde, 
quod  ab  nonnullis  Gallis  sollicitaren- 
tur, partim  qui,  ut  Germanos  diutius 
in  Gallia  versari  noluerant,  ita  populi  Romani  exercitum  hiemare 
atque  inveterascere  in  Gallia  moleste  ferebant,  partim  qui  mo-  15 
bilitate  et  levitate  animi  4 novis  imperiis  studebant,  ab  non- 
nullis etiam,  quod  in  Gallia  a potentioribus  atque  iis,  qui  ad 

1.  1 quam,  A.  & G.  199  ; G.  616, 3 ; H.  445,  4.  2 coniurandi,  A.  & G 

298  ; G.  429  ; H 542.  I 3 vererentur,  A.  & G.  341,  d\  G.  541 ; H 516,  II. 

- novis  imperiis,  A.  & G.  227 ; G.  345  ; H.  385. 

8 


114 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


conducendos  homines  facultates  habebant,  vulgo  regna  occupa- 
bantur, qui  minus  facile  eam  rem  imperio  nostro  consequi 
poterant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  attraction  of  the  antecedent.  (2.)  The  genitive  of  the  gerund.  (3.) 
Q nod  assigning  a reason  on  the  authority  of  another.  (4.)  The  idiom  moleste  fere- 
bant. (5.)  The  ablative  of  cause.  (fi.)  The  dative  with  special  verbs. 

2 His  nuntiis  litterisque  commotus  Caesar  duas  legiones  in 
5 citeriore  Gallia  novas  conscripsit  et  1 inita  aestate,  in  interiorem 
Galliam  qui  deduceret,  Quintum  Pedium  legatum  misit,  ipse, 
cum  primum  pabuli  copia  esse  2 inciperet,  ad  exercitum  venit, 
dat  negotium  Senonibus  reliquisque  Gallis,  qui  finitimi  Belgis 
erant,  uti  ea,  quae  apud  eos  gerantur,  cognoscant  seque  de  his 
io  rebus  certiorem  faciant.  hi  constanter  omnes  nuntiaverunt 
manus  cogi,  exercitum  in  unum  locum  conduci,  tum  vero  dubi- 
tandum non  existimavit,  quin  ad  eos  proficisceretur,  re  frumen- 
taria comparata  castra  movet  3 diebusque  circiter  quindecim  ad 
fines  Belgarum  pervenit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.1  The  ablative  absolute.  (2.)  Relative  clause  of  purpose.  (3.)  The  idiom  cum 
primum.  (4.)  Cum  in  temporal  clauses.  (5.)  The  impersonal  construction. 

The  Ttemi  submit  to  Caesar  and  inform  him  of  the  strength  of 
the  confederates. 

is  3.  Eo  cum  de  improviso  celeriusque  omni  Opinione  venisset, 
Remi,  qui  proximi  2 Galliae  ex  Belgis  sunt,  ad  eum  legatos  Iccium 
et  Andecumborium,  primos  civitatis,  miserunt,  qui  3 dicerent  se 
suaque  omnia  in  fidem  atque  in  potestatem  populi  Romani  per- 

2 1 inita  aestate,  A.  & G.  255  ; G.  403  ; H.  431.  2 inciperet,  A.  & G. 

325  ; G.  5S6 ; H.  521,  II,  2 3 diebus,  A.  & G.  256 ; G.  392 ; H.  429. 

3.  1 opinione,  A.  & G.  247;  G.  399;  H.  417-  " Galliae,  A.  & G.  234«; 

G.  356;  H.  391,  I.  3 dicerent,  A.  & G.  317 ; G.  632;  H.  497,  I. 


COMM.  TT.  3-4. 


115 


mittere,  neque  se  eum  Belgis  reliquis  consensisse  neque  contra 
populum  Romanum  comurasse,  paratosque  esse  et  obsides  dare  et 
imperata  facere  et  oppidis  recipere  et  frumento  ceterisque  rebus 
iuvare ; reliquos  omnes  Belgas  in  armis  esse,  Germanosque,  qui 
cis  Rhenum  incolant,  sese  cum  his  coniunxisse,  tantumque  esse 
eorum  omnium  furorem,  ut  ne  Suessiones  quidem,  fratres  con- 
sanguineosque suos,  qui  eodem  4 hire  et  eisdem  legibus  utantur, 
unum  imperium  unumque  magistratum  cum  ipsis  habeant,  deterrere 
potuerint,  quin  cum  his  consentirent. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  celerius  omni  opinione.  (2.)  The  dative  after  adjectives. 
(3.)  Adjectives  used  substantively.  (4.)  The  two  possible  constructions  after 
paratus. 

4.  Cum  ab  his  quaereret,  quae  civitates,  quantaeque  in  armis 
essent  et  quid  in  bello  1 possent,  sic  reperiebat  : plerosque  Belgas 
esse  ortos  ab  Germanis  2Rhenumque  antiquitus  traductos  prop- 
ter loci  fertilitatem  ibi  consedisse  Gallosque,  qui  ea  loca  inco- 
lerent, expulisse,  solosque  esse,  qui  patrum  nostrorum  memoria 
omni  Gallia  vexata  Teutonos  Cimbrosque  intra  fines  suos  ingredi 
prohibuerint  - qua  ex  re  fieri,  uti  earum  rerum  memoria  magnam 
sibi  auctoritatem  magnosque  spiritus  in  re  militari  sumerent,  de 
numero  eorum  omnia  se  habere  explorata  Remi  dicebant,  prop- 
terea  quod  propinquitatibus  affinitatibusque  coniuncti,  quantam 
quisque  multitudinem  in  communi  Belgarum  concilio  ad  id  bel- 
lum pollicitus  sit,  cognoverint,  plurimum  inter  eos  Bellovacos 
et  virtute  et  auctoritate  et  hominum  numero  valere  : hos  posse 
conficere  armata  milia  centum  : pollicitos  ex  eo  numero  electa 
LX,  totius  belli  imperium  sibi  postulare.  Suessiones  suos  esse 
finitimos ; latissimos  feracissimosque  agros  possidere,  apud  eos 

3.  4 lure,  A.  & G.  249  ; G.  405  ; H 421,  I. 

4.  1 possent , A.  & G.  334  ; G 469  ; H.  529,  I.  2 Rhenum , A.  & G.  237,  b ; 
G.  330,  k.  1 ; H.  376,  n. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


116 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


fuisse  regem  nostra  etiam  memoria  Divitiacum,  totius  Galliae 
potentissimum,  qui  3 cum  magnae  partis  harum  regionum,  tum 
etiam  Brittaniae  imperium  obtinuerit  : nunc  esse  regem  Galbam: 
ad  hunc  propter  iustitiain  prudentiamque  totius  belli  summam 
5 omnium  voluntate  deferri  : oppida  habere  numero  XII,  polliceri 
milia  armata  quinquaginta;  totidem  Nervios,  qui  maxime  feri 
ititer  ipsos  habeantur  longissimeque  absint;  XV  milia  Atrebates, 
Ambianos  X milia,  Morinos  XXV  milia,  Menapios  VII  milia, 
Caletos  X milia,  Veliocasses  et  Viromanduos  totidem,  Aduatucos 
10  decem  et  novem  milia  ; Condrusos,  Eburones,  Caeroesos,  Pae- 
manos, qui  uno  nomine  Germani  appellantur,  arbitrari  ad  XL 
milia. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  adverbial  accusative.  (2.)  The  indirect  question.  (3.)  The  two  accu- 
satives with  transitive  verbs  compounded  with  a preposition.  (-T)  The  idiom 
plurimum  valere.  (5.)  Correlatives. 

Caesar  encamps  on  Ike  banks  of  Cie  Axona. 

5.  Caesar  Remos  .cohortatus  liberaliterque  oratione  prosecutus 
omnem  senatum  ad  se  convenire  principumque  liberos  obsides 
15  ad  se  adduci  iussit.  quae  omnia  ab  his  diligenter  ad  diem 
facta  sunt.  ipse  Divitiacum  Haeduum  magnopere  cohortatus 
docet,  quanto  opere  rei  publicae  communisque  salutis  1 intersit 
manus  hostium  distineri,  ne  cum  tanta  multitudine  uno  tempore 
confligendum  sit.  id  fieri  posse,  si  suas  copias  Haedui  in  fines 
20  Bellovacorum  introduxerint  et  eorum  agros  J populari  coeperint, 
his  mandatis  eum  ab  se  dimittit,  postquam  omnes  Belgarum 
copias  in  unum  locum  coactas  ad  se  venire  vidit,  neque  lam 
longe  abesse  ab  iis,  quos  miserat,  exploratoribus  et  ab  Remis 
cognovit,  flumen  Axonam,  quod  est  in  extremis  Remorum  fini- 

4.  3 cum  — tum,  A.  & G.  155  a ; G.  589  ; H.  551, 1,  5. 

5.  1 intersit,  A.  & G.  222 ; G.  381 ; H.  406,  III.  2 populari , A.  & G. 
271;  G.  424  ; H.  533,  I,  2. 


COMM.  IT.  5-6. 


117 


bus,  exercitura  traducere  maturavit  atque  ibi  castra  posuit,  quae 
res  et  latus  unum  castrorum  ripis  fluminis  3 muniebat  et  post 
eum  quae  essent,  tuta  ab  hostibus  reddebat  et,  commeatus  ab 
Eemis  reliquisque  civitatibus  ut  sine  periculo  ad  eum  portari 
possent,  efficiebat,  in  eo  flumine  pons  erat,  ibi  praesidium  5 
ponit  et  in  altera  parte  fluminis  Q.  Titurium  Sabinum  legatum 
cum  sex  4 cohortibus  relinquit;  castra  in  altitudinem  pedum  duo- 
decim 5 vallo  6 fossaque  duodeviginti  pedum  munire  iubet. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  complementary  irumitive.  (2.)  The  intensive  pronoun.  (3.)  The  con- 
struction with  interest.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  manner.  (5.)  Substantive  clauses  of 
result.  (6.)  The  Roman  method  of  fortifying  the  camp. 

Bibrax,  a town  of  the  Bern/,  attached  by  the  Belgae.  Caesar 
relieves  the  siege  and  fortifies  a camp. 

6.  Ab  his  castris  oppidum  Remorum  1 nomine  Bibrax  aberat 
milia  passuum  octo,  id  ex  itinere  magno  impetu  Belgae  oppu-  io 

gnare  coeperunt,  aegre 
eo  die  sustentatum  est. 
Gallorum  eadem  atque 
Belg  arum  oppugnatio  est 
haec.  ubi  circumiecta  15 
multitudine  hominum  to- 
tis 2 moenibus  undique 
in  murum  lapides  iaci 
3 coepti  sunt  murusque 
defensoribus  nudatus  20 
est,  testudine  facta  [portas i succedunt  murumque  subruunt. 

5.  3 muniebat , Introd.  No.  125,  2).  4 cohortibus,  Introd.  No.  99.  5 vallo, 

Introd.  No.  121,  b.  6 fossa,  Introd.  No.  121,  a,  and  note. 

6 1 nomine,  A.  & G.  253;  G.  398;  II.  421.  2 moenibus,  A.  & G.  258  f\ 

G.  387  ; H 125,  II,  2.  3 coepti  sunt,  A.  & G.  143,  d ; G.  424,  u.  1 ; H. 

297,  1,-1. 


TESTUDO. 


118 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


quod  tum  facile  fiebat,  nam  cum  tanta  multitudo  lapides  ac 
tela  conicerent,  in  muro  consistendi  potestas  erat  nulli.  cum 
finem  oppugnandi  nox  fecisset,  Iccius  Itemus,  summa  nobilitate 
et  gratia  inter  suos,  qui  tum  oppido  praefuerat,  unus  ex  iis, 
5 qui  legati  de  pace  ad  Caesarem  venerant,  nuntium  ad  eum  mit- 
tit, nisi  subsidium  sibi  submittatur,  sese  diutius  sustinere  non 
posse. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  specification.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  place.  (3.)  The  ablative 
of  time.  (4.)  The  voice  of  coepi  when  used  with  a passive  infinitive.  (5.)  The 
ablative  of  separation. 


7.  Eo  de  media  nocte  Caesar  1 isdem  ducibus  usus,  qui  nuntii 
ab  Iccio  venerant,  Numidas  et  Cretas  sagittarios  et,  funditores 
io  Baleares  2 subsidio  oppidanis  mittit;  quorum  adventu  et  Remis 
cum  spe  defensionis  studium  propugnandi  accessit,  et  hostibus 
eadem  de  causa  spes  potiundi  oppidi  discessit,  itaque  paulisper 
apud  oppidum  morati  agrosque  Remorum  depopulati  omnibus 
vicis  aedificiisque,  3 quos  adire  potuerant,  incensis  ad  castra  Gae- 
ls saris  omnibus  copiis  contenderunt  et  ab  milibus  passuum  minus 
duobus  castra  posuerunt  ; quae  castra,  ut  fumo  atque  ignibus 
significabatur,  amplius  4 milibus  passuum  octo  in  latitudinem 
patebant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  construction  after  utor.  (2)  The  dative  of  purpose.  (3.)  The  treat- 
ment of  potior  in  the  gerundive  construction.  (4.)  The  idiom  de  media  nocte. 


8.  Caesar  primo  et  propter  multitudinem  hostium  et  propter 
20  eximiam  opinionem  virtutis  proelio  supersedere  statuit ; cotidie 

7.  1 isdem , A.  & G.  249;  G.  405;  II.  421,  1.  2 subsidio  oppidanis , 

A.  & G.  233;  G 350;  H.  390.  3 quos , G.  616,  a.  5;  H.  445,  3,  n.  1. 

4 milibus,  A.  & G.  247  ; G.  399  ; H.  417. 


[Vieux  Laonj 


AD  AXOMM  PUCTSTA 

CAESAR  BELL.  GALL.  II,  6—10 
auctore  Alb.  v.  Kampen. 


StJThoinas 


2 MILIA  PASSUAM 


[mifantaiiie 


wm 

i\  i 


\Juvincourt 

proelia 


equestria 


lUaucliamp  ^ 
pastel  I urn 


VPPP’ 

.Pont  avert 

/ in  flumin< 


COMM.  II.  8. 


119 


tamen  equestribus  proeliis,  quid  hostis  virtute  1 posset  et  quid 
nostri  auderent,  periclitabatur,  ubi  nostros  non  esse  inferiores 
intellexit,  loco  pro  castris  ad  aciem  instruendam  natura  oppor- 
tuno atque  idoneo,  quod  is  collis, 
ubi  castra  posita  erant,  paulu-  5 
lum  ex  planitie  editus  tantum 
adversus  in  latitudinem  patebat, 
quantum  2 loci  acies  instructa 
occupare  poterat,  atque  ex  utra- 
que parte  lateris  deiectus  habe-  10 
bat  et  frontem  leniter  fastigatus 
paulatim  ad  planitiem  redibat, 
ab  utroque  latere  eius  collis 
transversam  fossam  obduxit 
circiter  passuum  CD,  et  ad  15 
3 extremas  4 fossas  castella  con- 
catapulta.  stituit  ibique  tormenta  collo- 

cavit, ne,  cum  aciem  instruxisset,  hostes,  quod  tantum  multitu- 
dine poterant,  ab  lateribus  pugnantes  suos  circumvenire  possent, 
hoc  facto  duabus  legionibus,  quas  proxime  conscripserat,  in  cas-  20 
tris  relictis,  ut,  si  quo  opus  esset,  subsidio  duci  possent,  reliquas 
sex  legiones  pro  castris  in  acie  constituit.  hostes  item  suas 
copias  ex  castris  eductas  instruxerant. 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  indirect  question.  (2.)  The  gerundive  construction.  (3.)  The  par- 
titive genitive.  (4.)  Cum  in  temporal  clauses.  (5.)  The  use  of  participles.  (6.) 
The  adverbial  accusative.  (7.)  The  difference  of  construction  after  ubi  and  cum,  as 
illustrated  in  this  chapter.  (8.)  The  Roman  engines  of  war. 

8.  1 posset,  A.  & G.  334;  G.  469  ; H.  529,  1.  2 loci,  A.  & G.  216;  G. 

371 ; H.  397,  3.  3 extremas  fossas,  A.  & G.  193 ; G.  287,  a. ; H.  440,  2,  n.  1. 
4 fossas,  Introd.  No.  121,  a,  and  note. 


120 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  Belgae  try  to  cross  the  Axona.  The  Homans  attach  them 
in  the  rear  and  pursue  them  with  great  slaughter. 

9.  Palus  erat  non  magna  inter  nostrum  atque  hostium  exer- 
citum. hanc  1 si  nostri  transirent,  hostes  exspectabant;  nostri 
autem,  si  ab  illis  initium  transeundi  fieret,  ut  impeditos  2 ad- 
grederentur,  parati  m armis  erant,  interim  proelio  equestri 

5 inter  duas  acies  contendebatur,  ubi  neutri  transeundi  initium 
faciunt,  3 secundiore  equitum  proelio  nostris  Caesar  suos  in  castra 
reduxit,  hostes  protinus  ex  eo  loco  ad  flumen  Axonam  conten- 
derunt, quod  esse  post  nostra  castra  demonstratum  'est.  ibi 
vadis  repertis  partem  suarum  copiarum  traducere  conati  sunt  eo 
io  consilio,  ut,  si  possent,  castellum,  cui  praeerat  Quintus  Titurius 
legatus,  expugnarent  pontemque  interscinderent  ; si  minus  po- 
tuissent, agros  Remorum  popularentur,  qui  magno  nobis  usui  ad 
bellum  gerendum  erant  commeatuque  nostros  prohiberent. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Clauses  of  purpose.  (2.)  'the  ablative  absolute  construction  with  a noun  and 
adjective.  (3.)  The  ablative  of  separation. 

10.  Caesar  certior  factus  ab  Titurio  omnem  equitatum  et  levis 
15  armaturae  Numidas,  funditores  sagittariosque  pontem  traducit 

atque  ad  eos  contendit,  acriter  in  eo  loco  pugnatum  est.  hostes 
impeditos  nostri  in  flumine  adgressi  magnum  eorum  numerum 
occiderunt  : per  eorum  corpora  reliquos  audacissime  transire 
conantes  multitudine  telorum  repulerunt;  primos,  qui  transierant, 
20  equitatu  circumventos  interfecerunt,  hostes  ubi  et  1 de  expug- 
nando oppido  et  de  flumine  transeundo  spem  se  fefellisse  intel- 
lexerunt neque  nostros  in  locum  iniquiorem  progredi  pugnandi 

9.  1 si,  A.  & G.  334,/;  G.  462,  2;  H.  529,  II,  I,  n.  1.  2 adgr ederentur, 
A.  & G.  317 ; G.  545  ; II.  497,  II-  3 secundiore  proelio , A.  & G.  255,  a\ 
G.  408;  H.  431,  4. 

10.  1 de  expugnando  oppido , A.  & G.  301 ; G.  434  ; H.  544,  2. 


COMM.  II.  10-11. 


121 


causa  viderunt,  atque  ipsos  res  frumentaria  deficere  coepit,  concilio 
convocato  constituerunt  optimum  esse,  2 domum  suam  quemque 
reverti  et,  quorum  iu  fines  primum  Romani  exercitum  introdux- 
issent, ad  eos  defendendos  undique  convenirent,  ut  potius  in  suis 
quam  in  alienis  finibus  decertarent  et  domesticis  copiis  rei  fru- 
mentariae uterentur.  ad  eam  sententiam  cum  reliquis  causis 
haec  quoque  ratio  eos  deduxit,  quod  Divitiacum  atque  Haeduos 
finibus  Bellovacorum  adpropinquare  cognoverant,  his  3 persua- 
deri, ut  diutius  morarentur  neque  suis  auxilium  ferrent,  non 
poterat. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  certior  factus.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  the  gerundive  with  de. 
(3.)  The  accusative  of  limit  of  motion.  (4.)  The  dative  with  compounds.  (5.)  The 
impersonal  construction. 

11.  Ea  re  constituta  secunda  vigilia  magno  cum  strepitu  ac 
tumultu  castris  egressi  nullo  certo  ordine  neque  imperio,  cum 
sibi  quisque  primum  itineris  locum  1 peteret  et  domum  pervenire 
properaret,  2 fecerunt,  ut  consimilis  fugae  profectio  videretur, 
iiac  re  statira  Caesar  per  speculatores  cognita  insidias  veritus,  quod, 
qua  de  causa  discederent,  nondum  perspexerat,  exercitum  equita- 
tumque castris  continuit,  prima  luce  confirmata  re  ab  explora- 
toribus omnem  equitatum,  qui  novissimum  agmen  3 moraretur, 
praemisit,  his  Quintum  Pedium  et  Lucium  Aurunculeium  Cot- 
tam legatos  praefecit.  Titum  Labienum  legatum  cum  legionibus 
tribus  subsequi  iussit.  hi  novissimos  adorti  et  multa  milia  pas- 
suum prosecuti  magnam  multitudinem  eorum  fugientium  conci- 
derunt, cum  ab  extremo  agmine,  ad  quos  ventum  erat,  consisterent 

10.  2 domum , A.  & G.  258  b ; G.  410  ; H.  380,  II,  2,  1.  3 persuaderi , 

A.  & G.  230;  G.  208;  H.  2S4,  5. 

11.  1 peteret,  A.  & G.  326  ; G.  5S7  ; H.  517.  2 fecerunt , ut,  A.  & G. 
332,  e : G.  557  ; H.  49S,  II,  n.  2.  3 moraretur,  A.  & G.  317 ; G.  632;  H. 
497,  I 


5 

10 

15 

20 


122 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


fortiterque  impetum  nostrorum  militum  sustinerent,  priores,  quod 
abesse  a periculo  4 viderentur  neque  ulla  necessitate  neque  imperio 
continerentur,  exaudito  clamore  perturbatis  ordinibus  omnes  in 
fuga  sibi  praesidium  ponerent,  ita  sine  ullo  periculo  tantam 
5 eorum  multitudinem  nostri  interfecerunt,  quantum  fuit  diei  spa- 
tium, sub  occasumque  solis  destiterunt  seque  in  castra,  ut  erat 
imperatum,  receperunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  gum  in  causal  clauses.  (2.)  The  idiom  prima  luce.  (3.)  Relative  clauses 
of  purpose.  (4.)  The  subjuuetive  by  attraction. 

Caesar  marches  against  the  Suessiones  and  the  Bellovaci. 

Divitiacus  pleads  for  the  latter. 

12.  Postridie  eius  1 diei  Caesar,  priusquam  se  hostes  ex  terrore 
ac  fuga  2 reciperent,  in  tines  Suessionum,  qui  proximi  liem  is 
io  erant,  exercitum  duxit  et  magno  itinere  [confecto]  ad  oppidum 


agger  (perspective  view). 

11.  4 viderentur , A.  & G 342  ; G.  631 ; H.  529,  II. 

12.  1 diei,  A & G.  214,  g G.  371,  n.  4 ; H.  398,  5. 
A..  & G.  327  ; G.  579 ; H.  520,  II. 


reciperent, 


COMM.  II.  12. 


123 


Noviodunum  contendit,  id  ex  itinere  oppugnare  conatus,  quod 
vacuum  ab  defensoribus  esse  audiebat,  propter  latitudinem  fossae 
murique  altitudinem  paucis  defendentibus  expugnare  non  potuit, 
castris  munitis  vineas  agere  quaeque  ad  oppugnandam  usui  erant 
comparare  coepit,  interim  omnis  ex  fuga  Suessionum  multitudo  5 
in  oppidum  proxima  nocte  convenit,  celeriter  vineis  ad  oppidum 
actis,  3 aggere  lacto  turribusque  constitutis  magnitudine  operum, 
quae  neque  viderant  ante  Galli  neque  audierant,  et  celeritate 
Eomanorum  permoti  legatos  ad  Caesarem  de  deditione  mittunt  et 
petentibus  Remis,  ut  conservarentur,  impetrant.  10 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) The  genitive  after  postridie.  (2.)  The  two  possible  constructions  after 
proximi.  (3.)  The  dative  of  purpose.  (4.)  The  construction  of  the  agger. 


12.  3 aggere.  Introd.  No.  127. 


124 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


13.  Caesar  obsidibus  acceptis  primis  civitatis  atque  ipsius 
Galbae  regis  duobus  filiis  armisque  omnibus  ex  oppido  traditis 
in  deditionem  Suessiones  accepit  exercitumque  in  Bellovacos 
ducit,  qui  cum  se  suaque  omnia  in  oppidum  Bratuspantium 

5 contulissent,  atque  ab  eo  oppido  Caesar  cum  exercitu  circiter 
milia  passuum  quinque  abesset,  omnes  1 maiores  natu  ex  oppido 
egressi  manus  ad  Caesarem  tendere  et  voce  significare  coeperunt, 
sese  in  eius  fidem  ac  potestatem  venire  neque  contra  populum 
Romanum  armis  contendere,  item  cum  ad  oppidum  accessisset 
to  castraque  ibi  poneret,  pueri  mulieresque  ex  muro  passis  manibus 
suo  more  pacem  ab  Romanis  petierunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  adjective  used  substantively.  (2.)  The  idiom  maiores  natu.  (3.)  The 
accusative  of  extent  of  space. 

14.  Pro  his  Divitiacus  (nam  post  discessum  Belgarum  dimissis 
Haeduorum  copiis  ad  eum  reverterat)  facit  verba  : Bellovacos  omni 
tempore  in  fide  atque  amicitia  civitatis  Haeduae  fuisse  : impulsos 

15  ab  suis  principibus,  qui  1 dicerent  Haeduos  a Caesare  in  servitu- 
tem redactos  omnes  indignitates  contumeliasque  perferre  et  ab 
Haeduis  defecisse  et  populo  Romano  bellum  intulisse,  qui  eius 
consilii  principes  fuissent,  quod  intellegerent,  quantam  calamita- 
tem civitati  intulissent,  in  Britanniam  profugisse,  petere  non 
20  solum  Bellovacos,  sed  etiam  pro  his  Haeduos,  ut  sua  clementia 
ac  mansuetudine  in  eos  utatur,  quod  si  fecerit,  Haeduorum 
auctoritatem  apud  omnes  Belgas  amplificaturum ; quorum  auxiliis 
atque  opibus,  si  qua  bella  inciderint,  sustentare  consuerint. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  changes  in  moods,  tenses,  and  persons  in  the  indirect  discourse. 

13.  1 maiores  natu , A.  & G.  253 ; G.  398  ; H.  424. 

14.  1 dicerent , A.  X G.  336  ; G.  653  ; H.  524. 


COMM.  II.  15-16. 


125 


Caesar’s  repli/.  Account  of  the  Nervii. 

15.  Caesar  honoris  Divitiaci  atque  Haeduorum  causa  sese  eos 

in  tidem  recepturum  et  conservaturum  dixit ; quod  erat  civitas 
magna  inter  Belgas  1 auctoritate  atque  hominum  multitudine 
praestabat,  sexcentos  obsides  poposcit,  his  traditis  omnibusque 
armis  ex  oppido  collaris  ab  eo  loco  in  fines  Ambianorum  per-  5 
venit,  qui  se  suaque  omnia  sine  mora  dediderunt,  eorum  fines 
Nervii  attingebant ; quorum  de  natura  moribusque  Caesar  cum 
quaereret,  sic  reperiebat  : nullum  aditum  esse  ad  eos  mercatori- 
bus ; nihil  pati  2 vini  reliquarumque  rerum  [ad  luxuriam  pertinen- 
tium] inferri,  quod  iis  rebus  relanguescere  animos  [eorum]  et  io 
remitti  virtutem  existimarent : esse  homines  feros  magnaeque 
virtutis  : increpitare  atque  incusare  reliquos  Belgas,  qui  se  po- 
pulo Romano  dedidissent  patriamque  virtutem  proiecissent ; con- 
firmare sese  neque  legatos  missuros  neque  ullam  condicionem 
pacis  accepturos.  15 

Topics  for  Study. 

1 1.)  The  ablative  of  cause.  (2.)  The  objective  genitive.  (3.)  The  partitive 
genitive.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  quality.  (5.)  The  genitive  of  quality. 

Caesar  marches  against  the  Nervh.  - Some  Gauls  and  Bel- 
gians desert  to  the  Nervii  and  give  information. 

16.  Cum  per  eorum  fines  1 triduum  iter  fecisset,  inveniebat  ex 
captivis  2 Sabim  flumen  ab  castris  suis  non  amplius*3  milia  pas- 
suum decem  abesse  : trans  id  flumen  omnes  Nervios  consedisse 
adventumque  ibi  Romanorum  exspectare  una  cum  Atrebatis  et 
Viromanduis,  finitimis  suis  (nam  his  utrisque  persuaserant,  uti  20 

15.  1 auctoritate , A.  & G.  351;  G.  402;  H.  419,  III.  2 vini,  A.  & G. 
216;  G.  371 ; H.  397, 1. 

16  1 triduum , A.  & G.  256  ; G.  337  ; H.  379.  2 Sabim , A.  & G.  56,  a, 

1 ; G.  60,  2,  a ; H.  62,  II,  2.  3 milia,  A.  & G.  247,  c ; G.  311,  k.  4 ; H 

417,  1,  x.  2. 


126 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


eandem  belli  fortunam  experirentur)  • exspectari  etiam  ab  Ids 
Aduatucorum  copias  atque  esse  in  itinere  : mulieres  quique  per 
aetatem  ad  pugnam  inutiles  viderentur  in  eum  locum  eoniccisse, 
quo  propter  paludes  exercitui  aditus  non  esset. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  accusative  of  duration  of  time.  (2.)  The  idiom  Her  fecisset.  (3.)  The 
two  possible  constructions  after  amplius.  (4.)  The  dative  with  special  verbs. 

5 17.  II  is  rebus  cognitis,  exploratores  centurionesque  praemittit, 

qui  locum  1 idoneum  castris  deligant,  cum  ex  dediticiis  Belgis 
reliquisque  2 Gallis  complures  Caesarem  secuti  una  iter  facerent, 
quidam  ex  his,  ut  postea  ex  captivis  cognitum  est,  eorum  dierum 
consuetudine  3 itineris  nostri  exercitus  perspecta  nocte  ad  Nervios 
io  pervenerunt  atque  Itis  demonstrarunt  inter  singulas  legiones  im- 
pedimentorum magnum  numerum  intercedere,  neque  esse  quic- 
quam  negotii,  cum  prima  4 legio  in  castra  venisset  reliquaeque 
legiones  magnum  5 spatium  abessent,  hanc  sub  sarcinis  adoriri; 
qua  pulsa  impedimentisque  direptis  futurum,  ut  reliquae  contra 
is  consistere  non  auderent,  adiuvabat  etiam  eorum  consilium,  qui 
rem  deferebant,  quod  Nervii  antiquitus,  cum  equitatu  nihil  pos- 
sent (neque  enim  ad  hoc  tempus  ei  rei  student,  sed,  quicquid 
possunt,  pedestribus  valent,  copiis),  quo  facilius  finitimorum 
equitatum,  si  praedandi  causa  ad  eos  venisset,  impedirent, 
20  teneris  arboribus  incisis  atque  inflexis  crebrisque  in  latit  udinem 
ramis  enatis  et  rubis  sentibusque  interiectis  effecerant,  ut  instar 
muri  hae  sepes  munimenta  praeberent,  quo  non  modo  non  in- 
trari, sed  ne  perspici  quidem  posset,  his  rebus  cum  iter  agminis 
nostri  impediretur,  non  omittendum  sibi  consilium  Nervii 
25  existimaverunt. 

17.  i idoneum  castris,  Introd.  No.  121.  2 ex  Gallis,  A,  & G,  216,  c\ 
G-  371-  it.  2:  IT.  397,  n.  3.  f if  ineris.  Introd.  No.  122.  4 legio,  Introd. 
No.  98.  5 spatium.  A.  & G-  257 ; G-  335.  2 ; IT.  379. 


COMM.  II.  18-19. 


127 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Cum  in  temporal  clauses.  (2.)  The  idiom  quicquam  negotii.  (3.)  The 
accusative  of  extent  of  space.  (4.)  The  impersonal  construction.  (5.)  The  Roman 
legion.  (G.)  The  Roman  method  of  march. 

The  character  of  the  ground.  The  assault  of  the  Nervii. 

18.  Loci  natura  erat  haec,  quem  1 locum  nostri  castris  dele- 
gerant. collis  ab  summo  aequaliter  declivis  ad  flumen  Sabim, 
quod  supra  nominavimus,  vergebat,  ab  eo  flumine  pari  adclivi- 
tate  collis  nascebatur  adversus  huic  et  contrarius,  passus  circiter 
ducentos  infimus  apertus,  ab  superiore  parte  silvestris,  ut  non 
facile  introrsus  perspici  posset,  intra  eas  silvas  hostes  in  occnlto 
sese  continebant ; in  aperto  loco  secundum  flumen  paucae  sta- 
tiones equitum  videbantur,  fluminis  erat  altitudo  circiter  pedum 
trium. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  subjective  genitive  in  nil  its  divisions.  (2.)  The  repetition  of  the  ante- 
cedent in  the  relative  clause.  (3.)  The  substantive  use  of  adjectives. 

19.  Caesar  equitatu  praemisso  subsequebatur  omnibus  copiis ; 

sed  ratio  ordoque  agminis  aliter  se  habebat,  ac  Belgae  ad  Nervios 
detulerant,  nam  quod  ad  hostis  adpropmquabat,  consuetudine 
sua  Caesar  sex  legiones  expeditas  ducebat ; post  eas  totius  exer- 
citus impedimenta  collocarat ; inde  duae  legiones,  quae  proxume 
consciipfae  erant,  totum  agmen  claudebant  praesidioque  impedi- 
mentis erant.  equites  nostri  cum  funditoribus  sagittariisque 
flumen  transgressi  cum  hostium  equitatu  proelium  commiserunt, 
cum  se  illi  identidem  in  silvas  ad  suos  reciperent  ac  rursus  ex 

silva  in  nostros  impetum  facerent,  neque  nostri  longius,  quam 

quem  ad  finem  porrecta  loca  aperta  pertinebant,  cedentes  inse- 
qui auderent,  interim  legiones  sex,  quae  ^ primae  venerant,  opere 

18.  1 tocuni,  A.  & G.  200,  a ; G,  618;  H.  445,  9. 

19.  1 primae , A & G 191  ; G.  324,  r.  6;  H.  443. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


128 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


2 dimenso  castra  munire  coeperunt,  ubi  prima  impedimenta  nostri 
exercitus  ab  iis,  qui  in  silvis  abditi  latebant,  visa  sunt,  quod 
tempus  inter  eos  committendi  proelii  convenerat,  ita  ut  intra 
silvas  aciem  ordinesque  constituerant  atque  ipsi  sese  confirmave- 
5 rant,  subito  omnibus  copiis  provolaverunt  impetumque  in  nostros 
equites  fecerunt.  his  facile  pulsis  ac  proturbatis  incredibili 
celeritate  ad  flumen  decucurrerunt,  ut  paene  uno  tempore  et  ad 
silvas  et  in  flumine  et  iam  in  manibus  nostris  hostes  viderentur, 
eadem  autem  celeritate  3 adverso  colle  ad  nostra  castra  atque  eos, 
io  qui  in  opere  occupati  erant,  contenderunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  accompaniment.  (2.)  Contract  forms.  (3.)  Two  datives. 
(4.)  Deponent  verbs  in  passive  sense. 

The  generals/tip  and  courage  of  Caesar. 

20.  Caesari  omnia  uno  tempore  erant 
agenda  : vexillum  proponendum,  quod 
erat  insigne,  cum  ad  arma  concurri 
oporteret,  signum  1 tuba  dandum,  ab  opere 
revocandi  milites,  qui  2 paulo  longius 
aggeris  petendi  causa  processerant,  arces- 
sendi, acies  instruenda,  3 milites  cohortandi, 
signum  dandum.  quarum  rerum  mag- 
nam partem  temporis  brevitas  et  suc- 
cessus hostium  impediebat,  his  difficul- 
tatibus duae  res  erant  subsidio,  scientia 
atque  usus  militum,  quod  superioribus 
proeliis  exercitati  quid  fieri  oporteret, 
non  minus  commode  ipsi  sibi  praescri- 

19.  2 dimenso,  A & G.  135,  b\  II.  231,  2.  3 adverso  colle , A & G.  258,  i/; 

G 387  : H.  431. 

20.  1 tuba.  Introii.  No.  104.  2 paulo  longius , A.  & G.  93,  a-,  G.  312,  2; 

II.  44.  3 milites  cohortandi,  Introd.  No.  125,  1)  e. 


COMM.  II.  20-21. 


129 


bere,  quam  ab  aliis  doceri  poterant,  et  quod  ab  opere  singu- 
lisque  legionibus  singulos  legatos  Caesar  discedere  nisi  munitis 
castris  vetuerat,  hi  propter  propinquitatem  et  celeritatem  hos- 
tium i nihil  iam  Caesaris  imperium  exspectabant,  sed  per  se,  quae 
videbantur,  administrabant.  5 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  gerundive  construction.  (2.)  The  significations  of  the  comparative. 

(3.)  Distributive  numerals.  (4.)  The  dative  of  agency. 

21.  Caesar  necessariis  rebus  imperatis,  ad  cohortandos  milites, 
quam  [in]  partem  fors  obtulit,  decucurrit  et  ad  legionem  deci- 
mam devenit,  milites  non  longiore  oratione 
cohortatus,  quam  uti  suae  pristinae  virtutis 
memoriam  1 retinerent  neu  perturbarentur  ani-  io 
mo  hostiumque  impetum  fortiter  sustinerent, 
quod  non  longius  hostes  aberant,  quam  quo 
telum  adici  2 posset,  proelii  committendi  sig- 
num dedit,  atque  in  alteram  partem  item 
cohortandi  causa  profectus  pugnantibus  oc-  15 
currit,  temporis  tanta  fuit  exiguitas  hostium- 
que tam  paratus  ad  dimicandum  animus,  ut 
non  modo  ad  insignia  accommodanda,  sed  etiam  ad  galeas 
induendas  3 scutisque  tegimenta  detrudenda  tempus  defuerit, 
quam  quisque  ab  opere  in  partem  casu  devenit,  quaeque  prima  20 
signa  conspexit,  ad  haec  constitit,  ne  in  quaerendis  suis  pugnandi 
tempus  dimitteret. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  A resuit  clause  with  ut  after  quam.  (2.)  The  dative  after  compounds. 

(3  ) Relative  clause  of  result  after  quam.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  separation. 

20.  4 nihil,  A.  & G 240,  a ; G.  331,  r.  3;  H.  378,  2. 

21.  1 retinerent , A.  & G.  332,  h ; G.  554;  H.  502,  2.  2 posset,  A.  & G. 

320,  c ; G.  313;  H.  502,  2.  3 scutisque  tegimenta  detrudenda,  Introd. 

No.  123,  I,  2)  l. 


scimnr. 


130 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  various  fortune  of  the  battle. 

22.  Instructo  exercitu,  magis  ut  loci  natura  deiectusque  collis 
et  necessitas  temporis,  quam  ut  rei  militaris  ratio  atque  ordo 

postulabat,  cum  diversis  legionibus 
1 aliae  alia  in  parte  hostibus  resiste- 
5 rent,  sepibusque  densissimis,  ut  ante 

demonstravimus,  interiectis  prospectus 
impediretur,  neque  certa  subsidia  col- 

ARIES.  1 ± 

locari  neque,  quid  in  quaque  parte 
opus  esset,  provideri  neque  ab  uno  omnia  imperia  administrari 
:o  poterant.  itaque  in  tanta  rerum  iniquitate  fortunae  quoque 
eventus  varii  sequebantur. 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) The  ablative  absolute.  (2.)  The  idiom  altae  alia.  (3.)  The  indirect 
question. 


23.  Legionis  nonae  et  decimae  milites,  ut  in  sinistra  parte 
:acie  constiterant,  pilis  emissis  cursu  ac  lassitudine  exanimatos 
vulneribusque  confectos  Atrebates  (nam  his  ea  pars  obvenerat) 
15  celeriter  ex  loco  superiore  in  flumen  compulerunt  et  transire 
conantes  insecuti  gladiis  magnam  partem  eorum  impeditam  in- 
terfecerunt. ipsi  transire  flumen  non  dubitaverunt  et  in  locum 
iniquum  progressi  rursus  resistentes  hostes  redintegrato  proelio 
in  fugam  coniecerunt.  item  alia  in  parte  diversae  duae  legiones, 
20  undecima  et  octava,  profligatis  Yiromanduis,  quibuscum  erant 
t congressi,  ex  loco  superiore  in  ipsis  fluminis  ripis  proeliabantur, 
at  totis  fere  a fronte  et  ab  sinistra  parte  nudatis  castris,  cum  in 
dextro  cornu  legio  duodecima  et  non  magno  ab  ea  intervallo 
septima  constitisset,  omnes  Nervii  confertissimo  agmine  duce 

22.  1 aliae  alia , A.  & G.  203,  c ; G.  301);  H.  459,  I. 

23.  i acie,  A.  & G.  74,  a\  G.  09,  m2;  H.  120. 


COMM.  II.  23-24. 


131 


Boduognato  qui  summam  imperii  tenebat,  ad  eum  locum  con- 
tenderunt ; quorum  pars  2 aperto  latere  legiones  circumvenire, 
pars  summum  castrorum  locum  petere  coepit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  position  of  preposition  cum  with  relative  pronouns.  (2)  The  ablative 
of  degree  of  ditfereuce.  (3.)  Two  nouns  in  the  ablative  absolute  construction. 
(4  ) ’the  ablative  of  place. 

24.  Eodem  tempore  equites  nostri  levisque  armaturae  pedites, 
qui  cum  iis  una  fuerant,  quos  primo  hostium  impetu  pulsos 
dixeram,  cum  se  in  castra  reciperent,  adversis  hostibus  occurre- 
bant ac  rursus  aliam  in  partem  fugam  petebant,  et  calones,  qui 
ab  decumana  porta  ac  summo  iugo  collis  nostros  victores  flumen 
transisse  conspexerant,  praedandi  causa  egressi,  cum  respexissent 
et  hostes  in  nostris  castris  versari  vidissent,  praecipites  fugae 
sese  mandabant,  simul  eorum,  qui  cum  impedimentis  veniebant, 
clamor  fremitusque  oriebatur,  1 aliique  aliam  in  partem  perterriti 
ferebantur,  quibus  omnibus  rebus  permoti  equites  Treveri,  quo- 
rum inter  Gallos  virtutis  opinio  est  singularis,  qui  auxilii  causa 
ab  civitate  ad  Caesarem  missi  venerant,  cum  multitudine  hos- 
tium castra  compleri  nostra,  legiones  premi  et  paene  circumven- 
tas teneri,  calones,  equites,  funditores,  Numidas  diversos  dissipa- 
tosque  in  omnes  partes  fugere  vidissent,  desperatis  nostris  rebus 
domum  contenderunt ; Bomanos  pulsos  superatosque,  castris  im- 
pedimentisque eorum  hostes  potitos  civitati  renuntiaverunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Cum  in  temporal  clauses.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  cause.  (3  ) The  idiom  alii 
aliam  in  partem.  (4.)  Agreement  of  a verb  with  compound  subject. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


23.  2 aperto  latere,  Introd.  No.  116. 

24.  1 alii  aliam , A.  & G.  203,  r;  G.  321  ; H.  461,  3. 


132 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


25.  Caesar  ab  decimae  legionis  1 cohortatione  ad  dextrum 
cornu  profectus,  ubi  suos  urgeri  signisque  in  unum  locum  col- 
lutis duodecimae  legionis  confertos  milites  sibi  ipsos  ad  pugnam 
esse  impedimento  vidit,  quartae  cohortis  omnibus  centurionibus 
5 occisis  signiferoque  interfecto,  signo  amisso,  reliquarum  cohortium 
omnibus  fere  centurionibus  aut  vulneratis  aut  occisis,  in  his  2 pri- 
mipilo P.  Sextio  Baculo,  fortissimo  viro,  multis  gravibusque 
vulneribus  confecto,  ut  iam  se  sustinere  non  posset,  reliquos  esse 
tardiores  et  nonnullos  ab  novissimis  deserto  proelio  excedere 
io  ac  tela  vitare,  hostis  neque  a fronte  ex  inferiore  loco  subeuntes 
intermittere  et  ab  utroque  latere  instare  et  rem  esse  in  angusto 
vidit,  neque  ullum  esse  subsidium,  quod  summitti  3 posset,  scuto 
ab  novissimis  uni  i militi  detracto,  quod  ipse  eo  sine  scuto  vene- 
rat, in  primam  aciem  processit  centurionibusque  nominatim  ap- 
is pellatis  reliquos  cohortatus  milites  signa  inferre  et  5 manipulos 
6 laxare  iussit,  quo  facilius  gladiis  uti  possent,  cuius  adventu 
spe  illata  militibus  ac  redintegrato  animo,  cum  pro  se  quisque 
m conspectu  imperatoris  etiam  in  extremis  suis  rebus  operam 
navare  cuperet,  paulum  hostium  impetus  tardatus  est. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  periodic  structure.  (2.)  The  relative  clause  of  characteristic.  (3.)  The 
dative  to  supply  the  place  of  the  ablative  of  separation. 

Labienus  sends  the  tenth  legion  as  a relief  to  the  Homans. 

The  defeat  and  excessive  losses  of  the  Nervii. 

•20  26.  Caesar,  cum  septimam  legionem,  quae  iuxta  constiterat, 

item  urgeri  ab  hoste  vidisset,  tribunos  militum  monuit,  ut  pau- 
latim  sese  legiones  coniungerent  et  1 conversa  signa  in  hostes 

25.  1 'cohortatione,  Tutrod.  No.  125,  1)  e.  2 primipilo,  Introd.  No.  100. 
3 posset,  A.  & G.  320,  «;  G.  633,  634;  II.  503,  1.  4 militi,  A & G.  229; 

G.  344,  R 2;  H.  3S5,  II,  2.  6 manipulos,  Introd.  No.  99.  6 laxare, 

Introd.  No.  114. 

26  1 conversa  signa , A.  & G.  292,  R.  ; G.  671 ; II.  549,  5. 


XTeuf-HIesnil 


• # >>k,. 

:VB-2  gar.u 'j. 

■;■'•  r^"4\  castra 


JZoussf'eres- 


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SgWTW 


NERVIORUM  CLARES 


CAES.BELL.GALL.il,  16-28, 
auctore  A1I>.  v.  Kampcn . 


1 MILIA  PASSUUM 


COMM.  II.  2G-27. 


133 


inferrent.  quo  facto  cum  alius  alii  subsidium  ferret,  neque 
timerent,  ue  aversi  ab  hoste  circumvenirentur,  audacius  resistere  ac 
fortius  pugnare  coeperunt,  interim  milites  legionum  duarum,  quae 
in  novissimo  agmine  praesidio  impedimentis  luerant,  proelio  nun- 
tiato cursu  incitato  in  summo  colle  ab  hostibus  conspiciebantur,  5 
et  T.  Labienus,  castris  hostium  potitus  et  ex  loco  superiore, 
quae  res  in  nostris  castris  gererentur,  conspicatus  decimam  legio- 
nem subsidio  nostris  misit,  qui  cum  ex  equitum  et  calonum 
fuga,  quo  in  loco  res  esset,  quantoque  in  periculo  et  castra  et 
legiones  et  imperator  versaretur,  cognovissent,  nihil  ad  celerita-  10 
tem  sibi  reliqui  fecerunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  predicate  use  of  the  participle.  (2.)  The  indirect  question.  (3)  The 
partitive  genitive. 

27.  Horum  adventu  tanta  rerum  commutatio  est  facta,  ut  nostri 
etiam  qui  vulneribus  confecti  procubuissent,  scutis  innixi  proe- 
lium redintegrarent,  tum  calones  perterritos  hostes  conspicati 
etiam  inermes  armatis  occurrerent,  equites  vero,  ut  turpitudinem  15 
fugae  virtute  delerent,  omnibus  in  locis  pugnarent,  1 quo  se  legio- 
nariis militibus  praeferrent.  at  hostes  etiam  in  extrema  spe 
salutis  tantam  virtutem  praestiterunt,  ut,  cnm  primi  eorum  ceci- 
dissent, proximi  iacentibus  insisterent  atque  ex  eorum  corpori- 
bus pugnarent ; Ilis  deiectis  et  coacervatis  cadaveribus,  qui  20 
superessent,  ut  ex  tumulo  tela  in  nostros  conicerent  et  pila  in- 
tercepta remitterent  : ut  non  nequiquam  tantae  virtutis  homines 
iudicari  deberet  ausos  esse  transire  latissimum  flumen,  ascendere 
altissimas  ripas,  subire  iniquissimum  locum  ; quae  facilia  ex 
difficillimis  animi  magnitudo  redegerat.  21 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  locative  ablative.  (2.)  clauses  introduced  by  quo.  (3)  The 

dative  with  compounds. 

27.  1 quo — praeferrent.,  A.  & G.  317,  b ; G.  545,  2 ; H.  497,  2. 


134 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


28.  Hoc  proelio  facto  et  prope  ad  internecionem  gente  ac 
nomine  Nerviorum  redacto  maiores  natu,  quos  una  cum  pueris 
mulieribusque  in  aestuaria  ac  paludes  couiectos  dixeramus,  hac 
pugna  nuntiata,  cum  victoribus  nihil  impeditum,  victis  nihil  tu- 

5 tum  arbitrarentur,  omnium,  qui  supererant,  consensu  legatos  ad 
Caesarem  miserunt  seque  ei  dediderunt  et  in  commemoranda 
civitatis  calamitate  ex  DC  ad  tres  senatores,  ex  hominum  mili- 
bus LX  vix  ad  quingentos,  qui  arma  ferre  1 possent,  sese  redac- 
tos esse  dixerunt,  quos  Caesar,  ut  in  miseros  cie  supplices  usus 
io  misericordia  videretur,  diligentissime  conservavit  suisque  finibus 
atque  oppidis  uti  iussit  et  finitimis  imperavit,  ut  ab  iniuria  et 
maleficio  se  suosque  prohiberent. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  maiores  nata.  (2.)  The  ablative  absolute.  (3.)  The  gerundive 
construction. 

The  Aduatuci  withdraw  io  a,  town  fortified  by  nature. 

29.  Aduatuci,  de  quibus  supra  scripsimus,  cum  omnibus  copiis 
auxilio  Nerviis  venirent,  hac  pugna  nuntiata  ex  itinere  domum 

15  reverterunt  ; cunctis  oppidis  castellisque  desertis  sua  omnia  in 
unum  oppidum  egregie  natura  munitum  contulerunt,  quod  cum 
ex  omnibus  in  circuitu  partibus  altissimas  rupes  despectusque 
haberet,  una  ex  parte  leniter  acclivis  aditus  in  latitudinem  non 
amplius  ducentorum  pedum  relinquebatur;  quem  locum  duplici 
20  altissimo  muro  munierant : tum  1 magni  ponderis  saxa  et  prae- 
acutas trabes  in  muro  collocabant,  ipsi  erant  ex  Cimbris  Teu- 
tonisque  prognati,  qui,  cum  iter  in  provinciam  nostram  atque 
Italiam  facerent,  iis  impedimentis,  quae  secum  agere  ac  portare 
non  poterant,  citra  flumen  Rhenum  depositis  custodiam  ex  suis 
25  ac  praesidium  sex  milia  hominum  una  reliquerunt,  hi  post 

28.  1 possent,  A.  & G.  336,  2 ; G-  653 ; H.  524. 

29.  1 magni  ponderis,  A.  & G 215,  b\  G.  364;  H.  396,  V. 


METER 


iithcrt 


'wm 

castellum 


wm, mm 


Pte.  Wanzq : 


castellum 


ante 


oppidum 

Aduatucorum 

Mont  Falli  ize 


caste  1 1 


m H 


ADUATUCORUM  OPPIDUM  lib.  II.  29-33. 


COMM.  II.  29-31 


135 


eorum  obitum  multos  annos  a finitimis  exagitati,  cum  alias  bel- 
lum inferrent,  alias  illatum  defenderent,  consensu  eorum  omnium 
pace  facta  hunc  sibi  domicilio  locum  delegerunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  accompaniment.  (2.)  The  two  possible  constructions  after 

amplius.  (3.)  The  genitive  of  measure.  (4.)  The  dative  of  purpose. 


They  show  contempt  for  the  Homan  engineering . 

30.  Ac  primo  adventu  exercitus  nostri  crebras  ex  oppido 
excursiones  faciebant  parvulisque  proeliis  cum  nostris  contende-  5 
bant;  postea  vallo  pedum  XII,  in  circuitu  XV  milium  crebnsque 
castellis  circummuniti  oppido  sese  continebant.  ubi  vineis  actis 
aggere  exstructo  turrim  procul  constitui  viderunt,  primum  irri- 
dere ex  muro  atque  increpitare  vocibus,  quod  tanta  machinatio 
ab  tanto  spatio  instrueretur : quibusnam  manibus  aut  quibus  10 
viribus  praesertim  homines  tantulae  staturae  (nam  plerumque 
hominibus  Gallis  prae  magnitudine  corporum  suorum  brevitas 
nostra  1 contemptui  est)  tanti  oneris  turrim  moturos  sese 
confiderent  ? 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  in  ab  tanta  spatio.  (2.)  The  dative  of  service.  (3.)  The 
genitive  of  quality. 

They  pretend,  to  submit,  to  the  Romans. 

31.  Ubi  vero  moveri  et  appropinquare  moenibus  viderunt,  15 
nova  atque  inusitata  specie  commoti  legatos  ad  Caesarem  de 
pace  miserunt,  qui  ad  hunc  modum  locuti  : non  existimare  Ro- 
manos sine  ope  divina  bellum  gerere,  qui  tantae  altitudinis 
machinationes  tanta  celeritate  promovere  1 possent,  se  suaque 

30.  1 contemptui , A.  & G.  233,  n.  1 ; G.  350  ; H 390. 

31.  1 possent,  A.  & G.  320,  e ; G.  636  ; H.  517. 


136 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


oinnia  eorum  potestati  permittere  dixerunt.  unum  petere  ac 
deprecari  : si  forte  pro  sua  clementia  ac  mansuetudine,  quam 
ipsi  ab  aliis  audirent,  statuisset  Aduatucos  esse  conservandos,  ne 
se  armis  2 despoliaret,  sibi  omnes  fere  finitimos  esse  inimicos  ac 
5 suae  virtuti  invidere  ; a quibus  se  defendere  traditis  armis  non 
possent,  sibi  praestare,  si  in  eum  casum  deducerentur,  quamvis 
fortunam  a populo  Romano  pati,  quam  ab  his  per  cruciatum 
interfici,  inter  quos  dominari  consuessent. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) Relative  clause  expressing  cause.  (2.)  The  imperative  in  indirect  discourse. 
(3.)  Omitted  subjects  of  infinitives. 

Caesar  receives  them  into  surrender.  They  treacherously  attack 
the  Romans,  but  many  are  cut  to  pieces  and  the  rest  reduced 
to  slavery. 

32.  Ad  liaec  Caesar  respondit  : se  magis  consuetudine  sua 
io  quam  merito  eorum  civitatem  conservaturum,  si  prius,  quam 
aries  murum  attigisset,  se  dedidissent : sed  deditionis  nullam 
esse  condicionem  nisi  armis  traditis,  se  id,  quod  in  Nerviis 
fecisset,  facturum  finitimisque  imperaturum,  ne  quam  dediticiis 
populi  Romani  iniuriam  inferrent.  re  nuntiata  ad  suos,  quae 
15  imperarentur,  facere  dixerunt,  armorum  magna  multitudine  de 
muro  in  fossam,  quae  erat  ante  oppidum,  iacta,  sic  ut  prope 
summam  muri  aggerisque  altitudinem  acervi  armorum  adaequa- 
rent, et  tamen  circiter  parte  tertia,  ut  postea  perspectum  est, 
celata  atque  in  oppido  retenta  portis  patefactis  eo  die  pace 
20  sunt  usi. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  future  perfect  iu  the  indirect  discourse  (2.)  Subjunctive  of  result. 
(3.)  Construction  after  utor. 

31.  2 despoliaret,  A.  & G.  339  ; G.  655  ; H.  523,  III. 


COMM.  II.  33-34. 


137 


33.  Sab  vesperum  Caesar  portas  claudi  militesque  ex  oppido 
exire  i ussit,  ne  quam  noctu  oppidani  ab  militibus  iniuriam  acci- 
perent. illi  ante  inito,  ut  intellectum  est,  consilio,  quod  deditione 
facta  nostros  praesidia  deducturos  aut  denique  indiligentius  ser- 
vaturos crediderant,  partim  cum  his,  quae  retinuerant  et  celave-  5 
rant,  armis,  partim  scutis  ex  cortice  factis  aut  viminibus  intextis, 
quae  subito,  ut  temporis  exiguitas  postulabat,  pellibus  induxe- 
rant, tertia  vigilia,  qua  minime  arduus  ad  nostras  munitiones 
ascensus  videbatur,  omnibus  copiis  repentino  ex  oppido  erup- 
tionem fecerunt.  celeriter,  ut  ante  Caesar  imperarat,  ignibus  io 

significatione  facta  ex  proximis  castellis  eo  concursum  est,  pug- 
natumque  ab  hostibus  ita  acriter  est,  ut  a viris  fortibus  in  ex- 
trema spe  salutis  iniquo  loco  contra  eos,  qui  ex  vallo  turribusque 
tela  iacerent,  1 pugnari  debuit,  cum  in  una  virtute  omnis  spes 
salutis  consisteret,  occisis  ad  hominum  milibus  quattuor  reliqui  is 
in  oppidum  reiecti  sunt,  postridie  eius  diei  refractis  portis,  cum 
lam  defenderet  nemo,  atque  intromissis  militibus  nostris,  sectio- 
nem eius  oppidi  universam  Caesar  vendidit,  eb  iis,  qui  emerant, 
capitum  numerus  ad  eum  relatus  est  milium  quinquaginta 
trium.  20 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Sui  with  the  accusative  in  temporal  expressions.  (2.)  The  impersonal  con- 
struction. (3.)  The  present  infinitive  after  a past  tense  of  debeo. 


Mnn>/  maritime  states  are  subdued. 

34.  Eodem  tempore  a Publio  Crasso,  quern  cum  legione  una 
miserat  ad  Venetos,  Venellos,  Osismos,  1 Curiosolitas,  Esubios, 
Aulercos,  Redones,  quae  sunt  maritimae  civitates  Oceanumque 
attingunt,  certior  factus  est  omnes  eas  civitates  in  dicionem  potes- 
tatemque populi  Romani  esse  redactas.  ‘>j 

33.  1 pugnari  debuit , A.  & G.  2S8,  a ; H.  537,  I. 

34.  1 Curiosolitas,  A.  & G.  63,  b ; G.  73  ; H.  68. 


138 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  certior  factus.  (2.)  The  time  indicated  by  the  tenses  of  the 
infinitive. 

The  Germans  send  ambassadors  to  Caesar  on  account  of  the  high 
opinion  of  the  war.  Caesar  returns  to  Italy.  A thanks- 
giving is  decreed  at  Home. 

35.  Ilis  rebus  gestis  omui  Gallia  pacata  tanta  Imius  belli  aci  bar- 
baros opinio  perlata  est,  uti  ab  iis  nationibus,  quae  trans  Rhenum 
incolerent,  mitterentur  legati  ad  Caesarem,  qui  se  obsides  daturas, 
imperata  facturas  pollicerentur,  quas  legationes  Caesar,  quod  in 
5 Italiam  Illyricumque  properabat,  inita  proxima  aestate  ad  se  reverti 
iussit.  ipse  in  Carnutes,  Andes,  Turonesque,  quae  civitates  pro- 
pinquae his  locis  erant,  ubi  bellum  gesserat,  legionibus  in  hiber- 
nacula deductis  in  Italiam  profectus  est.  ob  easque  res  ex  litteris 
Caesaris  dies  quindecim  supplicatio  decreta  est,  quod  ante  id 
io  tempus  accidit  nulli. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  inita  proxima  aestate.  (2.)  The  intensive  pronoun.  (3)  The 
accusative  of  duration  of  time.  (4.)  The  relative  in  agreement  with  the  idea  contained 
in  a clause. 


C.  IULII  CAESARIS 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COMMENTARIUS  TERTIUS. 


1-G.  War  with  the  Alpine  tribes. 

Servius  Galba  is  sent  against  the  Nantuates,  Veragri,  and  the 
Seduni.  Galba  goes  to  winter-quarters  at  Octodurus. 

1.  Cum  in  Italiam  1 proficisceretur 
Caesar,  Servium  Galbam  cum  legione 
duodecima  et  parte  equitatus  in  Nan- 
tuatis, Veragros  Sedunosque  misit, 
qui  ab  finibus  Allobrogum  et  lacu  5 
Lemanno  et  flumine  Rhodano  ad  summas  Alpes  pertinent,  causa 
mittendi  fuit,  quod  iter  per  Alpes,  quo  magno  cum  periculo 
magnisque  cum  portoriis  mercatores  ire  consuerant,  patefieri 
volebat,  huic  permisit,  si  opus  esse  arbitraretur,  uti  in  his  locis 
legionem  hiemandi  causa  collocaret.  Galba  secundis  aliquot  io 
proeliis  factis  castellisque  compluribus  eorum  expugnatis,  missis 
ad  eum  undique  legatis  obsidibusque  datis  et  pace  facta,  con- 
stituit cohortes  duas  in  Nantuatibus  collocare  et  ipse  cum  reli- 
quis eius  legionis  cohortibus  in  vico  Veragrorum,  qui  appellatur 
Octodurus,  hiemare ; qui  vicus  positus  in  valle  non  magna  15 
adiecta  planitie  altissimis  montibus  undique  continetur.  cum 
hic  in  duas  partes  flumine  divideretur,  alteram  partem  eius  vici 


1.  1 proficisceretur,  A.  & G.  325  ; G.  586 ; II.  521,  II,  2. 


140 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Gallis  [ad  hiemandum]  concessit,  alteram  vacuam  ab  illis  relic- 
tam cohortibus  attribuit,  eum  locum  vallo  fossaque  munivit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Cum  introducing  temporal  clauses.  (2.)  The  idiom  summas  Alpes.  (3.) 
The  ablative  absolute.  (4.)  The  conditional  sentence.  (5.)  The  Roman  legion. 

The  Seduni  and  Veragri  form  a design  of  cutting  off  the  legion. 

Galba  calls  a council. 

2.  Cum  dies  hibernorum  complures  transissent  frumentum  que 
eo  comportari  iussisset,  subito  per  exploratores  certior  factus  est 

5 ex  ea  parte  vici,  quam  Gallis  concesserat,  omnes  noctu  discessisse 
montesque,  qui  impenderent,  a maxima  multitudine  Sedunorum  et 
Veragrorum  teneri,  id  aliquot  de  causis  acciderat,  ut  subito  Galli 
belli  renovandi  legionisque  opprimendae  consilium  caperent : pri- 
mum, quod  legionem  neque  eam  plenissimam  detractis  cohortibus 
io  duabus  et  compluribus  cingillatim,  qui  commeatus  petendi  causa 
missi  erant,  [absentibus]  propter  paucitatem  despiciebant;  tum 
etiam,  quod  propter  iniquitatem  loci,  cum  ipsi  ex  montibus  in 
vallem  decurrerent  et  tela  conicerent,  ne  primum  quidem  posse 
impetum  suum  sustineri  existimabant,  accedebat,  quod  suos  ab 
15  se  liberos  abstractos  obsidum  nomine  dolebant  et  Romanos  non 
solum  itinerum  causa,  sed  etiam  perpetuae  possessionis  culmina 
Alpium  occupare  conari  et  ea  loca  finitimae  provinciae  adiungere 
sibi  1 persuasum  habebant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  indirect,  discourse.  (2  ) Substantive  clauses.  (3  ) The  expression 
sibi  persuasion  habebant. 

3.  Ilis  nuntiis  acceptis  Galba,  cum  neque  opus  hibernorum 
20  munitionesque  plene  essent  1 perfectae,  neque  de  frumento  reli- 

2.  1 persuasum  habebant , A.  & G.  292,  r;  G.  230  ; H.  388,  1,  N, 

3.  1 perfectae,  A.  & G.  187,  a ; H.  439, 


COMM.  III.  3-4. 


141 


quoque  commeatu  satis  esset  provisum,  quod  deditione  facta 
obsidibusque  acceptis  nihil  de  bello  timendum  existimaverat, 
consilio  celeriter  convocato  sententias  exquirere  coepit,  quo  in 
consilio,  cum  tantum  repentini  periculi  praeter  opinionem  acci- 
disset, ac  iam  omnia  fere  superiora  loca  multitudine  armatorum 
completa  conspicerentur,  neque  2 subsidio  veniri  neque  commeatus 
supportari  interclusis  itineribus  possent,  prope  iam  desperata 
salute  nonnullae  huiusmodi  sententiae  dicebantur,  ut  impedimen- 
tis relictis  eruptione  facta  isdem  itineribus,  quibus  eo  perve- 
nissent, ad  salutem  contenderent,  maiori  tamen  parti  placuit,  hoc 
reservato  ad  extremum  consilio  interim  rei  eventum  experiri  et 
castra  defendere. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  agreement  of  an  adjective  with  two  nouns  of  different  gender.  (2.)  The 
impersonal  construction.  (3.)  The  dative  of  purpose. 

The  Romans  are  attached.  The  battle  rages  for  six  hours 
without  cessation. 

4.  Brevi  spatio  interiecto,  vix  ut  his  rebus,  quas  1 constituis- 
sent, collocandis  atque  administrandis  tempus  daretur,  hostes  ex 
omnibus  partibus  signo  dato  2 decurrere,  lapides  gaesaque  in 
vallum  conicere.  nostri  primo  integris  viribus  fortiter  repugnare 
neque  ullum  frustra  telum  ex  loco  superiore  mittere,  ut  quaeque 
pars  castrorum  nudata  defensoribus  premi  videbatur,  eo  occurrere 
et  auxilium  ferre,  sed  hoc  superari,  quod  diuturnitate  pugnae 
hostes  defessi  proelio  excedebant,  alii  integris  viribus  succede- 
bant ; quarum  rerum  a nostris  propter  paucitatem  fieri  nihil 
poterat,  ac  non  modo  defesso  ex  pugna  excedendi,  sed  ne  saucio 
quidem  eius  loci,  ubi  constiterat,  relinquendi  ac  sui  recipiendi 
facultas  dabatur. 

3.  2 subsidio,  A.  & G.  233;  G.  350;  H.  3S4,  1,  3 

4.  1 constituissent,  A.  & G.  342  ; G.  631 ; H.  529,  II.  2 decurrere,  A.  & G. 
275  ; G.  650  ; H.  536,  I. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


142 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  subjunctive  by  attraction.  (2.)  The  historical  infinitive.  (3.)  A noun 
and  adjective  in  ablative  absolute  construction. 

5.  Cum  iam  amplius  horis  sex  continenter  1 pugnaretur,  ac  non 
solum  vires,  sed  etiam  tela  nostros  deficerent  atque  hostes  acrius 
instarent  languidioribusque  nostris  vallum  scindere  et  fossas 
complere  coepissent,  resque  esset  iam  ad  extremum  perducta 
5 casum,  Publius  Sextius  Baculus,  pili  primi  centurio,  quem  Ner- 
vico proelio  compluribus  confectum  vulneribus  diximus,  et  item 
Gaius  Volusenus,  tribunus  militum,  vir  et  consilii  magni  et  vir- 
tutis, ad  Galbam  adearrunt  atque  unam  esse  spem  salutis  docent, 
si  eruptione  facta  extremum  auxilium  experirentur,  itaque  con- 
io vocatis  centurionibus  celeriter  milites  certiores  facit,  paulisper 
intermitterent  proelium  ac  tantummodo  tela  missa  exciperent 
seque  ex  labore  reficerent,  post  dato  signo  ex  castris  erumperent 
atque  omnem  spem  salutis  in  virtute  ponerent. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  The  use  of  the  imperfect  tense.  (2.)  The  historical  present.  (3.)  Purpose 
clauses. 


The  enemy  is  defeated  in  a sally.  Galba  hastens  to  return  to 

the  province. 

6.  Quod  iussi  sunt,  faciunt  ac  subito  omnibus  portis  erup- 
ts tione  facta  neque  cognoscendi,  quid  fieret,  neque  1sui  colligendi 
hostibus  facultatem  relinquunt,  ita  commutata  fortuna  eos,  qui 
in  spem  potiundorum  castrorum  venerant,  undique  circumventos 
interficiunt  et  ex  hominum  milibus  amplius  triginta,  quem 
numerum  barbarorum  ad  castra  venisse  constabat,  plus  tertia 

5.  1 pugnaretur , A.  & G.  277,  t>  ; G.  225  ; H.  4G9,  II,  2. 

6.  1 sui  colligendi,  A.  & G.  298,  a ; G.  429,  R.  ; H.  542,  I,  n.  1. 


COMM.  III.  6-7. 


143 


parte  interfecta  relicpios  perterritos  in  fugam  coniciunt  ac  ne  in 
locis  quidem  superioribus  consistere  patiuntur, 
sic  omnibus  hostium  copiis  fusis  2 armisque 
exutis  se  in  castra  munitionesque  suas  reci- 
piunt. quo  proelio  facto,  quod  saepius  fortu-  5 
nam  tentare  Galba  nolebat  atque  alio  se  in 
hiberna  consilio  venisse  meminerat,  aliis  occur- 
risse rebus  viderat,  maxime  frumenti  commeatus- 
que inopia  permotus  postero  die  omnibus  eius 
vici  aedificiis  incensis  in  provinciam  reverti  io 
contendit,  ac  nullo  hoste  prohibente  aut  iter 
demorante  incolumem  legionem  in  Nantuatis,  inde  in  Allobroges 
perduxit  ibique  hiemavit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  gerund  and  gerundive  construction.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  separation. 

(3.)  The  use  of  the  participle.  (4.)  Asyndeton. 


7-16.  War  with  the  Veneti. 

An  unexpected  tear  breaks  out  in  Gaul.  The  Veneti  are  the 

instigators. 

7.  His  rebus  gestis  cum  omnibus  de  causis  Caesar  pacatam 
Galliam  existimaret,  superatis  Belgis,  expulsis  Germanis,  victis  15 
in  Alpibus  Sedunis,  atque  ita  inita  hieme  in  Illyricum  profectus 
esset,  quod  eas  quoque  nationes  adire  et  regiones  cognoscere 
volebat,  subitum  bellum  in  Gallia  coortum  est.  eius  belli  haec 
fuit  causa.  Publius  Crassus  adulescens  cum  legione  septima 
proximus  'mare  Oceanum  in  Andibus  hiemarat.  is,  quod  in  his  20 
locis  inopia  frumenti  erat,  praefectos  tribunosque  militum  com- 

6.  2 armis,  A.  & G.  225,  d\  G.  343;  H.  414,  I. 

7.  1 mare,  A.  & G.  261,  a ; G.  356,  r.  4 ; H.  391,  2. 


144 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


plures  in  finitimas  civitates  frumenti  commeatusque  petendi  causa 
dimisit;  quo  in  numero  erat  Titus  Terrasidius,  missus  in  Esubios, 
Marcus  Trebius  Gallus  in  Curiosolitas,  Quintus  Velanius  cum 
Tito  Silio  in  Venetos. 


Topic  for  Study. 

The  two  possible  constructions  alter  proximus. 


5 8.  H uius  est  civitatis  longe  amplissima  auctoritas  omnis  orae 

maritimae  regionum  earum,  quod  et  naves  habent  Veneti  pluri- 
mas, quibus  in  Britanniam  navigare  consuerunt,  et  scientia  atque 
usu  nauticarum  rerum  reliquos  antecedunt  et  in  magno  impetu 
maris  atque  aperto  paucis  portibus  interiectis,  quos  tenent  ipsi, 
io  omnes  fere,  qui  eo  mari  uti  consuerunt,  habent  vectigales,  ab 
his  fit.  initium  retinendi  Silii  atque  Velanii,  quod  per  eos  suos 
se  obsides,  quos  Crasso  dedissent,  recuperaturos  existimabant, 
horum  auctoritate  finitimi  adducti  (ut  sunt  Gallorum  subita  et 
repentina  consilia)  eadem  de  causa  Trebium  Terrasid i unique  re- 
is tin  cut,  et  celeriter  missis  legatis  per  suos  principes  inter  se 
coniurant,  nihil  nisi  communi  consilio  acturos,  eundeinque  omnis 
fortunae  exitum  esse  laturos,  reliquasque  civitates  sollicitant,  ut 
in  ea  libertate,  quam  a maioribus  1 acceperant,  permanere  quam 
Romanorum  servitutem  perferre  mallent.  omni  ora  maritima 
l>o  celeriter  ad  suam  sententiam  perducta  communem  legationem  ad 
Publium  Crassum  mittunt,  si  velit  suos  recipere,  obsides  sibi 
remittat. 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) Subordinate  clauses  in  indirect  discourse.  (2.)  The  imperative  form  of  speech 
in  indirect  discourse.  (3.)  The  use  of  the  indicative  mood  in  indirect  discourse. 


8.  1 acceperant,  A.  & G.  336,  b ; G.  630  u.  1;  H.  521,  2. 


COMM.  III.  9. 


145 


Caesar  prepares  for  ihe  war.  The  Veneti  iMite  allies  to  them- 
selves. The  motives  that  urged  Caesar  to  the  war. 

9.  Quibus  de  rebus  Caesar  ab  Crasso  certior  factus,  quod  ipse 
aberat  longius,  naves  interim  longas  aedificari  in  flumine  Ligere, 
quod  influit  in  Oceanum,  remiges  ex  provincia  institui,  nautas 
gubernatoresque  comparari ' iubet.  Ilis  rebus  celeriter  adminis- 
tratis ipse,  cum  primum  per  anni  tempus  potuit,  ad  exercitum 
contendit.  Yeneti  reliquaeque  item  civitates  cognito  Caesaris 
adventu,  simul  quod,  quantum  in  se  facinus  admisissent,  intel- 
legebant, legatos,  quod  nomen  ad  omnes  nationes  sanctum  invio- 
latumque  semper  fuisset,  retentos  ab  se  et  in  vincula  coniectos, 
pro  magnitudine  periculi  bellum  parare  et  maxime  ea,  quae  ad 
usum  navium  pertinent,  providere  instituunt,  hoc  maiore  spe, 
quod  multum  natura  loci  confidebant.  pedestria  esse  itinera 
concisa  aestuariis,  navigationem  impeditam  propter  inscientiam 
locorum  paucitatemque  portuum  sciebant,  neque  nostros  exercitus 
propter  frumenti  inopiam  diutius  apud  se  morari  posse  confide- 
bant : ac  iam  1 ut  omnia  contra  opinionem  acciderent,  tamen  se 
plurimum  navibus  posse,  Romanos  neque  ullam  facultatem  habere 
navium,  neque  eorum  locorum,  ubi  bellum  gesturi  essent,  vada, 
portus,  insulas  novisse ; ac  longe  aliam  esse  navigationem  in 
concluso  mari  atque  in  vastissimo  atque  apertissimo  Oceano 
perspiciebant.  his  initis  consiliis  oppida  muniunt,  frumenta  ex 
agris  in  oppida  comportant,  naves  in  Venetiam,  ubi  Caesarem 
primum  esse  bellum  gesturum  constabat,  quam  plurimas  possunt, 
cogunt,  socios  sibi  ad  id  bellum  Osismos,  Lexovios,  Namnetes, 
Ambiliatos,  Morinos,  Diablintres,  Menapios  adsciscunt  ; auxilia  ex 
Britannia,  quae  contra  eas  regiones  posita  est,  arcessunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Ut  with  the  subjunctive  expressing  concession.  (2.)  The  idiom  'plurimum 
posse.  (3.)  The  idiom  a/iam  — atque. 

9.  1 tit  — acciderent,  A.  & G.  266,  c;  G.  610  ; H.  515,  III. 

10 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


146 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


10.  Erant  hae  difficultates  belli  gerendi,  quas  supra  ostendi- 
mus, sed  multa  Caesarem  tamen  ad  id  bellum  incitabant : iniuriae 
1 retentorum  equitum  Romanorum,  rebellio  facta  post  deditionem, 
defectio  datis  obsidibus,  tot  civitatum  conjuratio,  imprimis,  ne 

5 hac  parte  neglecta  reliquae  nationes  sibi  idem  licere  arbitraren- 
tur. itaque  cum  intellegeret  omnes  fere  Gallos  novis  rebus  studere 
et  ad  bellum  mobiliter  celeriterque  excitari,  omnes  autem  homines 
natura  libertati  studere  et  condicionem  servitutis  odisse,  priusquam 
plures  civitates  conspirarent,  partiendum  sibi  ac  latius  distribuen- 
io  dum  exercitum  putavit. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  participle  containing  the  main  idea. 

Labienus  is  sent  to  the  north,  Crassus  into  Aquitania.  Brutus 
is  given  command  of  the  fleet. 

11.  Itaque  Titum  Labienum  legatum  in  Treveros,  qui  proximi 
flumini  Rheno  sunt,  cum  equitatu  mittit,  huic  mandat,  Remos 
reliquosque  Belgas  1 adeat  atque  in  officio  contineat  Germanosque, 
qui  auxilio  a Belgis  arcessiti  dicebantur,  si  per  vim  navibus 

15  flumen  transire  conentur,  prohibeat.  Publium  Crassum  cum  co- 
hortibus legionariis  XII  et  magno  numero  equitatus  in  Aquita- 
niam proficisci  iubet,  ne  ex  his  nationibus  auxilia  in  Galliam 
mittantur  ac  tantae  nationes  coniungantur.  Quintum  Titurium 
Sabinum  legatum  cum  legionibus  tribus  in  Venellos,  Curiosolites 
20  Lexoviosque  mittit,  qui  eam  manum  distinendam  curet,  Deci- 
mum Brutum  adulescentem  classi  Gallicisque  .navibus,  quas  ex 
Pictonibus  et  Santonis  reliquisque  pacatis  regionibus  convenire 
iusserat,  praeficit  et,  cum  primum  posset,  in  Venetos  proficisci 
iubet.  ipse  eo  pedestribus  copiis  contendit. 

10.  1 retentorum  equitum , A.  & G.  292,  a;  G.  667,  e.  2 ; H.  549,  5,  n.  2. 

11.  1 adeat,  A.  & G.  331,/  e.  ; G.  547,  k.  3;  H.  499,  2. 


COMM.  III.  12-1:5. 


147 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  two  possible  constructions  with  proximus.  (2.)  The  omission  of  ut. 

(3.)  The  relative  clause  of  purpose. 

The  advantageous  situation  of  the  towns  of  the  Veneti.  Descrip- 
tion of  their  maritime  power. 

12.  Erant  eiusmodi  fere  situs  oppidorum,  ut  posita  in  extre- 

mis lingulis  promonturiisque  neque  pedibus  aditum  haberent, 
cum  ex  alto  se  aestus  incitavisset,  quod  bis  accidit  semper 
horarum  XXIIII  spatio,  neque  navibus,  quod  rursus  minuente 
aestu  naves  in  vadis  afflictarentur.  ita  utraque  re  oppidorum  5 
oppugnatio  impediebatur ; ac  si  quando  magnitudine  operis  forte 
superati,  extruso  mari  1 aggere  ac  molibus,  atque  his  oppidi 
moenibus  adaequatis,  suis  fortunis  desperare  coeperant,  magno 
numero  navium  appulso,  cuius  rei  summam  facultatem  habebant, 
sua  deportabant  omnia  seque  in  proxima  oppida  recipiebant : io 
ibi  se  rursus  isdem  opportunitatibus  loci  defendebant,  haec  eo 
facilius  magnam  partem  aestatis  faciebant,  quod  nostrae  naves 
tempestatibus  detinebantur,  summaque  erat  2 vasto  atque  aperto 
mari,  magnis  aestibus,  raris  ac  prope  nullis  portibus,  difficultas 
navigandi.  5 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) Hendiadys  (2.)  The  ablative  of  degree  of  difference.  (3  ) A noun  and 
adjective  in  the  ablative  absolute  construction. 

13.  Namque  ipsorum  naves  ad  hunc  modum  factae  armataeque 
erant  : carinae  aliquanto  planiores  quam  nostrarum  navium, 

1 quo  facilius  vada  ac  decessum  aestus  excipere  possent ; prorae 
admodum  erectae  atque  item  puppes  ad  magnitudinem  fluctuum 

12.  1 aggere  ac  molibus , A.  & G.  3S5,  n.  13;  G.  G95  ; H.  636,  III.  2. 

2 vasto  — mari,  A.  & G.  255,  a ; G.  4-08 ; H.  431,  I,  4. 

13.  i quo — possent , A.  & G.  317,  l ; G.  545,  2 ; H.  497,  2. 


148  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

tempestatumque  accommodatae ; naves  totae  factae  ex  robore  ad 
quamvis  vim  et  contumeliam  perferendam;  transtra  pedalibus 
in  altitudinem  trabibus  confixa  clavis  ferreis  digiti  pollicis  cras- 
situdine ; ancorae  pro  funibus  ferreis  catenis  revinctae  ; pelles 
5 pro  velis  alutaeque  tenuiter  confectae,  hae  sive  propter  lini 
inopiam  atque  eius  usus  inscientiam,  sive  eo,  quod  est  magis 
verisimile,  quod  tantas  tempestates  Oceani  tantosque  impetus 
ventorum  sustineri  ac  tanta  onera  navium  regi  velis  non  satis 
commode  posse  arbitrabantur,  cum  bis  navibus  nostrae  2 classi 
io  eiusmodi  congressus  erat,  ut  una  celeritate  et  pulsu  remorum 
praestaret,  reliqua  pro  loci  natura,  pro  vi  tempestatum  illis  essent 
aptiora  et  accommodatiora.  neque  eilim  his  nostrae  rostro 
nocere  poterant  (tanta  in  iis  erat  firmitudo),  neque  propter  alti- 
tudinem facile  telum  adiciebatur  et  eadem  de  causa  minus  com- 
is mode  copulis  continebantur.  accedebat,  ut,  cum  saevire  ventus 
coepisset  et  se  vento  dedissent,  et  tempestatem  ferrent  facilius  et 
in  vadis  consisterent  tutius  et  ab  aestu  relictae  nihil  saxa  et 
cautes  timerent;  quarum  rerum  omnium  nostris  3 navibus  casus 
erat  extimescendus. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  quo  in  final  clauses.  (2.)  The  dative  of  possession.  (3.)  The 
dative  of  agent. 


A naval  engagement.  The  Veneti,  defeated.  The  war 
terminated. 

20  14.  Compluribus  expugnatis  oppidis  Caesar,  ubi  intellexit  Lus- 

tra tantum  laborem  sumi,  neque  hostium  fugam  captis  oppidis 
reprimi  neque  1 iis  noceri  posse,  statuit  exspectandam  classem, 
quae  ubi  convenit  ac  primum  ab  hostibus  visa  est,  circiter  CCXX 

13.  2 classi, A.  & G.  231 ; G.  319  ; Ii.  387-  3 navibus,  A.  & G.  232;  G. 

353  ; Ii.  38S. 

14.  1 iis  noceri , A.  & G.  230 ; G.  208  ; Ii.  384,  5. 


COMM.  III.  14-15. 


149 


naves  eorum  paratissimae  atque  omni  genere  armorum  ornatis- 
simae profectae  ex  portu  nostris  adversae  constiterunt;  neque 
satis  Bruto,  qui  classi  praeerat,  vel  tribunis  militum  centurioni- 
busque, quibus  singulae  naves  erant  attributae,  constabat,  quid 
agerent  aut  quam  rationem  pugnae  insisterent,  rostro  enim 
noceri  non  posse  cognoverant;  turribus  autem  excitatis  tamen 
lias  altitudo  puppium  ex  barbaris  navibus  superabat,  ut  neque  ex 
inferiore  loco  satis  commode  tela  adiei  possent  et  missa  ab  Gallis 
gravius  acciderent,  una  erat  magno  usui  res  praeparata  a nos- 
tris, falces  praeacutae  insertae  affixaeque  longuriis,  non  absimili 
forma  muralium  falcium.  Ilis  cum  lunes,  qui  antemnas  ad 
malos  destinabant,  comprehensi  adductique  erant,  navigio  retnis 
incitato  praerumpebantur.  quibus  abscisis  antemnae  necessario 
concidebant,  ut,  cum  omnis  Gallicis  2 navibus  spes  in  velis  arma- 
mentisque consisteret,  his  ereptis  omnis  usus  navium  uno  tem- 
pore eriperetur,  reliquum  erat  certamen  positum  in  virtute,  qua 
nostri  milites  facile  superabant,  atque  eo  magis,  quod  in  con- 
spectu Caesaris  atque  omnis  exercitus  res  gerebatur,  ut  nullum 
paulo  fortius  factum  latere  posset ; omnes  enim  colles  ac  loca 
superiora,  unde  erat  propinquus  despectus  in  mare,  ab  exercitu 
tenebantur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs.  (2.)  The  dative  of  purpose.  (3.)  The 
dative  of  reference.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  degree  of  reference. 

15.  Disiectis,  ut  diximus,  antemnis,  cum  singulas  binae  ac 
ternae  naves  circumsteterant,  milites  summa  vi  transcendere  m 
hostium  naves  contendebant.  quod  postquam  barbari  fieri  ani- 
madverterunt, expugnatis  compluribus  navibus,  cum  ei  rei  nullum 
reperiretur  auxilium,  fuga  salutem  petere  contenderunt,  ac  iam 
conversis  in  eam  partem  navibus,  quo  ventus  ferebat,  tanta  subito 

14  2 navibus , A.  & G.  235  ; G.  343  ; H.  3S4,  II,  4,  n.  2. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


150 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


malacia  ac  tranquillitas  exstitit,  ut  se  ex  loco  commovere  non 
possent,  (piae  quidem  res  ad  negotium  conficiendum  maxime 
fuit  opportuna  : nam  singulas  nostri  consectati  ex- 
pugnaverunt, ut  perpaucae  ex  omni  numero  noctis 
interventu  ad  terram  pervenerint,  cum  ab  hora  fere 
quarta  usque  ad  solis  occasum  pugnaretur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Distributives.  (2.)  The  use  of  the  imperfect  tense. 

16.  Quo  proelio  bellum  Venetorum  totiusque  orae 
maritimae  confectum  est.  nam  1 cum  omnis  iuventus, 
omnes  etiam  gravioris  aetatis,  in  quibus  aliquid  con- 
silii aut  dignitatis  fuit,  eo  convenerant,  tum  navium 
quod  ubique  fuerat  in  unum  locum  coegerant ; 
quibus  amissis  reliqui  neque  quo  se  reciperent, 
neque  quemadmodum  oppida  defenderent,  habebant, 
itaque  se  suaque  omnia  Caesari  dediderunt,  in  suos  eo  gravius 
15  Caesar  vindicandum  statuit,  quo  diligentius  in  reliquum  tempus 
a barbaris  ius  legatorum  conservaretur.  itaque  omni  senatu 
necato  reliquos  sub  corona  vendidit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Correlatives.  (2.)  The  partitive  genitive. 

17-19.  War  with  the  Venelli. 

Q.  Titurius  Sabinus  by  stratagems  defeats  the  Venelli. 

17.  D um  haec  in  Venetis  1 geruntur,  Quintus  Titurius  Sabinus 
cum  iis  copiis,  quas  a Caesare  acceperat,  in  fines  Venellorum 
20  pervenit,  his  praeerat  Viridovix  ac  summam  imperii  tenebat 
earum  omnium  civitatum,  quae  defecerant,  ex  quibus  exercitum 

16.  1 cum  — tum,  A.  & G.  155,  a;  G.  589;  H.  554,  I,  5. 

17.  1 geruntur,  A.  & G.  276,  e;  G.  220,  li. ; H.  467,  III,  4. 


GLADIUS. 


COMM.  III.  17-18 


151 


magnasque  copias  coegerat  ; atque  his  paucis  diebus  Aulerci 
Eburovices  Lexoviique  senatu  suo  interfecto,  quod  auctores  belli 
esse  nolebant,  portas  clauserunt  seque  cum  Viridovice  coniunxe- 
runt ; magnaque  praeterea  multitudo  undique  ex  Gallia  perdito- 
rum hominum  latronumque  convenerat,  quos  spes  praedandi 
studiumque  bellandi  ab  agricultura  et  cotidiano  labore  revocabat. 
Sabinus  idoneo  omnibus  rebus  loco  castris  sese  tenebat,  cum 
Yiridovix  contra  eum  duum  milium  spatio  consedisset  cotidieque 
productis  copiis  pugnandi  potestatem  faceret,  ut  iam  non  solum 
2 hostibus  in  contemptionem  Sabinus  veniret,  sed  etiam  nostro- 
rum militum  vocibus  nonnihil  carperetur  ; tantamque  opinionem 
timoris  praebuit,  ut  iam  ad  vallum  castrorum  hostes  accedere 
auderent,  id  ea  de  causa  faciebat,  quod  cum  tanta  multitudine 
hostium,  praesertim  eo  absente,  qui  summam  imperii  teneret,  nisi 
aequo  loco  aut  opportunitate  aliqua  data  legato  dimicandum  non 
existimabat. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1 ) Dum  with  the  present  indicative.  (2.)  The  dative  of  reference.  (2.)  The 
adverbial  accusative.  (4)  The  dependent  clause  in  indirect  discourse. 

18.  H ac  confirmata  opinione  timoris  idoneum  quendam  homi- 
nem et  callidum  delegit,  Gallum,  ex  iis,  quos  auxilii  causa  secum 
habebat,  huic  magnis  praemiis  pollicitationibusque  persuadet, 
uti  ad  hostes  transeat  et,  qui  fieri  velit,  edocet,  qui  ubi  pro 
perfuga  ad  eos  venit,  timorem  Romanorum  proponit,  quibus 
angustiis  ipse  Caesar  a Venetis  prematur,  docet,  neque  longius 
abesse,  quin  proxima  nocte  Sabinus  clam  ex  castris  exercitum 
educat  et  ad  Caesarem  auxilii  ferendi  causa  proficiscatur,  quod 
ubi  auditum  est,  conclamant  omnes  occasionem  negotii  bene 
gerendi  amittendam  non  esse,  ad  castra  iri  oportere,  multae  res 
ad  hoc  consilium  Gallos  hortabantur  : superiorum  dierum  Sabini 
cunctatio,  perfugae  confirmatio,  inopia  cibariorum,  cui  rei  parum 

17.  2 hostibus , A.  & G.  235,  a ; G 343;  H.  384,  II,  4,  x.  2. 


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10 

15 

20 

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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


diligenter  ab  iis  erat  provisum,  spes  Venetici  belli  et  quod  fere 
libenter  homines  id,  quod  volunt,  credunt,  his  rebus  adducti 
non  prius  Viridovicem  reliquosque  duces  ex  concilio  dimittunt, 
quam  ab  his  1 sit  concessum,  arma  uti  capiant  et  ad  castra  con- 
5 tendant,  qua  re  concessa  2 laeti,  ut  explorata  victoria,  sarmentis 
virgultisque  collectis,  quibus  fossas  Romanorum  compleant,  ad 
castra  pergunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Indirect  question.  (2.)  The  impersonal  construction  (3  ) Prius  quam 
with  the  subjunctive.  (4.)  The  use  of  the  ablative  absolute. 

19.  1 jocus  erat  castrorum  editus  et  paulatim  ab  imo  acclivis 
circiter  passus  mille,  huc  magno  cursu  contenderunt,  ut  quam 
io  minimum  spatii  ad  se  colligendos  armandosque  Romanis  daretur, 
exanimatique  pervenerunt.  Sabinus  suos  hortatus  cupientibus 
signum  dat.  impeditis  hostibus  propter  ea,  quae  ferebant,  onera 
subito  duabus  portis  eruptionem  fieri  inbet.  factum  est  oppor- 
tunitate loci,  hostium  inscientia  ac  defatigatione,  virtute  militum 
15  et  superiorum  pugnarum  exercitatione,  ut  ne  unum  quidem  nos- 
trorum impetum  ferrent  ac  statim  terga  verterent,  quos  impe- 
ditos integris  viribus  milites  nostri  consecuti  magnum  numerum 
eorum  occiderunt  ; reliquos  equites  consectati  paucos,  qui  ex 
fuga  evaserant,  reliquerunt.  sic  uno  tempore  et  de  navali 
20  pugna  Sabinus  et  de  Sabini  victoria  Caesar  certior  factus  est, 
civitatesque  omnes  se  statim  Titurio  dediderunt.  nam  ut  ad 
bella  suscipienda  Gallorum  alacer  ac  promptus  est  animus,  sic 
mollis  ac  minime  resistens  ad  calamitates  perferendas  mens 
eorum  est. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  various  uses  of  the  genitive. 

18.  1 sit  concessum,  A.  & G 327  ; G.  579  ; II  520,  I,  2.  'l  lueli , A.  & G. 
191  ; G.  324,  K.  G;  H.  443 


COMM  III.  20-21. 


153 


20-27.  Expedition  of  Crassus  into  Aquitania. 

Crassus  defeats  the  Sontiates.  The,  “ Soldurii.” 

20.  Eodem  fere  tempore  P.  Crassus,  cum  in  Aquitaniam  per- 
venisset, quae  pars,  ut  ante  dictum  est,  et  regionum  latitudine 
et  multitudine  hominum  ex  tertia  parte  Gallia  est  aestimanda, 
cum  intellegeret  in  iis  locis  sibi  bellum  gerendum,  ubi  1 paucis 
ante  annis  L.  Valerius  Praeconius  legatus  exercitu  pulso  inter- 
fectus esset,  atque  unde  L.  Mallius  proconsul  impedimentis 
amissis  profugisset,  non  mediocrem  sibi  diligentiam  adhibendam 
intellegebat,  itaque  re  frumentaria  provisa,  auxiliis  equitatuque 
comparato,  multis  praeterea  viris  fortibus  Tolosa  et  Narbone, 
quae  sunt  civitates  Galliae  provinciae  finitimae  his  regionibus, 
nominatim  evocatis  in  Sontiatum  fines  exercitum  introduxit, 
cuius  adventu  cognito  Sontiates  magnis  copiis  coactis  equitatu- 
que,  quo  plurimum  valebant,  in  itinere  agmen  nostrum  adorti 
primum  equestre  proelium  commiserunt,  deinde  equitatu  suo 
pulso  atque  insequentibus  nostris  subito  pedestres  copias,  quas 
in  convalle  in  insidiis  collocaverant,  ostenderunt,  hi  nostros 
disiectos  adorti  proelium  renovarunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  of  degree  of  difference.  (2.)  The  dative  after  adjectives. 

21.  Pugnatum  est  diu  atque  acriter,  cum  Sontiates  superioribus 
victoriis  freti  in  sua  virtute  totius  Aquitaniae  salutem  positam 
putarent,  nostri  autem,  quid  sine  imperatore  et  sine  reliquis  legio- 
nibus adulescentulo  duce  efficere  possent,  perspici  cuperent  : 
tandem  confecti  vulneribus  hostes  terga  verterunt.  quorum 
magno  numero  interfecto  Crassus  ex  itinere  oppidum  Sontiatum 
oppugnare  coepit,  quibus  fortiter  resistentibus  vineas  turresque 
egit,  illi  alias  eruptione  temptata,  alias  cuniculis  ad  aggerem 

20  1 paucis  ante  annis,  A.  & G-  259,  d ; G 400,  r.  3 ; H 430 


5 

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20 

25 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


vineasque  actis,  cuius  rei  sunt  longe  peritissimi  Aquitani,  prop- 
tcrea  quod  inultis  locis  apud  eos  1 aerariae  secturaeque  suut,  ubi 
diligentia  nostrorum  nihil  his  rebus  profici  posse  intellexerunt, 
legatos  ad  Crassum  mittunt  seque  in  deditionem  ut  recipiat, 
5 petunt,  qua  re  impetrata  arma  tradere  iussi  faciunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Cum  with  the  subjunctive.  (2.)  Description  of  the  vineae  and  turres. 
(3.)  The  idiom  alias  — alias.  (4.)  Hendiadys. 

22.  Atque  in  ea  re  omnium  nostrorum  intentis  animis  alia  ex 
parte  oppidi  Addatunnus,  qui  summam  imperii  tenebat,  cum 
sexcentis  devotis,  quos  illi  1 soldurios  appellant,  quorum  haec 
est  condicio,  uti  omnibus  in  vita  commodis  una  cum  his  fruan- 
10  tur,  quorum  se  amicitiae  dediderint,  si  quid  iis  per  vim  accidat, 
aut  eundem  casum  una  ferant  aut  sibi  mortem  consciscant ; 
neque  adhuc  hominum  memoria  repertus  est  quisquam,  qui  eo 
interfecto,  cuius  se  amicitiae  2 devovisset,  mortem  recusaret : cum 
his  Adiatunnus  eruptionem  facere  conatus  clamore  ab  ea  parte 
15  munitionis  sublato,  cum  ad  arma  milites  concurrissent  vehemen- 
terque  ibi  pugnatum  esset,  repulsus  in  oppidum,  tamen,  uti 
eadem  deditionis  condicione  uteretur,  ab  Crasso  impetravit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  mortem  consciscant.  (2.)  The  relative  clause  of  characteristic. 
(3.)  The  subjunctive  by  attraction. 

Crassus  advances  against  the  Vocates  and  Tarusates.  He  invites 
the  enemy  to  battle.  They  decline. 

23  Armis  obsidibusque  acceptis  Crassus  in  fines  Vocatium  et 
Tarusatium  profectus  est.  tum  vero  barbari  commoti,  quod 
20  oppidum  et  natura  loci  et  manu  munitum  paucis  diebus,  quibus 

21.  1 aerariae  secturaeque , A.  & G.  385,  no.  13;  G.  695  ; H.  636,  III,  2. 

22.  1 soldani,  lntrod.  No.  60.  2 devovisset,  A.  & G.  342  ; G.  631 , H. 

529,  II. 


COMM.  III.  23-24. 


155 


eo  Ventum  erat,  expugnatum  cognoverant,  legatos  quoqueversum 
dimittere,  coniurare,  oblides  inter  se  dare,  copias  parare  coepe- 
runt. mittuntur  etiam  ad  eas  civitates  legati,  quae  sunt  citerioris 
Hispaniae,  finitimae  Aquitaniae  : inde  auxilia  ducesque  arcessun- 
tur. quorum  adventu  magna  cum  auctoritate  et  magna  cum  5 
hominum  multitudine  bellum  gerere  conantur,  duces  vero  ii 
deliguntur,  qui  una  cum  Q.  Sertorio  omnes  annos  fuerant  sum- 
mamque scientiam  rei  militaris  habere  existimabantur,  hi  con- 
suetudine populi  Homan  i loca  capere,  castra  munire,  commeatibus 
nostros  intercludere  instituunt,  quod  ubi  Crassus  animadvertit,  10 
suas  copias  propter  exiguitatem  non  facile  diduci,  hostem  et 
vagari  et  vias  obsidere  et  castris  satis  praesidii  relinquere,  ob 
eam  causam  minus  commode  frumentum  commeatumque  sibi  sup- 
portari, in  dies  hostium  numerum  augeri,  non  cunctandum  exis- 
timavit, quin  pugna  decertaret,  hac  re  ad  consilium  delata,  ubi  15 
omnes  idem  sentire  intellexit,  posterum  diem  pugnae  constituit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  predicate  genitive  of  possession.  (2.)  The  relative  taking  the  place  of 
a demonstrative  pronoun  and  a conjunction.  (3.)  The  impersonal  construction. 


24.  Prima  luce  productis  omnibus  copiis  1 duplici  acie 
instituta,  auxiliis  in  mediam  aciem  coniectis,  quid  hostes 
consilii  caperent,  exspectabat,  illi,  etsi  propter  multitu- 
dinem et  veterem  belli  gloriam  paucitatemque  nostrorum  20 
se  tuto  dimicaturos  existimabant,  tamen  tutius  esse  arbi- 
trabantur obsessis  viis  commeatu  intercluso  sine  ullo 


vulnere  victoria  potiri  et,  si  propter  inopiam  rei  frumen- 
i;  tariae  Romani  sese  recipere  coepissent,  2 impeditos  in 

agmine  et  sub  sarcin.s  3 infirmiore  animo  adoriri  cogita- 25 
, | , bant,  hoc  consilio  probato  ab  ducibus  productis  R<>- 

tuba.  manorum  copiis  sese  castris  tenebant,  hac  re  perspecta 


24.  1 duplici  acie,  Introd.  No.  125,  1 1 a.  2 impeditos,  Introd.  No.  60. 
s infirmiore  animo,  A.  & G.  179  ; G.  402  ; H.  419,  II. 


156 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Crassus,  cum  sua  cunctatione  atque  opinione  timoris  hostes  rtos- 
tros  milites  alacriores  ad  pugnandum  effecissent,  atque  omnium 
voces  audirentur,  exspectari  diutius  non  oportere,  quin  ad  castra 
iretur,  cohortatus  suos  omnibus  cupientibus  ad  hostium  castra 
5 contendit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  uses  of  the  participle.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  quality.  (3.)  The  partitive 
genitive. 

Crassus  attacks  the  enemy  in  tlieir  camp  and  is  victorious.  The 
greater  part  of  Arpiitania  surrenders  to  Crassus. 

25.  Ibi  cum  alii  fossas  complerent,  alii  multis  telis  coniectis 
defensores  vallo  munitionibusque  depellerent,  auxiliaresque,  qui- 
bus ad  pugnam  non  multum  Crassus  confidebat,  lapidibus  telisque 
subministrandis  et  ad  aggerem  cespitibus  comportandis  speciem 
io  atque  opinionem  pugnantium  praeberent,  cum  item  ab  hostibus 
constanter  ac  non  timide  pugnaretur  telaque  ex  loco  superiore 
missa  non  frustra  acciderent,  equites  circumitis  hostium  castris 
Crasso  renuntiaverunt  non  eadem  esse  diligentia  ab  1 decumana 
porta  castra  munita  facilemque  aditum  habere. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  alii  — alii.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  separation.  (3.)  Position  of  the 
decumana  porta. 

15  26.  Crassus  equitum  praefectos  cohortatus,  ut  magnis  praemiis 

pollicitationibusque  suos  excitarent,  quid  fieri  velit,  ostendit,  illi, 
ut  erat  imperatum,  eductis  iis  cohortibus,  quae  praesidio  castris 
relictae  intritae  ab  labore  erant,  et  longiore  itinere  circumductis, 
ne  ex  hostium  castris  conspici  possent,  omnium  oculis  mentibus- 
20  que  ad  pugnam  intentis  celeriter  ad  ens,  quas  diximus,  muni- 
tiones pervenerunt  atque  his  prorutis  prius  in  hostium  castris 


25.  1 decumana  porta.  Introd.  No.  121. 


COMM.  III.  26-28. 


157 


constiterunt,  quam  plane  ab  his  videri  aut,  quid  rei  gereretur, 
cognosci  1 posset,  tum  vero  clamore  ab  ea  parte  audito  nostri 
redintegratis  viribus,  quod  plerumque  in  spe  victoriae  accidere 
consuevit,  acrius  impugnare  coeperant,  hostes  undique  circum- 
venti desperatis  omnibus  rebus  se  per  munitiones  deicere  et  fuga 
salutem  petere  intenderunt,  quos  equitatus  apertissimis  campis 
consectatus  ex  milium  L numero,  quae  ex  Aquitania  Cantabris- 
que convenisse  constabat,  vix  quarta  parte  relicta  multa  nocte  se 
in  castra  recepit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Prius  quam  with  the  subjunctive.  (2.)  The  idiom  multa  nocte. 

27.  Hac  audita  pugna  maxima  pars  Aquitaniae  sese  Crasso 
dedidit  obsidesque  ultro  misit ; quo  in  numero  fuerunt  Tarbelli, 
Bigerriones,  Ptianii,  Vocates,  Tarusates,  Elusates,  Gates,  Ausci, 
Garumni,  Sibuzates,  Cocosates,  paucae  ultimae  nationes  anili 
tempore  confisae,  quod  hiems  suberat,  hoc  facere  neglexerunt. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  semi-depouent  verb. 

28-29.  Expedition  of  Caesae,  against  the  Morini 
and  the  Menapii. 

Caesar  advances  against  the  Morini  and  Menapii , who  are 
defeated  with  great  loss. 

28.  Eodem  fere  tempore.  Caesar,  etsi  prope  exacta  iam  aestas 
erat,  tamen,  quod  omni  Gallia  pacata  Morini  Menapiique  supere- 
rant, qui  in  armis  essent  neque  ad  eum  umquam  legatos  de  pace 
misissent,  arbitratus  id  bellum  celeriter  confici  posse,  eo  exerci- 
tum adduxit ; qui  longe  1 alia  ratione  ac  reliqui  Galli  bellum 
gerere  coeperunt.  nam  quod  intellegebant  maximas  nationes, 

26.  1 posset,  A.  & G.  327;  G.  579  ; H.  520. 

28.  1 alia  — ac,  A.  & G.  156,  a\  G.  616;  II.  459,  2. 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


quae  proelio  contendissent,  pulsas  superatasque  esse,  contineu- 
tesque  silvas  ac  paludes  habebant,  eo  se  suaque  omnia  contule- 
runt. ad  quarum  initium  silvarum  cum  Caesar  pervenisset 
castraque  munire  instituisset,  neque  hostis  interim  visus  esset, 
5 dispersis  in  opere  nostris  subito  ex  omnibus  partibus  silvae 
evolaverunt  et  in  nostros  impetum  fecerunt.  nostri  celeriter 
arma  ceperunt  eosque  in  silvas  repulerunt  et  compluribus  in- 
terfectis longius  impeditioribus  locis  secuti  paucos  ex  suis 
deperdiderunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) The  idiom  longe  alia,  — ac.  (2.)  Cum  with  the  subjunctive.  (3.)  The 
signification  of  the  comparative  degree. 


The  complete  subjugation  prevented  by  the  inclemency  of  the 
season.  Caesar  leads  Ids  army  into  winter-quarters. 

io  29.  Reliquis  deinceps  diebus  Caesar  silvas  caedere  instituit, 
et  ne  quis  inermibus  imprudentibusque  militibus  ab  latere  im- 
petus fieri  posset,  omnem  earn  materiam,  quae  erat  caesa,  con- 
versam ad  hostem  collocabat  et  pro  vallo  ad  utrumque  latus 
exstruebat,  incredibili  celeritate  magno  spatio  paucis  diebus 
1 5 confecto,  cum  iam  pecus  atque  extrema  impedimenta  ab  nostris 
tenerentur,  ipsi  densiores  silvas  peterent,  eiusmodi  sunt  tempes- 
tates consecutae,  uti  opus  necessario  intermitteretur  et  continua- 
tione imbrium  diutius  sub  pellibus  milites  contineri  non  pos- 
sent. itaque  vastatis  omnibus  eorum  agris,  vicis  aedificiisque 
: o incensis,  Caesar  exercitum  reduxit  et  in  Aulercis  Lexoviisque, 
reliquis  item  civitatibus,  quae  proxime  bellum  fecerant,  in  hibernis 
collocavit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  ablative  absolute.  (2.)  The  subjunctive  of  resuit. 


C.  IULII  CAESARIS 

DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COMMENTARIUS  QUARTUS. 


1-15.  War  with  the  Usipetes  and  the  Tenchtheri. 

The  Usipetes  and  Tenchtheri,  disturbed  by  the  Suebi,  cross  over 
into  Gaul.  Description  of  the  Suebi. 

1.  Ea,  quae  secuta  est,  hieme,  2qui  fuit  annus 
Gneo  Pompeio,  Marco  Crasso  consulibus,  Usi- 
petes Germani  et  item  Tencteri  magna  cum 
multitudine  hominum  flumen  Rhenum  transie- 
runt, non  longe  a mari,  quo  Rhenus  influit.  5 
causa  transeundi  fuit,  quod  ab  Suebis  com- 
plures annos  exagitati  bello  premebantur  et 
agricultura  prohibebantur.  Sueborum  gens  est 
longe  maxima  et  bellicosissima  Germanorum 
omnium,  hi  centum  pagos  habere  2 dicuntur,  io 
ex  quibus  quotannis  3 singula  milia  armatorum 
bellandi  causa  ex  finibus  educunt,  reliqui,  qui 
domi  manserunt,  se  atque  illos  alunt,  hi  rursus  in  vicem  anno 
post  in  armis  sunt,  illi  domi  remanent,  sic  neque  agricultura 
nec  ratio  atque  usus  belli  intermittitur,  sed  privati  ac  separati  15 
agri  apud  eos  nihil  est,  neque  longius  anno  remanere  uno  in 

1.  1 qui,  A.  & G.  199  ; G.  616,  3,  II;  H.  445,  4.  2 dicuntur,  A.  & G. 

330,  h ; G.  528  ; H.  534,  I,  n.  1.  3 singula  milia,  A.  & G.  95,  a ; G 95  ; H. 

174,  2,  I. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


160 

loco  incolendi  causa  licet,  neque  multum  frumento,  sed  maxi- 
mam partem  lacte  atque  pecore  vivunt  multumque  sunt  in 
venationibus  ; quae  res  et  cibi  genere  et  cotidiana  exercitatione 
et  libertate  vitae,  cum  a pueris  nullo  officio  aut  disciplina  assue- 
5 facti  nihil  omnino  contra  voluntatem  faciant,  et  vires  alit  et 
immani  corporum  magnitudine  homines  efficit,  atque  in  eam  se 
consuetudinem  adduxerunt,  ut  locis  frigidissimis  neque  vestitus 
praeter  pellis  haberent  quicquatn,  quarum  propter  exiguitatem 
magna  est  corporis  pars  aperta,  et  lavarentur  in  fluminibus. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  agreement  of  the  relative  with  an  appositivc  iu  its  own  clause.  (2.)  TLie 
ablative  of  separation.  (3.)  The  personal  construction  with  verbs  of  saying.  (4.) 
The  partitive  genitive. 

io  2.  Mercatoribus  est  adifus  magis  eo,  ut,  quae  bello  ceperint, 
quibus  vendant,  habeant,  quam  quo  ullam  rem  ad  se  importari 
] desiderent,  quin  etiam  iuinentis,  quibus  maxime  Gallia  delec- 
tatur quaeque  impenso  parant  pretio,  Germani  importatis  non 
utuntur,  sed  quae  sunt  apud  eos  nata,  parva  atque  deformia, 
15  haec  cotidiana  exercitatione  summi  ut  sint  2 laboris  efficiunt, 
equestribus  proeliis  saepe  ex  equis  desiliunt  ac  pedibus  proelian- 
tur, equosque  eodem  remanere  vestigio  assuefecerunt,  ad  quos 
se  celeriter,  cum  usus  est,  recipiunt ; neque  eorum  moribus  tur- 
pius quicquam  aut  inertius  habetur,  quam  ephippiis  uti.  itaque 
20  ad  quemvis  numerum  ephippiatorum  equitum  quamvis  pauci  adire 
audent,  vinum  ad  se  omnino  importari  non  sinunt,  quod  ea  re 
ad  laborem  ferendum  remollescere  homines  atque  effeminari 
arbitrantur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Quo  with  an  implied  negative.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  price.  (3.)  The  pre- 
dicate genitive. 

2.  1 desiderent , A.  & G.  341,  d ; G.  541,  R.  1 ; H.  516,  II,  2.  2 laboris , 

A.  & G.  214,  c;  G.  365;  II.  402. 


COMM.  IV.  3-4. 


161 


3.  Publice  maximam  putant  esse  laudem,  quam  latissime  a 
suis  finibus  vacare  agros  : hac  re  significari,  magnum  numerum 
civitatium  suam  vim  sustinere  non  posse,  itaque  una  ex  parte 
a Suebis  circiter  milia  passuum  sexcenta  agri  vacare  dicuntur, 
ad  alteram  partem  succedunt  Ubii,  quorum  fuit  civitas  ampla 
atque  florens,  ut  est  captus  Germanorum,  et  paulo  sunt  eiusdem 
generis  ceteris  humaniores,  propterea  quod  Ebenum  attingunt, 
multumque  ad  eos  mercatores  ventitant,  et  ipsi  propter  propin- 
quitatem Gallicis  sunt  moribus  assuefacti,  hos  cum  Suebi  multis 
saepe  bellis  experti  propter  amplitudinem  gravitatemque  civita- 
tis finibus  expellere  non  potuissent,  tamen  1 vectigales  sibi  lecerunt 
ac  multo  humiliores  iufirmioresque  redegerunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  una  er  partu.  (2.)  The  accusative  of  extent  ot'  space.  (3.)  The 

ablative  of  degree  of  difference. 

The  Menapii  are  distressed. 

4.  In  eadem  causa  fuerunt  Usipetes  et  Tencteri,  quos  supra 
diximus,  qui  complures  annos  Sueborum  vim  sustinuerunt;  ad 
extremum  tamen  agris  expulsi  et  multis  locis  Germaniae  trien- 
nium vagati  ad  Ebenum  pervenerunt ; quas  regiones  Menapii 
incolebant  et  ad  utramque  ripam  fluminis  agros,  aedificia  vicosque 
habebant,  sed  tantae  multitudinis  aditu  perterriti  ex  iis  aedi- 
ficiis, quae  trans  flumen  habuerant,  demigraverunt  et  cis  Ebenum 
dispositis  praesidiis  Germanos  transire  prohibebant,  illi  omnia 
experti,  cum  neque  vi  contendere  propter  inopiam  navium  neque 
clam  transire  propter  custodias  Menapiorum  possent,  reverti  se  in 
suas  sedes  regionesque  simulaverunt  et  tridui  viam  progressi 
rursus  reverterunt  atque  omni  hoc  itinere  una  nocte  equitatu 
confecto  inscios  inopinantesque  Menapios  oppresserunt,  qui  de 
Germanorum  discessu  per  exploratores  certiores  facti  sine  metu 

3.  1 vectigales,  A.  & G.  ISfr,  c ; G.  334  ; H.  373,  1. 

11 


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25 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


trans  Rhenum  in  suos  vicos  remigraverant.  his  interfectis 
navibusque  eorum  occupatis,  priusquam  ea  pars  Menapiorum,  quae 
citra  Rhenum  quieta  in  suis  sedibus  erat,  certior  1 fieret,  flumen 
transierunt  atque  omnibus  eorum  aedificiis  occupatis  reliquam 
5 partem  hiemis  se  eorum  copiis  aluerunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) The  difference  between  the  construction  after  prohibere  and  that  after  other 
verbs  of  hindering.  (2.)  The  construction  with  priusquam. 

Caesar  resolves  to  make  war  upon  the  Usipetes  and  Tenchtheri. 

5.  11  is  de  rebus  Caesar  certior  factus  et  infirmitatem  Gallorum 
veritus,  quod  sunt  in  consiliis  capiendis  mobiles  et  novis  ple- 
rumque rebus  student,  nihil  his  committendum  existimavit,  est 
enim  hoc  Gallicae  1 consuetudinis,  uti  et  viatores  etiam  invitos 

io  consistere  2 cogant  et,  quod  quisque  eorum  de  quaque  re  audierit 
aut  cognoverit,  quaerant,  et  mercatores  in  oppidis  vulgus  circum- 
sistat, quibusque  ex  regionibus  veniant  quasque  ibi  res  cognove- 
rint, pronuntiare  cogant,  his  rebus  atque  auditionibus  permoti 
de  summis  saepe  rebus  consilia  ineunt,  3 quorum  eos  e vestigio 
15  paenitere  necesse  est,  cum  incertis  rumoribus  serviant,  et  ple- 
rique  ad  voluntatem  eorum  ficta  respondeant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  The  predicate  genitive  (2.)  Singular  subject  with  plural  verb.  (3.)  The 
construction  after  paenitere.  (4.)  The  ablative  of  the  gerundive  construction  with  in. 

6.  Qua  consuetudine  cognita  Caesar,  ne  1 graviori  bello  occur- 
reret, maturius,  quam  consuerat,  ad  exercitum  proficiscitur,  eo 
cum  venisset,  ea,  quae  fore  suspicatus  erat,  facta  cognovit  : 

4.  1 fieret , A.  & G.  327  ; G.  579  ; H.  520,  II. 

5.  1 consuetudinis,  A.  & G.  214,  d\  G.  365,  it.  1;  H.  401.  2 cogant , 

A.  & G.  205,  c.\  G.  202,  ex.  1 ; H.  461,  1.  3 quorum , A.  & G.  221,  b\  G. 

376  ; H 409,  III. 

6.  1 graviori,  A.  & G.  93,  a ; H.  444. 


COMM.  IV.  G-7. 


163 


missas  legationes  nb  nonnullis  civitatibus  ad  Germanos  invitatos- 
que  eos,  uti  ab  Eheno  discederent,  omniaque,  quae  2 postulassent, 
ab  se  fore  parata,  qua  spe  adducti  Germani  latius  vagabantur 
et  in  tines  Eburonum  et  Condrusorum,  qui  sunt  Treverorum 
clientes,  pervenerant,  principibus  Galliae  evocatis  Caesar  ea,  quae 
cognoverat,  dissimulanda  sibi  existimavit  eorumque  animis  per- 
mulsis et  confirmatis  equitatuque  imperato  bellum  cum  Germanis 
gerere  constituit. 

Topics  for  Study 

(1.)  The  significations  of  the  comparative.  (2.)  The  future  perfect  in  indirect 
discourse.  (3.)  The  ablative  absolute. 

The  Germans  send  ambassadors  to  Caesar. 

7 Ee  frumentaria  comparata  equitibusque  delectis  iter  in  ea 
loca  facere  coepit,  quibus  in  locis  esse  Germanos  audiebat,  a 
quibus  cum  paucorum  dierum  1 iter  abesset,  legati  ab  his  vene- 
runt, quorum  haec  fuit  oratio  : Germanos  neque  priores  populo 
Eomano  bellum  inferre  neque  tamen  recusare,  si  lacessantur,  quin 
armis  contendant,  quod  Germanorum  consuetudo  sit  a maioribus 
tradita,  quicumque  bellum  inferant,  resistere  neque  deprecari, 
haec  tamen  dicere,  venisse  invitos,  eiectos  domo,  si  suam  gra- 
tiam Bomani  velint,  posse  iis  utiles  esse  amicos  ; vel  sibi  agros 

2 attribuant  vel  patiantur  eos  tenere,  quos  armis  possederint  : 
sese  unis  Suebis  concedere,  quibus  ne  dii  quidem  immortales 
pares  esse  possint ; reliquum  quidem  in  terris  esse  neminem, 
quem  non  superare  possint. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  accusative  of  extent  of  space.  (2.)  The  repetition  of  the  antecedent- 
is.) The  mood  which  represents  the  imperative  in  indirect  discourse. 

6.  2 postulassent,  A.  & G.  336,  2 ; G.  510;  IT.  525,  2. 

7.  1 iter,  A.  & G.  237 ; G.  335,  2 ; II.  379.  2 attribuant,  A.  & G.  339; 

G.  655  ; H.  523,  III. 


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8.  Ad  haec  Caesar  quae  visura  est  respondit ; sed  exitus  fuit 
orationis : sibi  nullam  cura  his  amicitiam  esse  posse,  si  in  Gallia 
remanerent ; neque  verum  esse,  qui  suos  fines  tueri  non  potuerint, 
alienos  occupare ; neque  ullos  in  Gallia  vacare  agros,  qui  dari 

5 tantae  praesertim  multitudini  sine  iniuria  possint ; sed  licere,  si 
velmt,  in  Ubiorum  finibus  considere,  quorum  sint  legati  apud  se 
et  de  Sueborum  ini  uriis  querantur  et  a se  auxilium  petant:  hoc 
se  Ubiis  imperaturum. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  moods  and  tenses  of  oratio  obliqua. 

9.  Legati  haec  se  ad  suos  relaturos  dixerunt  et  re  deliberata 
io  post  diem  tertium  ad  Caesarem  reversuros  : interea  ne  propius 

1se  castra  moveret,  petierunt,  ne  id  quidem  Caesar  ab  se  im- 
petrari posse  dixit,  cognoverat  enim,  magnam  partem  equitatus 
ab  iis  aliquot  diebus  ante  praedandi  frumentandique  causa  ad 
Ambivaritos  trans  Mosam  missam  : hos  exspectari  equites  atque 
15  eius  rei  causa  moram  interponi  arbitrabatur. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  two  possible  constructions  alter  propius,  proxime , propior,  and  proximus. 


Description  of  the  Meuse  arid  the  Rhine. 

10.  Mosa  profluit  ex  monte  Vosego,  qui  est  in  finibus  Lin- 
gonum, et  parte  quadam  ex  Rheno  recepta,  quae  appellatur 
Vacalus,  insulam  efficit  Batavorum,  neque  longius  ab  Rheno  mili- 
bus passuum  LXXX  in  Oceanum  influit.  Rhenus  autem  oritur 
20  ex  Lepontiis,  qui  Alpes  incolunt,  et  longo  spatio  per  fines  Nan- 
tuatium, Helvetiorum,  Sequanorum,  Mediomatricum,  Tribocorum, 
Treverorum  1 citatus  fertur  et,  ubi  Oceano  appropinquavit,  in 

9.  1 se,  A.  & G 234,  e-  G.  356,  4;  H.  437,  1. 

10.  1 citatus,  A.  & G.  191 ; Ci.  324,  it.  6 ; H.  443. 


COMM.  IV.  10-12. 


165 


piares  defluit  partes  inultis  ingentibusque  insulis  effectis,  quarum 
pars  magna  a feris  barbarisque  nationibus  incolitur,  ex  quibus 
sunt,  qui  piscibus  atque  ovis  avium  vivere  existimantur,  multis- 
que capitibus  in  Oceanum  influit. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  different  uses  of  the  ablative  in  the  chapter. 

The  perfidy  of  the  Germans. 

11.  Caesar  cum  ab  hoste  non  amplius  passuum  XII  milibus 
abesset,  ut  erat  constitutum,  ad  eum  legati  revertuntur ; qui  in 
itinere  congressi  magnopere,  ne  longius  progrederetur,  orabant, 
cum  id  non  impetrassent,  petebant,  uti  ad  eos  equites,  qui  agmen 
1 antecessissent,  praemitteret  eosque  pugna  prohiberet,  sibique 
uti  potestatem  faceret  in  Ubios  legatos  mittendi ; quorum  si  prin- 
cipes ac  senatus  sibi  iureiurando  fidem  fecissent,  ea  condicione, 
quae  a Caesare  ferretur,  se  usuros  ostendebant  : ad  has  res  con- 
ficiendas sibi  tridui  spatium  daret,  haec  omnia  Caesar  eodem 
illo  pertinere  arbitrabatur,  ut  tridui  mora  interposita  equites 
eorum,  qui  abessent,  reverterentur ; tamen  sese  non  longius  mili- 
bus passuum  quattuor  aquationis  causa  processurum  eo  die 
dixit  : huc  postero  die  quam  frequentissimi  convenirent,  ut  de 
eorum  postulatis  cognosceret,  interim  ad  praefectos,  qui  cum 
omni  equitatu  antecesserant,  mittit  qui  nuntiarent,  ne  hostes  proelio 
lacesserent  et,  si  ipsi  lacesserentur,  sustinerent,  quoad  ipse  cum 
exercitu  propius  accessisset. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  subjunctive  by  attraction.  (2.)  Relative  clauses  of  purpose.  (3.)  The 
gerund  with  direct  object. 

12.  At  hostes  ubi  primum  nostros  equites  conspexerunt, 
quorum  erat  quinque  milium  numerus,  cum  ipsi  non  amplius 

11.  1 antecessissent,  A & G.  342 ; G.  631  ; II.  529,  II. 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


octingentos  1 equites  haberem,  quod  ii,  qui  frumentandi  causa 
ierant  trans  Mosam,  nondum  redierant,  nihil  timentibus  nostris, 
quod  legati  eorum  paulo  ante  a Caesare  discesserant  atque  is  dies 
indutiis  erat  ab  his  petitus,  impetu  facto  celeriter  nostros  per- 
5 turbaverunt  ; rursus  resistentibus  consuetudine  sua  ad  pedes 
desiluerunt,  subfossis  equis  compluribusque  nostris  deiectis  reli- 
quos in  fugam  coniecerunt  atque  ita  perterritos  egerunt,  ut  non 
prius  fuga  desisterent,  quam  in  conspectum  agtninis  nostri  venis- 
sent. in  eo  proelio  ex  equitibus  nostris  interficiuntur  quattuor 
io  et  septuaginta,  in  his  vir  fortissimus,  Piso  Aquitanus,  amplis- 
simo genere  natus,  cuius  avus  in  civitate  sua  regnum  obtinuerat 
amicus  ab  senatu  nostro  appellatus,  hic  cum  fratri  intercluso 
ab  hostibus. auxilium  ferret,  illum  ex  periculo  eripuit:  ipse  equo 
vulnerato  deiectus,  quoad  potuit,  fortissime  restitit : cum  circurn- 
15  ventus  multis  vulneribus  acceptis  cecidisset,  atque  id  frater,  qui 
iam  proelio  excesserat,  procul  animadvertisset,  incitato  equo  se 
hostibus  obtulit  atque  interfectus  est. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  ubi  primum.  (2.)  The  ablative  of  source.  (3.)  The  various 
significations  of  the  participle. 


Caesar  resolves  to  attach  them  at  once. 

13.  Hoc  facto  proelio  Caesar  neque  iam  sibi  legatos  audiendos 
neque  condiciones  accipiendas  arbitrabatur  ab  iis,  qui  per  dolum 
20  atque  insidias  petita  pace  ultro  bellum  intulissent : exspectare 
vero,  dum  hostium  copiae  augerentur  equitatusque  reverteretur, 
summae  dementiae  esse  iudicabat,  et  cognita  Gallorum  infirmi- 
tate, quantum  iam  apud  eos  hostes  uno  proelio  auctoritatis  essent 
consecuti,  sentiebat , quibus  ad  consilia  capienda  nihil  spatii  dan- 
as dum  existimabat,  his  constitutis  rebus  et  consilio  cum  legatis 


12.  1 equites , A.  & G.  247,  c ; G.  311,  it.  4 ; II.  417,  1,  N.  2. 


COMM  TV.  13-14. 


167 


et  quaestore  communicato,  ne  quem  diem  pugnae  praetermit- 
teret, opportunissima  res  accidit,  quod  postridie  eius  1 diei  mane 
eadem  et  perfidia  et  simulatione  usi  Germani  frequentes  omni- 
bus principibus  maioribusque  natu  adhibitis  ad  eum  in  castra 
venerunt,  simul,  ut  dicebatur,  sui  purgandi  causa,  quod  contra, 
atque  esset  dictum  et  ipsi  petissent,  proelium  pridie  commisis- 
sent, simul  ut,  si  quid  possent,  de  indutiis  fallendo  impetrarent, 
quos  sibi  Caesar  oblatos  gavisus  illos  retineri  iussit ; ipse  omnes 
copias  castris  eduxit  equitatumque,  quod  recenti  proelio  perter- 
ritum esse  existimabat,  agmen  subsequi  iussit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  different  uses  of  the  genitive  in  this  chapter.  (2.)  The  expression  sui 
■purgandi.  (3.)  Semi-deponent  verbs. 

The  enemy  are  defeated  with  great  slaughter  and  betake  them- 
selves into  the  territories  of  the  Sigambri. 

14.  1 Acie  triplici  instituta  et  celeriter  octo  milium  itinere 
confecto  prius  ad  hostium  castra  pervenit,  quam,  quid  ageretur, 
Germani  sentire  2 possent,  qui  omnibus  rebus  subito  perterriti,  et 
celeritate  adventus  nostri  et  discessu  suorum,  neque  consilii  habendi 
neque  arma  capiendi  spatio  dato  perturbantur,  copiasne  adversus 
hostem  educere,  3 an  castra  defendere,  an  fuga  salutem  petere 
praestaret,  quorum  timor  cum  fremitu  et  concursu  significaretur, 
milites  nostri  pristini  diei  perfidia  incitati  in  castra  irruperunt, 
quo  loco,  qui  celeriter  arma  capere  potuerunt,  paulisper  nostris 
restiterunt  atque  inter  carros  impedimentaque  proelium  commise- 
runt : at  reliqua  multitudo  puerorum  mulierumque  (nam  cum 
omnibus  suis  domo  excesserant  Hhenumque  transierant)  passim 
fugere  coepit  ; ad  quos  consectandos  Caesar  equitatum  misit. 

13.  i diei,  A.  & G.  214,  g\  G.  371,  n.  4 ; H.  398,  5. 

14.  1 acie  triplici  instituta , Introd.  123,  I,  2),  c.  2 possent , A.  & G. 
327  ; G.  579;  H.  520,  II.  3 ne  — an  — an,  A.  & G.  221  ; G.  4G0  ; H.  353. 


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15 

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Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Tlic  line  of  battle.  (2.)  The  construction  after  prius — quam.  (3)  Cor- 
relatives. (4.)  Double  questions. 

15.  Germani  post  tergum  clamore  audito,  cum  suos  interfici 
viderent,  armis  abiectis  signisque  militaribus  relictis  se  ex  cas- 
tris eiecerunt,  et  cum  ad  confluentem  Mosae  et  Rheni  pervenis- 
sent, reliqua  fuga  desperata  magno  numero  interfecto  reliqui  se 

5 in  flumen  praecipitaverunt  atque  ibi  timore,  lassitudine,  vi 
fluminis  oppressi  perierunt,  nostri  ad  unum  omnes  incolumes 
perpaucis  vulneratis  ex  tanti  belli  timore,  cum  hostium  numerus 
capitum  CCCCXXX  milium  fuisset,  se  in  castra  receperunt. 
Caesar  iis,  quos  in  castris  retinuerat,  discedendi  potestatem  fecit, 
io  illi  supplicia  cruciatusque  Gallorum  veriti,  quorum  agros  vexa- 
verant, remanere  se  apud  eum  velle  dixerunt,  his  Caesar  liber- 
tatem concessit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  idiom  ad  unum  omnes.  (2.)  The  various  significations  of  the  ablative 
absolute 

16-19.  Caesar’s  crossing  into  Germany. 

Caesar  determines  to  cross  into  Germany. 

16.  Germanico  bello  confecto  multis  de  causis  Caesar  statuit 
sibi  Rhenum  esse  transeundum  j quarum  illa  fuit  iustissima, 

15  quod,  cum  videret  Germanos  tam  facile  impelli,  ut  in  Galliam 
venirent,  suis  quoque  rebus  eos  timere  voluit,  cum  intellegerent 
et  posse  et  audere  populi  Romani  exercitum  Rhenum  transire, 
accessit  etiam,  quod  illa  pars  equitatus  Usipetum  et  Tenctero- 
rum, quam  supra  commemoravi  praedandi  frumentandique  causa 
20  Mosam  transisse  neque  proelio  interfuisse,  post  fugam  suorum 
se  trans  Rhenum  in  fines  Sugambrorum  receperat  seque  cum  iis 
coniunxerat.  ad  quos  cum  Caesar  nuntios  misisset,  qui  postula- 
rent, eos,  qui  sibi  Galliaeque  bellum  intulissent,  sibi  1 dederent, 

16.  1 dederent,  A.  & G 331,/,  R.  ; G.  546,  R.  3 ; H.  499,  2. 


COMM.  IV.  16. 


169 


responderunt : populi  Romani  imperium  Rhenum  finire  : si  se 
invito  Germanos  in  Galliam  transire  non  aequum  existimaret, 
cur  sui  quicquam  esse  imperii  aut  potestatis  trans  Rhenum  pos- 
tularet ? Ubii  autem,  qui  uni  ex  Transrhenanis  aci  Caesarem 
legatos  miserant,  amicitiam  fecerant,  obsides  dederant,  magnopere  5 


orabant,  ut  sibi  auxilium  ferret,  quod  graviter  ab  Suebis  pre- 
merentur ; vel,  si  id  iacere  occupationibus  reipublicae  prohibe- 
retur, exercitum  modo  Rhenum  transportaret : id  sibi  ad  auxilium 
spemque  reliqui  temporis  satis  futurum.  tantum  esse  nomen 
atque  opinionem  eius  exercitus  Ariovisto  pulso  et  hoc  novissimo  io 
proelio  facto  etiam  ad  ultimas  Germanorum  nationes,  uti  opi- 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


nione  et  amicitia  populi  Romani  tuti  esse  possint.  navium 
magnam  copiam  ad  transportandum  exercitum  pollicebantur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  omission  ol  ut.  (2.)  I he  use  ot  the  relative  at  the  beginning  of  a 
sentence.  (3.)  The  possessive  genitive  in  the  predicate. 

Description  of  the  bridge  which  Caesar  builds  across  the  Rhine. 

17.  Caesar  his  de  causis,  cptas  commemoravi,  Rhenum  transire 
decreverat ; sed  navibus  transire  neque  satis  tutum  esse  arbitra- 
5 batur,  neque  suae  neque  populi  Romani  dignitatis  esse  statuebat, 
itaque,  etsi  summa  difficultas  laciendi  pontis  proponebatur  propter 
latitudinem,  rapiditatem  altitudinemque  fluminis,  tamen  id  sibi 
contendendum  aut  aliter  non  transducendum  exercitum  existima- 
bat. rationem  pontis  hanc  instituit.  tigna  bina  sesquipedalia, 
io  paulum  ab  imo  praeacuta  dimensa  ad  altitudinem  fluminis  inter- 
vallo pedum  duorum  inter  se  iungebat.  haec  cum  machinationi- 


quomodo  sublicae  ac  defensores  cum  trabibus  bipedalibus  contuncta  sint. 

bus  immissa  in  flumen  defixerat  fistucisque  adegerat,  non 
sublicae  modo  directe  ad  perpendiculum,  sed  prone  ac  fasti- 
gate, ut  secundum  naturam  fluminis  procumberent,  his  item 
15  contraria  duo  ad  eundem  modum  iuncta  intervallo  pedum  1 qua- 
dragenum  ab  inferiore  parte  contra  vim  atque  impetum  fluminis 

17.  1 quadragenum,  A.  & G.  40,  e ; G.  29,  u.  3 ; H.  52,  3. 


COMM.  IV.  17. 


171 


conversa  statuebat,  haec  utraque  insuper  bipedalibus  trabibus 
immissis,  quantum  eorum  tignorum  iunctura  distabat,  binis 
utrimque  fibulis  ab  extrema  parte  distinebantur ; quibus  dis- 
clusis atque  in  contrariam  partem  revinctis  tanta  erat  operis 
firmitudo  atque  ea  rerum  natura,  ut,  quo  maior  vis  aquae  se  2 in-  5 
citavisset,  hoc  artius  illigata  tenerentur,  haec  ° directa  materia 
iniecta  contexebantur  et  longuriis  cratibusque  consternebantur  ; 
ac  nihilo  secius  sublicae  et  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis  obli- 
que agebantur,  quae  pro  ariete  subiectae  et  cum  omni  opere 
coniunctae  vim  fluminis  4 exciperent,  et  aliae  item  supra  pontem  10 
mediocri  spatio,  ut,  si  arborum  trunci  sive  naves  5 deiciendi 
operis  essent  a barbaris  missae,  his  defensoribus  earum  rerum 
vis  minueretur,  neu  ponti  nocerent. 


PONTIS  IVGUM  SUPERNE  VISUM. 


Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  structure  of  the  bridge  (see  plan ) . (2.)  The  indicative  inond  after  cum. 
(3.)  The  ablative  of  degree  of  difference,.  (4.)  The  uses  of  the  participle.  (5.) 
Purpose  clauses.  (6.)  The  genitive  of  the  gerundive.  (7  ) Distributive  numerals. 

17.  2 incitavisset,  A.  & G.  312  ; G.  631  ; H.  529,  TT.  3 directa , A.  & G. 
191  ; G.  324,  r.  6 ; H.  443.  4 exciperent,  A.  & G.  317  ; G.  632  ; H.  497, 1. 

5 deiciendi  operis , A.  & G.  29S  r.  ; G.  429,  r.  2 ; H.  544,  n.  2. 


172 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesar  enters  the  territories  of  the  Sugambri,  ami  proceeds  into  the 
country  oj  the  V bit,  from  whom  he  gains  information  regarding 
the  Suebi.  He  returns  to  Gaul. 

18.  Diebus  decem,  quibus  materia  coepta  erat  comportari, 
omni  opere  effecto  exercitus  traducitur.  Caesar  ad  utramque 
partem  pontis  firmo  praesidio  relicto  in  fines  Sugambrorum  con- 
tendit. interim  a compluribus  civitatibus  ad  eum  legati  veniunt  ; 
5 quibus  pacem  atque  amicitiam  petentibus  liberaliter  respondit 
obsidesque  ad  se  adduci  iubet.  Sugambri  ex  eo  tempore,  quo 
pons  institui  coeptus  est,  fuga  comparata  hortantibus  iis,  quos 
ex  Tencteris  atque  Usipetibus  apud  se  habebant,  finibus  suis 
excesserant  suaque  omnia  exportaverant,  seque  in  solitudinem 
io  ac  silvas  •abdiderant. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  voice  of  coepi  when  used  with  a passive  infinitive. 


19.  Ca  esar  paucos  dies  in  eorum  finibus  moratus  omnibus 
vicis  aedificiisque  incensis  frumentisque  succisis,  se  in  fines 
Ubiorum  recepit  atque  iis  auxilium  suum  pollicitus,  si  ab  Suebis 
premerentur,  haec  ab  iis  cognovit  : Suebos,  posteaquam  per  ex- 
is ploratores  pontem  fieri  comperissent,  more  suo  concilio  habito 
nuntios  in  omnes  partes  dimisisse,  uti  de  oppidis  demigrarent, 
liberos,  uxores  suaque  omnia  in  silvas  deponerent,  atque  omnes, 
qui  arma  ferre  possent,  unum  in  locum  convenirent : hunc  esse 
delectum  1 medium  fere  regionum  earum,  quas  Suebi  obtinerent  : 
20  hic  Romanorum  adventum  exspectare  atque  ibi  decertare  consti- 
tuisse. quod  ubi  Caesar  comperit,  omnibus  his  rebus  confectis, 
quarum  rerum  causa  traducere  exercitum  constituerat,  ut  Ger- 
manis metum  iniceret,  ut  Sugambros  ulcisceretur,  ut  Ubios  obsi- 
dione liberaret,  diebus  omnino  decem  et  octo  trans  Rhenum 


19.  1 medium,  A.  & G.  193;  G.  321,  it.  6;  II.  410,  n.  2, 


COMM.  IV.  19-21. 


173 


consumptis  satis  et  ad  laudem  et  ad  utilitatem  profectum  arbi- 
tratus se  in  Galliam  recepit  pontemque  rescidit. 

Topic  for  Study. 

Appositive  clauses. 

20-26.  War  in  Britain. 

Caesar  resolves  to  proceed  into  Britain. 

20.  Exigua  parte  aestatis  reliqua  Caesar,  etsi  in  bis  locis,  quod 
omnis  Gallia  ad  septentriones  vergit,  maturae  sunt  hiemes,  tamen 
in  Britanniam  proficisci  contendit,  quod  omnibus  fere  Gallicis 
bellis  hostibus  nostris  inde  subministrata  auxilia  intellegebat  et, 
si  tempus  anni  ad  bellum  gerendum  deficeret,  tamen  magno  sibi 
usui  fore  arbitrabatur,  si  modo  insulam  1 adisset  et  genus  homi- 
num perspexisset,  loca,  portus,  aditus  cognovisset ; quae  omnia 
fere  Gallis  erant  incognita,  neque  enim  temere  praeter  merca- 
tores illo  adit  quisquam,  neque  iis  ipsis  quicquam,  praeter  oram 
maritimam  atque  eas  regiones,  quae  sunt  contra  Gallias,  notum 
est.  itaque  evocatis  ad  se  undique  mercatoribus  neque  quanta 
esset  insulae  magnitudo,  neque  quae  aut  quantae  nationes  inco- 
lerent, neque  quem  usum  belli  haberent  aut  quibus  institutis 
uterentur,  neque  qui  essent  ad  maiorum  navium  multitudinem 
idonei  portus,  reperire  poterat. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  Conditional  sentences.  (2.)  Sequence  of  tenses. 

Volusenus  is  sent  to  examine  the  state  of  affairs  on  the  island. 

Ambassadors  come  from  Britain. 

21.  Ad  haec  cognoscenda,  priusquam  periculum  faceret,  ido- 
neum esse  arbitratus  Gaium  Volusenum  cum  navi  longa  prae- 
mittit. huic  mandat,  ut  exploratis  omnibus  rebus  ad  se  quam 

20.  adisset,  A & G.  307,/;  G.  598,  r.  3 ; H.  509,  n.  6. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


174 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


primum  revertatur,  ipse  cum  omnibus  copiis  in  Morinos  pro- 
ficiscitur, quod  inde  erat  brevissimus  in  Britanniam  traiectus. 
huc  naves  undique  ex  finitimis  regionibus  et  1 quam  superiore 
aestate  ad  Veneticum  bellum  effecerat  classem  iubet  convenire. 
5 interim  consilio  eius  cognito  et  per  mercatores  perlato  ad  Bri- 
tannos a compluribus  eius  insulae  civitatibus  ad  eum  legati 
veniunt,  qui  polliceantur  obsides  2 dare  atque  imperio  populi  Ro- 
mani obtemperare.  'quibus  auditis  liberaliter  pollicitus  horta- 
tusque,  ut  in  ea  sententia  permanerent,  eos  domum  remittit  et 
io  cum  iis  una  Commium,  quem  ipse  Atrebatibus  superatis  regem 
ibi  constituerat,  cuius  et  virtutem  et  consilium  probabat  et  quem 
sibi  fidelem  arbitrabatur,  cuiusque  auctoritas  in  bis  regionibus 
3 magni  habebatur,  mittit,  huic  imperat,  quas  possit,  adeat  civi- 
tates horteturque,  ut  populi  Romani  fidem  sequantur,  seque 
15  celeriter  eo  venturum  nuntiet.  Yolusenus  perspectis  regionibus 
omnibus,  quantum  ei  facultatis  dari  potuit,  qui  navi  egredi  ac  se 
barbaris  committere  non  auderet,  quinto  die  ad  Caesarem  reverti- 
tur quaeque  ibi  perspexisset,  renuntiat. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  verbal  nomi  traiectus.  (2.)  The  genitive  of  price.  (3.)  The  idiom 
fidem  sequantur.  (4.)  The  omission  of  at. 

Caesar’s  passage  across,  and  his  arrival. 

22.  Dum  in  his  locis  Caesar  navium  parandarum  causa  inora- 
20  tur,  ex  magna  parte  Morinorum  ad  eum  legati  venerunt,  qui  se 
de  superioris  temporis  consilio  excusarent,  quod  homines  barbari 
et  nostrae  consuetudinis  imperiti  bellum  populo  Romano  1 fecis- 
sent, seque  ea,  quae  impera.sset,  facturos  pollicerentur,  hoc  sibi 
satis  opportune  Caesar  accidisse  arbitratus,  quod  neque  post  ter- 

21.  1 quam  classem , A.  & G.  200,  h ; G.  618  ; H.  445,  9.  2 dare,  A.  & G. 

330,  /;  G.  527,  R.  2 ; H.  537,  n.  3 magni,  A.  & G.  215,  c ; G.  399  ; H.  404. 

22.  1 fecissent,  A.  & G.  341,  d ; G.  541 ; H.  516,  II. 


COMM.  LY.  22-23. 


175 


gum  hostem  relinquere  volebat  neque  belli  gerendi  propter  anni 
tempus  facultatem  habebat  neque  has  2 tantularum  rerum  occu- 
pationes sibi  Britanniae  anteponendas  iudicabat,  magnum  his 
obsidum  numerum  imperat,  quibus  adductis  eos  in  fidem  rece- 
pit. navibus  circiter  LXXX  onerariis  coactis  constratisque,  quot 
satis  esse  ad  duas  transportandas  legiones  existimabat,  quod 
praeterea  navium  longarum  habebat,  quaestori,  legatis  praefectis- 
que distribuit,  huc  accedebant  XVIII  onerariae  naves,  quae  ex 
eo  loco  ab  milibus  passuum  octo  vento  tenebantur,  quo  minus 
in  eundem  portum  pervenire  possent  : has  equitibus  distribuit, 
reliquum  exercitum  Quinto  Titurio  Sabino  et  Lucio  Auruncu- 
leio  Cottae  legatis  in  Menapios  atque  in  eos  pagos  Morinorum, 
ab  quibus  ad  eum  legati  non  venerant,  deducendum  dedit.  Pub- 
lium Sulpicium  Rufum  legatum  cum  eo  praesidio,  quod  satis 
esse  arbitrabatur,  portum  tenere  iussit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Relative  clauses  of  purpose.  (2.)  Diminutives.  (3.)  Quod  expressing 
cause  on  the  authority  of  another.  (4.)  The  gerundive  construction. 

23.  His  constitutis  rebus  nactus  idoneam  ad  navigandum 
tempestatem  tertia  fere  vigilia  solvit  equitesque  in  ulteriorem 
portum  progredi  et  naves  conscendere  et  se  sequi  iussit.  a qui- 
bus cum  paulo  tardius  esset  administratum,  ipse  hora  diei  circiter 
quarta  cum  primis  navibus  Britanniam  attigit  atque  ibi  in  omni- 
bus collibus  expositas  hostium  copias  armatas  conspexit,  cuius 
loci  haec  erat  natura,  atque  ita  montibus  angustis  mare  contine- 
batur, uti  ex  locis  superioribus  in  litus  telum  adigi  posset, 
hunc  ad  egrediendum  nequaquam  idoneum  locum  arbitratus, 
dum  reliquae  naves  eo  1 convenirent,  ad  horam  nonam  in  ancoris 
exspectant,  interim  legatis  tribunisque  militum  convocatis  et 

22.  2 tantularum , A.  & G.  164,  a;  G.  786,  9,  l\  H.  332. 

23  1 concenirent,  A.  & G.  328  ; G 574;  H.  519. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


176 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


quae  ex  Yoluseno  cognOsset,  et  quae  fieri  vellet,  ostendit  monuit- 
que,  ut  rei  militaris  ratio,  maxime  ut  maritumae  res  postularent, 
ut  quae  celerem  atque  instabilem  motum  2 haberent,  ad  nutum 
et  ad  tempus  omnes  res  ab  iis  administrarentur,  bis  dimissis  et 
5 ventum  et  aestum  uno  tempore  nactus  secundum  dato  signo  et 
sublatis  ancoris  circiter  milia  passuum  septem  ab  eo  loco  pro- 
gressus aperto  ac  plano  litore  naves  constituit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1)  Dum  with  the  subjunctive.  (2.)  Kelative  clause  expressing  cause.  (3  ) The 
omission  of  ut. 


24.  At  barbari  consilio.  Romanorum  cognito  praemisso  equitatu 
et  essedariis,  quo  plerumque  genere  in  proeliis  uti  consuerunt, 
io  reliquis  copiis  subsecuti  nostros  navibus  egredi  prohibebant, 
erat  ob  has  causas  summa  difficultas,  quod  naves  propter  magni- 
tudinem nisi  in  alto  constitui  non  poterant,  1 militibus  autem 
ignotis  locis,  impeditis  manibus  magno  et  gravi  armorum  onere 
oppressis  simul  et  de  navibus  desiliendum  et  in  lluctibus  con- 
15  sistendum  et  cum  hostibus  erat  pugnandum,  cum  illi  aut  ex 
arido  aut  paulum  in  aquam  progressi  omnibus  membris  expedi- 
tis, notissimis  locis  audacter  tela  conicerent  et  equos  insuefactos 
incitarent,  quibus  rebus  nostri  perterriti  atque  huius  omnino 
2 generis  pugnae  imperiti  non  eadem  alacritate  ac  studio,  quo  in 
20  pedestribus  uti  proeliis  consuerant,  nitebantur. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  difference  between  the  construction  after  prohibere  and  that  after  other 
verbs  of  hindering.  (2.)  The  dative  of  agent.  (3.)  The  use  of  conjunctions. 
(4  ) The  genitive  after  adjectives. 

23.  2 haberent,  A.  & G.  320,  * ; G.  637 ; II.  517,  3,  I. 

24.  1 militibus,  A.  & G.  232  ; G 353  ; H.  388.  2 generis,  A.  & G.  218,» ; 

G.  373;  H.  399. 


COMM.  IV.  25-26. 


177 


Engagement  with  the  Britons. 

25.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  animadvertit,  naves  longas,  quarum  et 
species  erat  barbaris  inusitatior  et  motus  ad  usum  expeditior, 
paulum  removeri  ab  onerariis  navibus  et  remis  incitari  et  ad 
latus  apertum  hostium  constitui  atque  inde  fundis,  sagittis,  tor- 
mentis hostes  propelli  ac  submoveri  iussit ; quae  res  magno  usui 
nostris  fuit,  nam  et  navium  figura  et  remorum  motu  et  inusi- 
tato genere  tormentorum  permoti  barbari  constiterunt  ac  paulum 
modo  pedem  retulerunt,  atque  nostris  militibus  cunctantibus, 
maxime  propter  altitudinem  maris,  qui  decimae  legionis  Aquilam 
ferebat,  contestatus  deos,  ut  ea  res  legioni  feliciter  eveniret  : 
‘ desilite/  inquit,  ‘ milites,  nisi  vultis  aquilam  hostibus  prodere: 
ego  certe  meum  reipublicae  atque  imperatori  officium  2 praesti- 
tero/ hoc  cum  magna  voce  dixisset,  se  ex  navi  proiecit  atque 
in  hostes  aquilam  ferre  coepit,  tum  nostri  cohortati  3 inter  se, 
ne  tantum  dedecus  admitteretur,  universi  ex  navi  desiluerunt ; 
hos  item  ex  proximis  primis  navibus  cum  conspexissent,  subse- 
cuti hostibus  appropinquarunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  dative  of  service.  (2.)  The  idiom  pedem  retulerunt.  (3.)  The  future 
perfect.  (4.)  Condensed  expressions. 

26.  Pugnatum  est  ab  utrisque  acriter,  nostri  tamen,  quod 
neque  ordines  servare  neque  firmiter  insistere  neque  signa  sub- 
sequi poterant,  atque  1alius  alia  ex  navi,  quibuscumque  signis 
occurrerat,  se  aggregabat,  magnopere  perturbabantur  : hostes 
vero  notis  omnibus  vadis,  ubi  ex  htore  aliquos  singulares  ex 
navi  egredientes  conspexerant,  incitatis  equis  impeditos  adorie- 
bantur, plures  paucos  circumsistebant,  abi  ab  latere  aperto  in 

25.  1 aquilam,  Introd.  No.  103.  2 praestitero , A.  & G.  381,  r.  ; G.  236  ; 

H.  473.  3 inter  se,  A.  & G.  196,/;  G.  212;  H.  448,  x. 

26.  1 alius  alia,  A.  & G.  203,  c;  G.  306;  H.  429.  I. 

12 


5 

10 

15 

20 


178 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


universos  tela  con. ciebant,  quod  cum  animadvertisset  Caesar, 
scaphas  longarum  navium,  item  speculatoria  navigia  militibus 
compleri  iussit  et,  quos  laborantes  conspexerat,  his  subsidia 
submittebat,  nostri,  simul  in  arido  constiterunt,  suis  omnibus 
5 consecutis  in  hostes  impetum  fecerunt  atque  eos  in  fugam  dede- 
runt neque  longius  prosequi  potuerunt,  quod  equites  cursum 
tenere  atque  insulam  capere  non  potuerant,  hoc  unum  ad  pris- 
tinam fortunam  Caesari  defuit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  i in  personal  construction.  (2.)  The  idiom  alias  alia.  (3  ) The  adjective 
used  substantively.  (3.)  'the  dative  after  compounds. 


The  Britons  surrender. 

27.  Hostes  proelio  superati,  simul  atque  se  ex  fuga  recepe- 
io  runt,  statim  ad  Caesarem  legatos  de  pace  miserunt,  obsides  datu- 
ros quaeque  imperasset  facturos  sese  polliciti  sunt,  una  cum 
his  legatis  Commius  Atrebas  venit,  quem  supra  demonstraveram 
a Caesare  in  Britanniam  praemissum,  hunc  illi  e navi  egressum, 
cum  ad  eos  oratoris  modo  Caesaris  mandata  deferret,  compre- 
j henderant  atque  in  vincula  coniecerant : tum  proelio  facto  remi- 
serunt et  in  petenda  pace  eius  rei  culpam  in  multitudinem 
contulerunt  et  propter  imprudentiam  ut  ignosceretur,  petiverunt. 
Caesar  questus,  quod,  cum  ultro  in  continentem  legatis  missis 
pacem  ab  se  petissent,  bellum  sine  causa  intulissent,  ignoscere 
20  imprudentiae  dixit  obsidesque  imperavit;  quorum  illi  partem 
statim  dederunt,  partem  ex  longinquioribus  locis  arcessitam 
paucis  diebus  sese  daturos  dixerunt,  interea  suos  remigrare  in 
agros  iusserunt,  principesque  undique  convenire  et  se  civitatesque 
suas  Caesari  commendare  coeperunt. 


Topic  for  Study. 

The  passive  of  the  intransitive  verb. 


COMM.  IV.  28-29. 


179 


A severe  storm  assails  the  Roman  f eet. 

28.  His  rebus  pace  confirmata  post  diem  quartum,  quam  est 
in  Britanniam  ventum,  naves  XVIII,  de  quibus  supra  demon- 
stratum est,  quae  equites  sustulerant,  ex  superiore  portu  leni 
vento  solverunt,  quae  cum  appropinquarent  Britanniae  et  ex 
castris  viderentur,  tanta  tempestas  subito  coorta  est,  ut  nulla 
carum  cursum  tenere  posset,  sed  aliae  eodem,  unde  erant  pro- 
fectae, referrentur,  aliae  ad  inferiorem  partem  insulae,  quae  est 
propius  solis  occasum,  magno  1sui  cum  periculo  deicerentur ; 
quae  tamen  ancoris  iactis  cum  fluctibus  complerentur,  necessario 
adversa  nocte  in  altum  provectae  continentem  petierunt. 

Topics  for  Study 

(1.)  The  two  possible  constructions  after  propius,  proxime , propior , proximus. 
(2.)  The  reflexive  pronoun.  (3.)  The  objective  genitive. 

29.  Eadem  nocte  accidit,  ut  esset  luna  plena,  qui  dies  mari- 
timos aestus  maximos  in  Oceano  efficere  consuevit,  nostrisque  id 
erat  incognitum,  ita  uno  tempore  et  longas  naves,  quibus  Cae- 
sar exercitum  transportandum  curaverat  quasque  in  aridum  sub- 
duxerat, aestus  compleverat,  et  onerarias,  quae  ad  ancoras  erant 
deligatae,  tempestas  afflictabat,  neque  ulla  nostris  facultas  aut 
administrandi  aut  auxiliandi  dabatur.  compluribus  navibus 
fractis  reliquae  cum  essent  funibus,  ancoris  reliquisque  arma- 
mentis amissis  ad  navigandum  inutiles,  magna,  1 id  quod  necesse 
erat  accidere,  totius  exercitus  perturbatio  facta  est.  neque  enim 
naves  erant  aliae,  quibus  reportari  possent,  et  omnia  deerant, 
quae  ad  reficiendas  naves  erant  usui,  et,  quod  omnibus  consta- 
bat hiemari  in  Gallia  oportere,  frumentum  bis  in  locis  in  hiemem 
provisum  non  erat. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  gerundive  construction.  (2.)  A neuter  pronoun  in  apposition  witha  clause. 

28.  1 sui,  A.  & G.  217  ; G.  361 ; H.  396,  III 

29.  1 id  quod,  A.  & G.  200,  r?;  G.  616,  n.  2 ; IT.  145  7 


5 

10 

15 

20 


180 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  Britons  take  advantage  of  this  opportunity.  Caesar’s 
provision  against  emergencies. 

30.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  principes  Britanniae,  qui  post  proe- 
lium ad  Caesarem  convenerant,  inter  se  collocuti,  cum  equites  et 
naves  et  frumentum  Romanis  deesse  intellegerent  et  paucitatem 
militum  ex  castrorum  exiguitate  cognoscerent,  quae  1 hoc  erant 
5 etiam  angustiora,  quod  sine  impedimentis  Caesar  legiones  trans- 
portaverat, optimum  tactu  esse  duxerunt  rebellione  facta  frumento 
commeatuque  nostros  prohibere  et  rem  in  hiemem  producere, 
quod  his  superatis  aut  reditu  interclusis  neminem  postea  belli 
inferendi  causa  in  Britanniam  transiturum  confidebant. 

Topic  for  Study. 

The  ablative  of  degree  of  difference. 


io  31.  Itaque  rursus  coniuratione  facta  paulatim  ex  castris  dis- 
cedere ac  suos  clam  ex  agris  deducere  coeperunt,  at  Caesar,  etsi 
nondum  eorum  consilia  cognoverat,  tamen  et  ex  eventu  navium 
suarum  et  ex  eo,  quod  obsides  dare  intermiserant,  fore  id,  quod 
accidit,  suspicabatur,  itaque  ad  omnes  casus  subsidia  coinpara- 
15  bat.  nam  et  frumentum  ex  agris  cotidie  in  castra  conferebat  et 
1 quae  gravissime  afflictae  erant  naves,  earum  materia  atque  aere 
ad  reliquas  reficiendas  utebatur  et  quae  ad  eas  res  erant  usui  ex 
continenti  comportari  iubebat.  itaque,  cum  summo  studio  a 
militibus  administraretur,  duodecim  navibus  amissis,  reliquis  ut 
20  navigari  commode  posset,  effecit. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  antecedent  in  the  relative  clause.  (2.)  The  signification  of  the  perfect, 
pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  of  cognosco. 


30.  1 hoc.  A.  & G.  250 ; G.  400  ; H.  423. 

31.  1 quae  — naves.  A.  & G.  200.  h ; G.  618  ; H.  445,  9. 


COMM.  IV.  32-33. 


181 


The  stratagem  of  the  Britons. 

32.  Dum  ea  1 geruntur,  legione  ex  consuetudine  una  frumen- 
tatum missa,  quae  appellabatur  septima,  neque  ulla  ad  id  tempus 
belli  suspicione  interposita,  cum  pars  hominum  in  agris  rema- 
neret, pars  etiam  in  castra  2 ventitaret,  ii,  qui  pro  portis  castro- 
rum in  statione  erant,  Caesari  nuntiaverunt  pulverem  maiorem, 
quam  consuetudo  ferret,  in  ea  parte  videri,  quam  in  partem 
legio  iter  fecisset.  Caesar  id,  quod  erat,  suspicatus,  aliquid 
novi  a barbaris  initum  consilii,  cohortes,  quae  in  stationibus 
erant,  secum  in  eam  partem  proficisci,  ex  reliquis  duas  in  sta- 
tionem succedere,  reliquas  3 armari  et  confestim  sese  subsequi 
iussit.  cum  paulo  longius  a castris  processisset,  suos  ab  hosti- 
bus premi  atque  aegre  sustinere  et  conferta  legione  ex  omnibus 
partibus  tela  conici  animadvertit,  nam  quod  omni  ex  reliquis 
partibus  demesso  frumento  pars  una  erat  reliqua,  suspicati 
hostes  huc  nostros  esse  venturos  noctu  in  silvis  delituerant; 
tum  dispersos  depositis  armis  in  metendo  occupatos  subito  adorti 
paucis  interfectis  reliquos  incertis  ordinibus  perturbaverant,  simul 
equitatu  atque  essedis  circumdederant. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Bum  with  the  present  indicative.  (2  ) The  partitive  genitive.  (3.)  The 
reflexive  use  of  verbs.  (4.)  Frequentative  verbs. 

Their  mode  of  fighting  from  chariots. 

33.  Genus  hoc  est  ex  essedis  pugnae : primo  per  omnes 
partes  perequitant  et  tela  coniciunt  atque  ipso  terrore  equorum 
et  strepitu  rotarum  ordines  plerumque  perturbant,  et  cum  se 
inter  equitum  1 turmas  insinuaverunt,  ex  essedis  desiliunt  et 

32.  1 geruntur,  A.  & G.  270,  e\  G.  220,  R.  1 ; H.  407,  III,  4.  2 venti- 
taret, A.  & G.  167,  b ; H.  330.  3 armari , A.  & G.  Ill,  b,  N.  1;  G.  209; 

H.  405. 

33.  1 turmas,  Introd.  No.  120. 


5 

10 

15 

20 


182 


L)E  BELLO  GALLICO 


pedibus  proeliantur,  aurigae  interim  paulatim  ex  proelio  exce- 
dunt atque  ita  currus  collocant,  ut,  si  illi  a multitudine  hostium 
premantur,  expeditum  ad  suos  receptum  habeant,  ita  mobilita- 
tem equitum,  stabilitatem  peditum  in  proeliis  praestant  ac 
5 tantum  usu  cotidiano  et  exercitatione  efficiunt,  uti  in  declivi  ac 
praecipiti  loco  incitatos  equos  sustinere  et  brevi  moderari  ac  flect- 
ere et  per  temonem  percurrere  et  in  iugo  insistere  et  se  inde 
in  currus  citissime  recipere  consuerint. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  objective  genitive.  (a)  The  reflexive  pronoun.  (3.)  Subjunctive  of 
result.  (4.)  The  use  of  the  participles. 

They  advance  upon  the  Roman  camp. 

34.  Quibus  r ebus  perturbatis  nostris  novitate  pugnae  tempore 
io  opportunissimo  Caesar  auxilium  tulit : namque  eius  adventu  hos- 
tes constiterunt,  nostri  se  ex  timore  receperunt,  quo  facto  ad 
lacessendum  et  ad  committendum  proelium  alienum  esse  tempus 
arbitratus  suo  se  loco  continuit  et  brevi  tempore  intermisso  in 
castra  legiones  reduxit,  dum  haec  geruntur,  nostris  omnibus 
15  occupatis  qui  erant  in  agris  reliqui  discesserunt,  secutae  sunt 
continuos  complures  dies  tempestates,  quae  et  nostros  in  castris 
1 continerent  et  hostem  a pugna  prohiberent,  interim  barbari 
nuntios  in  omnes  partes  dimiserunt  paucitatemque  nostrorum 
militum  suis  praedicaverunt  et,  quanta  praedae  faciendae  atque 
20  in  perpetuum  sui  liberandi  facultas  daretur,  si  Romanos  castris 
expulissent,  demonstraverunt,  his  rebus  celeriter  magna  multitu- 
dine peditatus  equitatusque  coacta  ad  castra  venerunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  The  various  uses  of  the  ablative  in  this  chapter.  (2.)  Asyndeton.  (3.)  The 
gerund  and  gerundive  constructions.  (4.)  Relative  clauses  of  result.  (a)  Indirect 
question. 

34.  1 continerent,  A.  & G.  319  ; G.  G33 ; II.  500,  1. 


COMM.  IV.  35-37. 


183 


Caesar  defeats  them  and  returns  to  Gaul. 

35.  Caesar,  etsi  idem,  quod  superioribus  diebus  acciderat,  fore 
videbat,  ut,  si  esseut  hostes  pulsi,  celeritate  periculum  effugerent, 
tamen  nactus  equites  circiter  XXX,  quos  Commius  Atrebas,  de 
quo  ante  dictum  est,  secum  transportaverat,  legiones  in  acie  pro 
castris  constituit,  commisso  proelio  diutius  nostrorum  militum  5 
impetum  hostes  ferre  non  potuerunt  ac  terga  verterunt,  quos 
tanto  1 spatio  secuti,  quantum  cursu  et  viribus  efficere  potuerunt, 
complures  ex  iis  occiderunt,  deinde  omnibus  longe  lateque  aedi- 
ficiis incensis  se  in  castra  receperunt. 

Topics  for  Study 

(1  ) Conditional  sentences  in  indirect  discourse.  (2.)  The  reflexive  pronoun. 

3S.  Eodem  die  legati  ab  hostibus  missi  ad  Caesarem  de  pace  10 
venerunt,  his  Caesar  numerum  obsidum,  quem  antea  imperave- 
rat, duplicavit  eosque  in  continentem  adduci  iussit,  quod  pro- 
pinqui die  aequinoctii  infirmis  navibus  hiemi  navigationem 
subiciendam  non  existimabat,  ipse  idoneam  tempestatem  nactus 
paulo  post  mediam  noctem  naves  solvit;  quae  omnes  incolumes  15 
ad  continentem  pervenerunt;  sed  ex  iis  onerariae  duae  eosdem, 
quos  reliqui,  portus  capere  non  potuerunt  et  paulo  infra  delatae 
sunt. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Tue  idiom  mediam  nodem.  (2  ) The  gerundive  construction.  (3.)  Deponent 
verbs.  (4  ) The  idiom  portus  capere. 

37-38.  War  with  the  Morini  and  Menapii. 

The  Morini  attack  a detachment  of  the  Romans. 

37.  Quibus  ex  navibus  cum  essent  expositi  milites  circiter 
trecenti  atque  in  castra  contenderent,  Morini,  quos  Caesar  in  20 
Britanniam  proficiscens  pacatos  reliquerat,  spe  praedae  adducti 
primo  non  ita  magno  suorum  numero  circumsteterunt  ac,  si  sese 

35  1 spatio,  A.  & G.  25 7,  h ; G 387 ; H 379,  2. 


184 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


interfici  nollent,  arma  ponere  iusserunt.  cum  illi  ! orbe  facto 
sese  defenderent,  celeriter  ad  clamorem  hominum  circiter  milia 
sex  convenerunt.  qua  re  nuntiata  Caesar  omnem  ex  castris 
equitatum  2 suis  auxilio  misit,  interim  nostri  milites  impetum 
5 hostium  sustinuerunt  atque  amplius  horis  quattuor  fortissime 
pugnaverunt  et  paucis  vulneribus  acceptis  complures  ex  his 
occiderunt,  postea  vero  quam  equitatus  noster  in  conspectum 
venit,  hostes  abiectis  armis  terga  verterunt  magnusque  eorum 
numerus  est  occisus. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1.)  Cum  with  the  subjunctive.  (2.)  The  ablative  absolute.  (3.)  The  dative  of 
service.  (T)  The  two  possible  constructions  after  amplius,  plus,  etc.  (5.)  Tmesis 
as  illustrated  in  posteu  — quam. 

Labienus  subdues  them.  Titurius  and  Cotta  lay  waste  the  territo- 
ries of  the  Menapii.  Caesar  fixes  his  winter-quarters  among 
the  Belgae.  A thanksgiving  is  decreed  at  Rome. 
io  38.  Caesar  postero  die  T.  Labienum  legatum  cum  iis  legioni- 
bus, quas  ex  Britannia  reduxerat,  in  Morinos,  qui  rebellionem 
fecerant,  misit,  qui  cum  propter  1 siccitates  paludum,  quo  se 
reciperent,  non  haberent,  quo  superiore  anno  perfugio  fuerant 
usi,  omnes  fere  in  potestatem  Labieni  venerunt,  at  Q,.  Titurius 
15  et  L.  Cotta  legati,  qni  in  Menapiorum  fines  legiones  duxerant, 
omnibus  eorum  agris  vastatis,  frumentis  succisis,  aedificiis  incen- 
sis, quod  Menapii  se  omnes  in  densissimas  silvas  abdiderant,  se 
ad  Caesarem  receperunt.  Caesar  in  Belgis  omnium  le’gionum 
hiberna  constituit,  eo  duae  omnino  civitates  ex  Britannia  obsi- 
20  des  miserunt,  reliquae  neglexerunt,  his  rebus  gestis  ex  litteris 
Caesaris  dierum  viginti  supplicatio  a senatu  decreta  est. 

Topics  for  Study. 

(1  ) The  relative  pronoun  used  for  a demonstrative  and  a conjunction.  (2.)  Re- 
lative clause  of  characteristic.  (3  ) The  construction  after  utor. 

37.  1 oebe  facto,  Introd.  No.  117,  2).  2 suis  auxilio,  A.  & G.  233  ; G- 

330;  H.  390,  11. 

38.  1 siccitates,  A.  & G-  73,  c : G.  193,  5;  H.  130,  2. 


C.  IULII  CAESARIS 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COMMENTARIUS  QUINTUS. 


1—23.  Caesar’s  second  expedition  into  Britain. 

Caesar  orders  a fleet  to  be  built.  He  subdues  the  Pirustae. 

1.  L.  Domitio,  Ap.  Claudio  consulibus  dis- 
cedens ab  hibernis  Caesar  in  Italiam,  ut  quo- 
tannis facere  consuerat,  legatis  imperat,  quos 
legionibus  praefecerat,  uti  quam  plurimas  pos- 
sent hieme  naves  aedificandas  veteresque  refi-  5 
ciendas  curarent.  earum  modum  formamque 
demonstrat.  ad  celeritatem  onerandi  subduc- 
tionesque paulo  facit  humiliores,  quam  quibus 
in  nostro  mari  uti  consuevimus,  atque  id  eo 
magis,  quod  propter  crebras  commutationes  aes-  io 
tuum  minus  magnos  ibi  fluctus  fieri  cognoverat,  ad  onera  ac 
multitudinem  iumentorum  transportandam  paulo  latiores,  quam 
quibus  in  reliquis  utimur  maribus,  lias  omnes  actuarias  im- 
perat fieri,  quam  ad  rem  humilitas  multum  adiuvat.  ea,  quae 
sunt  usui  ad  armandas  naves,  ex  Hispania  apportari  iubet.  ipse  15 
conventibus  Galliae  citerioris  peractis  in  Illyricum  proficiscitur, 
quod  a Pirustis  finitimam  partem  provinciae  incursionibus  vas- 


186 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


tari  audiebat,  eo  cum  venisset,  civitatibus  milites  imperat  cer- 
tumque  in  locum  convenire  iubet.  qua  re  nuntiata  Pirustae 
legatos  ad  eum  mittunt,  qui  doceant  nihil  earum  rerum  publico 
factum  consilio,  seseque  paratos  esse  demonstrant  omnibus 
5 rationibus  de  iniuriis  satisfacere.  percepta  oratione  eorum 
Caesar  obsides  imperat  «que  ad  certam  diem  adduci  iubet  ; 
nisi  ita  fecerint,  sese  bello  civitatem  persecuturum  demonstrat, 
iis  ad  diem  adductis,  ut  imperaverat,  arbitros  inter  civitates  dat, 
qui  litem  aestiment  poenamque  constituant. 


He  returns  to  Gaul ; marches  against  the  Treveri. 

10  2.  His  confectis  rebus  conventibusque  peractis  in  citeriorem 

Galliam  revertitur  atque  inde  ad  exercitum  proficiscitur,  eo  cum 
venisset,  circuitis  omnibus  hibernis  singulari  militum  studio  in 
summa  omnium  rerum  inopia  circiter  sexcentas  eius  generis, 
cuius  supra  demonstravimus,  naves,  et  longas  XXVIII  invenit 
15  instructas  neque  multum  abesse  ab  eo,  quin  paucis  diebus  deduci 
possint,  collaudatis  militibus  atque,  iis,  qui  negotio  praefuerant, 
quid  fieri  velit,  ostendit  atque  omnes  ad  portum  Itium  convenire 
iubet,  quo  ex  portu  commodissimum  in  Britanniam  traiectmn 
esse  cognoverat,  circiter  milium  passuum  XXX  [transmissum]  a 
20  continenti  : huic  rei  quod  satis  esse  visum  est  militum  reliquit, 
ipse  cum  legionibus  expeditis  IIII  et  equitibus  DG'CC  in  fines 
Treverorum  proficiscitur,  quod  hi  neque  ad  concilia  veniebant 
neque  imperio  parebant  Germanosque  Transrhenanos  sollicitare 
dicebantur. 


Indutiomarus  and.  Cingetorix. 

25  3.  Haec  civitas  longe  plurimum  totius  Galliae  equitatu  valet 

magnasque  habet  copias  peditum,  Rhenumque,  ut  supra  demon- 
stravimus, tangit.  in  ea  civitate  duo  de  principatu  inter  se 
contendebant,  Indutiomarus  et  Cingetorix  ; ex  quibus  alter, 


COMM.  y.  3-4. 


187 


simul  atque  de  Caesaris  legiouutnque  adventu  cognitum  est,  ad 
eum  venit,  se  suosque  omnes  in  officio  futuros  neque  ab  amicitia 
populi  Romani  defecturos  confirmavit  quaeque  in  Treveris  gere- 
rentur ostendit,  at  Indutiomarus  equitatum  peditatumque  cogere 
iisque,  qui  per  aetatem  in  armis  esse  non  poterant,  in  silvam 
Arduennam  abditis,  quae  ingenti  magnitudine  per  medios  lines 
Treverorum  a flumine  Rheno  ad  initium  Remorum  pertinet,  bel- 
lum parare  instituit  ; sed  posteaquam  nonnulli  principes  ex  ea 
civitate  et  familiaritate  Cingetorigis  adducti  et  adventu  nostri 
exercitus  perterriti  ad  Caesarem  venerunt  et  de  suis  privatim 
rebus  ab  eo  petere  coeperunt,  quoniam  civitati  consulere  non 
possent,  veritus,  ne  ab  omnibus  desereretur,  [Indutiomarus] 
legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittit : sese  idcirco  ab  suis  discedere  atque 
ad  eum  venire  noluisse,  quo  facilius  civitatem  in  officio  con- 
tineret, ne  omnis  nobilitatis  discessu  plebs  propter  imprudentiam 
laberetur  : itaque  esse  civitatem  in  sua  potestate,  seque,  si  Caesar 
permitteret,  ad  eum  in  castra  venturum,  suas  civitatisque  fortunas 
eius  fidei  permissurum. 

4.  Caesar,  etsi  intellegebat,  qua  de  causa  ea  dicerentur,  quaeque 
eum  res  ab  instituto  consilio  deterreret,  tamen,  ne  aestatem  in 
Treveris  consumere  cogeretur,  omnibus  ad  Britannicum  bellum 
rebus  comparatis,  Indutiomarum  ad  se  cum  CC  obsidibus  venire 
iussit.  his  adductis,  in  iis  filio  propinquisque  eius  omnibus, 
quos  nominatim  evocaverat,  consolatus  Indutiomarum  hortatus- 
que est,  uti  in  officio  permaneret ; nihilo  tamen  secius  principi- 
bus Treverorum  ad  se  convocatis  hos  singillatim  Cingetorigi 
conciliavit,  quod  cum  merito  eius  ab  se  fieri  intellegebat,  tum 
magni  interesse  arbitrabatur  eius  auctoritatem  inter  suos  quam 
plurimum  valere,  cuius  tam  egregiam  in  se  voluntatem  perspex- 
isset. id  tulit  factum  graviter  Indutiomarus,  suam  gratiam  inter 
suos  minui,  et,  qui  iam  ante  inimico  in  nos  animo  fuisset,  multo 
gravius  hoc  dolore  exarsit. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


188 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesar  goes  to  port,  Ilius.  Dumnorix  shows  treachery  and  is  slain. 

5.  His  rebus  constitutis  Caesar  ad  portum  Itium  cum  legioni- 
bus pervenit,  ibi  cognoscit  LX  naves.,  quae  in  Meldis  factae 
erant,  tempestate  reiectas  cursum  tenere  non  potuisse  atque 
eodem,  unde  erant  profectae,  revertisse  ; reliquas  paratas  ad 

5 navigandum  atque  omnibus  rebus  instructas  invenit.  eodem 
totius  Galliae  equitatus  convenit  numero  milium  quattuor  prin- 
cipesque omnibus  ex  civitatibus  ; ex  quibus  perpaucos,  quorum 
in  se  lidem  perspexerat,  relinquere  in  Gallia,  reliquos  obsidum 
loco  secuin  ducere  decreverat,  quod,  cum  ipse  abesset,  motum 
io  Galliae  verebatur. 

6.  Erat  una  cum  ceteris  Dumnorix  Haeduus,  cie  quo  ante  ab 

nobis  dictum  est.  hunc  secuin  habere  in  primis  constituerat, 

quod  eum  cupidum  rerum  novarum,  cupidum  imperii,  magni 
animi,  magnae  inter  Gallos  auctoritatis  cognoverat,  accedebat 

15  huc,  quod  iam  in  concilio  Haeduorum  Dumnorix  dixerat  sibi  a 
Caesare  regnum  civitatis  deferri  ; quod  dictum  Haedui  graviter 
ferebant  neque  recusandi  aut  deprecandi  causa  legatos  ad  Cae- 
sarem mittere  audebant,  id  factum  ex  suis  hospitibus  Caesar 

cognoverat,  ille  omnibus  primo  precibus  petere  contendit,  ut  in 
20  Gallia  relinqueretur,  pari  i m,  quod  insuetus  navigandi  mare 
timeret,  partim,  quod  religionibus  impediri  sese  diceret,  postea- 
quam  id  obstinate  sibi  negari  vidit,  omni  spe  impetrandi 

adempta  principes  Galliae  sollicitare,  sevocare  singulos  hortari - 
que  coepit,  uti  in  continenti  remanerent  ; metu  territare  : non 
25  sine  causa  fieri,  ut  Gallia  omni  nobilitate  spoliaretur,  id  esse 
consilium  Caesaris,  ut,  quos  in  conspectu  Galliae  interficere  vere- 
retur, hos  omnes  in  Britanniam  traductos  necaret;  fidem  reliquis 
interponere,  iusiurandum  poscere,  ut,  quod  esse  ex  usu  Galliae 
intellexissent,  communi  consilio  administrarent,  haec  a eoinplu- 
30  ribus  ad  Caesarem  deferebantur. 


COMM.  V.  7-8. 


189 


7.  Qua  re  cognita  Caesar,  quod  tantum  civitati  Haeduae  dig- 
nitatis tribuebat,  coercendum  atque  deterrendum,  quibuscumque 
rebus  posset,  Dumnorigem  statuebat ; quod  longius  eius  arneu- 
tiarn  progredi  videbat,  prospiciendum,  ne  quid  sibi  ac  reipublicae 
nocere  posset,  itaque  dies  circiter  XXV  in  eo  loco  commoratus,  5 
quod  Corus  ventus  navigationem  impediebat,  qui  magnam  par- 
tem omnis  temporis  in  his  locis  flare  consuevit,  dabat  operam, 
ut  in  officio  Dumnorigem  contineret,  nihilo  tamen  secius  omnia 
eius  consilia*  cognosceret : tandem  idoneam  nactus  tempestatem 
milites  equitesque  conscendere  in  naves  mbet.  at  omnium  im-  10 
peditis  animis  Dumnorix  cum  equitibus  Haeduorum  a castris 
insciente  Caesare  domum  discedere  coepit,  qua  re  nuntiata 

Caesar  intermissa  profectione  atque  omnibus  rebus  postpositis 
magnam  partem  equitatus  ad  eum  insequendum  mittit  retrahi- 
que  imperat;  si  vim  faciat  neque  pareat,  interfici  iubet,  nihilis 
hunc  se  absente  pro  sano  facturum  arbitratus,  qui  praesentis 
imperium  neglexisset,  ille  enim  revocatus  resistere  ac  se  manu 
defendere  suorumque  fidem  implorare  coepit,  saepe  clamitans 
liberum  se  liberaeque  esse  civitatis,  illi,  ut  erat  imperatum, 
circumsistunt  hominem  atque  interficiunt;  at  equites  Haedui  ad  20 
Caesarem  omnes  revertuntur. 


Caesar  crosses  into  Britain. 

8.  His  rebus  gestis  Labieno  in  continente  cum  tribus  legioni- 
bus et  equitum  milibus  duobus  relicto,  ut  portus  tueretur  et 
rem  frumentariam  provideret  quaeque  in  Gallia  gererentur  cog- 
nosceret coiisiliumque  pro  tempore  et  pro  re  caperet,  ipse  cum  25 
quinque  legionibus  et  pari  numero  equitum,  quem  in  continenti 
reliquerat,  ad  solis  occasum  naves  solvit  et  leni  Africo  provectus 
media  circiter  nocte  vento  intermisso  cursum  non  tenuit  et  lon- 
gius delatus  aestu  orta  luce  sub  sinistra  Britanniam  relictam 
conspexit.  tum  rursus  aestus  commutationem  secutus  remis  30 


190 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


contendit,  ut  earn  partem  insulae  caperet,  qua  optimum  esse 
egressum  superiore  aestate  cognoverat,  qua  in  re  admodum 
luit  militum  virtus  laudanda,  qui  vectoriis  gravibusque  navigiis 
non  intermisso  remigandi  labore  longarum  navium  cursum  adae- 
5 (piarunt,  accessum  est  ad  Britanniam  omnibus  navibus  meridiano 
fere  tempore,  neque  m eo  loco  hostis  est  visus;  sed,  ut  postea 
Caesar  ex  captivis  comperit,  cum  magnae  manus  eo  convenissent, 
multitudine  navium  perterritae,  quae  cum  annotinis  privatisque, 
quas  sui  quisque  commodi  fecerat,  amplius  octingentae  uno  erant 
10  visae  tempore,  a litore  discesserant  ac  se  in  superiora  loca 
abdiderant. 

The  Britons  make  a hold  resistance  hut  are  defeated. 

9.  Caesar  exposito  exercitu  et  loco  castris  idoneo  capto,  ubi  ex 
captivis  cognovit,  quo  m loco  hostium  copiae  consedissent,  cohor- 
tibus decem  ad  mare  relictis  et  equitibus  trecentis,  qui  praesidio 
15  navibus  essent,  de  tertia  vigilia  ad  hostes  contendit  eo  minus 
veritus  navibus,  quod  iu  litore  molli  atque  aperto  deligatas  ad 
ancoram  relinquebat,  et  praesidio  navibus  Quintum  Atrium  prae- 
fecit. ipse  noctu  progressus  milia  passuum  circiter  XII  hostium 
copias  conspicatus  est.  illi  equitatu  atque  essedis  ad  flumen 

20  progressi  ex  loco  superiore  nostros  prohibere  et  proelium  com- 
mittere coeperunt,  repulsi  ab  equitatu  se  in  silvas  abdiderunt 
locum  uncti  egregie  et  natura  et  opere  munitum,  quem  domes- 
tici belli,  ut  videbatur,  causa  iam  ante  praepara  verant : nam  cre- 
bris arboribus  succisis  omnes  introitus  erant  praeclusi,  ipsi  ex 
25  silvis  rari  propugnabant  nostrosque  intra  munitiones  ingredi 
prohibebant.  at  milites  legionis  septimae  testudine  facta  et 
aggere  ad  munitiones  adiecto  locum  ceperunt  eosque  ex  silvis 
expulerunt  paucis  vulneribus  acceptis,  sed  eos  fugientes  longius 
Caesar  prosequi  vetuit,  et  quod  loci  naturam  ignorabat,  et  quod 
30  magna  parte  diei  consumpta  munitioni  castrorum  tempus  relinqui 
volebat. 


COAIM.  V.  10-11. 


191 


The  Roman  fleet  suffer  from  a storm.  Labienus  is  ordered  to 
build  more  ships. 

10.  Postridie  eius  diei  maue  tripartito  milites  equitesque  in 
expeditionem  misit,  ut  eos,  qui  fugerant,  persequerentur,  his 
aliquantum  itineris  progressis,  cum  iam  extremi  essent  in  pros- 
pectu, equites  a Quinto  Atrio  ad  Caesarem  venerunt,  qui  nuntia- 
rent superiore  nocte  maxima  coorta  tempestate  prope  omnes 
naves  afflictas  atque  in  litore  eiectas  esse,  quod  neque  ancorae 
funesque  subsisterent,  neque  nautae  gubernatoresque  vim  pati 
tempestatis  possent  : itaque  ex  eo  concursu  navium  magnum 
esse  incommodum  acceptum. 

11-  His  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  legiones  equitatumque  revocari 
atque  in  itinere  resistere  iubet ; ipse  ad  naves  revertitur ; eadem 
fere,  quae  ex  nuntiis  literisque  cognoverat,  coram  perspicit,  sic  ut 
amissis  circiter  XL  navibus  reliquae  tamen  refici  posse  magno 
negotio  viderentur,  itaque  ex  legionibus  fabros  deligit  et  ex 
continenti  alios  arcessi  iubet ; Labieno  scribit,  ut,  quam  pluri- 
mas posset,  iis  legionibus,  quae  sunt  apud  eum,  naves  instituat, 
ipse,  etsi  res  erat  multae  operae  ac  laboris,  tamen  commodis- 
simum esse  statuit  omnes  naves  subduci  et  cum  castris  una 
munitione  coniungi.  in  his  rebus  circiter  dies  X consumit  ne 
nocturnis  quidem  temporibus  ad  laborem  militum  intermissis, 
subductis  navibus  castrisque  egregie  munitis  easdem  copias,  quas 
ante,  praesidio  navibus  reliquit,  ipse  eodem,  unde  redierat,  pro- 
ficiscitur. eo  cum  venisset,  maiores  iam  undique  in  eum  locum 
copiae  Britannorum  convenerant,  summa  imperii  bellique  admin- 
istrandi communi  consilio  permissa  Cassivellauno,  cuius  fines  a 
maritimis  civitatibus  flumen  dividit,  quod  appellatur  Tamesis,  a 
mari  circiter  milia  passuum  LXXX.  huic  superiore  tempore  cum 
reliquis  civitatibus  continentia  bella  intercesserant;  sed  nostro  ad- 
ventu permoti  Britanni  hunc  toti,  bello  imperioque  praefecerant. 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 


192 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


A description  of  Britain  and  its  inhabitants. 

12.  B ritanniae  pairs  interior  ab  iis  incolitur,  quos  natos  in 
insula  ipsi  memoria  proditum  dicunt,  maritima  pars  ab  iis,  qui 
praedae  ac  belli  inferendi  causa  ex  Belgio  transierant  (qui  omnes 
fere  iis  nominibus  civitatum  appellantur,  quibus  orti  ex  ci  vitati - 

5 bus  eo  pervenerunt)  et  bello  illato  ibi  permanserunt  atque  agros 
colere  coeperunt,  hominum  est  infinita  multitudo  creberrimaque 
aedificia  fere  Gallicis  consimilia,  pecorum  magnus  numerus, 
utuntur  aut  aere  [aut  nummo  aereo]  aut  taleis  ferreis  ad  cer- 
tum pondus  examinatis  pro  nummo,  nascitur  ibi  plumbum 
io  album  in  mediterraneis  regionibus,  in  maritimis  ferrum,  sed 
eius  exigua  est  copia ; aere  utuntur  importato,  materia  cuius- 
que generis  ut  in  Gallia  est,  praeter  fagum  atque  abietem, 
leporem  et  gallinam  et  anserem  gustare  fas  non  putant  ; haec 
tamen  alunt  animi  voluptatisque  causa,  loca  sunt  temperatiora 
15  quam  in  Gallia  remissioribus  frigoribus. 

13.  Insula  natura  triquetra,  cuius  unum  latus  est  contra  Gal- 
liam. huius  lateris  alter  angulus,  qui  est  ad  Cantium,  quo  fere 
omnes  ex  Gallia  naves  appelluntur,  ad  orientem  solem,  inferior 
ad  meridiem  spectat,  hoc  pertinet  circiter  milia  passuum  quin- 

20  genta.  alterum  vergit  ad  Hispaniam  atque  occidentem  solem  ; 
qua  ex  parte  est  Hibernia,  dimidio  minor,  ut  aestimatur,  quam 
Britannia,  sed  pari  spatio  transmissus  atque  ex  Gallia  est  in 
Britanniam.  in  hoc  medio  cursu  est  insula,  quae  appellatur 
Mona  ; complures  praeterea  minores  obiectae  insulae  existiman- 
25  tnr,  de  quibus  insulis  nonnulli  scripserunt,  dies  continuos  XXX 
sub  bruma  esse  noctem,  nos  nihil  de  eo  percontationibus  re- 
periebamus,  nisi  certis  ex  aqua  mensuris  breviores  esse  quam  in 
continenti  noctes  videbamus,  huius  est  longitudo  lateris,  ut  fert 
illorum  opinio,  septingentorum  milium,  tertium  est  contra  sep- 
30  tentriones,  cui  parti  nulla  est  obiecta  terra,  sed  eius  angulus 


COMM.  V.  13-15. 


193 


lateris  maxime  ad  Germaniam  spectat,  hoc  milia  passuum  octin- 
genta in  longitudinem  esse  existimatur,  ita  omnis  insula  est  in 
circuitu  vicies  centum  milium  passuum. 

14.  Ex  his  omnibus  longe  sunt  humanissimi,  qui  Cantium 
incolunt,  quae  regio  est  maritima  omnis,  neque  multum  a Gal- 
lica differunt  consuetudine.  interiores  plerique  frumenta  non 
serunt,  sed  lacte  et  carne  vivunt  pellibusque  sunt  vestiti, 
omnes  vero  se  Britanni  vitro  inficiunt,  quod  caeruleum  efficit 
colorem,  atque  hoc  horridiore  sunt  in  pugna  aspectu ; capillo- 
que sunt  promisso  atque  omni  parte  corporis  rasa  praeter  caput 
et  labrum  superius,  uxores  habent  deni  duodenique  inter  se 
communes  et  maxime  fratres  cum  fratribus  parentesque  cum 
liberis;  sed  si  qui  sunt  ex  his  nati,  eorum  habentur  liberi,  quo 
primum  virgo  quaeque  deducta  est. 

Cassivellaunus,  the  leader  of  the  Bn  tons,  is  defeated.  Caesar 
advances  as  far  as  the  Thames. 

15.  Equites  hostium  essedariique  acriter  proelio  cum  equitatu 
nostro  in  itinere  condixerunt,  tamen  ut  nostri  omnibus  partibus 
superiores  fuerint  atque  eos  in  silvas  collesque  compulerint ; sed 
compluribus  interfectis  cupidius  insecuti  nonnullos  ex  suis  amise- 
runt. at  illi  intermisso  spatio  imprudentibus  nostris  atque  oc- 
cupatis in  munitione  castrorum  subito  se  ex  silvis  eiecerunt  im- 
petuque in  eos  facto,  qui  erant  in  statione  pro  castris  collocati, 
acriter  pugnaverunt  duabusque  missis  subsidio  cohortibus  a Cae- 
sare atque  his  primis  legionum  duarum,  cum  hae  perexiguo  in- 
termisso [loci]  spatio  inter  se  constitissent,  novo  genere  pugnae 
perterritis  nostris  per  medios  audacissime  perruperunt  seque  inde 
incolumes  receperunt,  eo  die  Quintus  Laberius  Durus,  tribunus 
militum,  interficitur,  illi  pluribus  submissis  cohortibus  repel- 
luntur. 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 


13 


194 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


16.  Toto  hoc  in  genere  pugnae,  cum  sub  oculis  omnium  ac 
pro  castris  dimicaretur,  intellectum  est  nostros  propter  gravita- 
tem armorum,  quod  neque  insequi  cedentes  possent  neque  ab 
signis  discedere  auderent,  minus  aptos  esse  ad  huius  generis 

5 hostem,  equites  autem  magno  cum  periculo  proelio  dimicare, 
propterea  quod  illi  etiam  consulto  plerumque  cederent  et,  cum 
paulum  ab  legionibus  nostros  removissent,  ex  essedis  desilirent 
et  pedibus  dispari  proelio  contenderent,  equestris  autem  proelii 
ratio  et  cedentibus  et  insequentibus  par  atque  idem  periculum 
io  inferebat,  accedebat  huc,  ut  numquam  conferti,  sed  rari  magnis- 
que  intervallis  proeliarentur  stationesque  dispositas  haberent, 
atque  alios  alii  deinceps  exciperent,  integrique  et  recentes 
defatigatis  succederent. 

17.  Postero  die  procul  a castris  hostes  in  collibus  constite- 
15  runt  rarique  se  ostendere  et  lenius,  quam  pridie,  nostros  equites 

proelio  lacessere  coeperunt,  sed  meridie,  cum  Caesar  pabulandi 
causa  tres  legiones  atque  omnem  equitatum  cum  Gaio  Trebonio 
legato  misisset,  repente  ex  omnibus  partibus  ad  pabulatores 
advolaverunt,  sic  uti  ab  signis  legionibusque  non  absisterent. 
20  nostri  acriter  in  eos  impetu  facto  repulerunt  neque  finem 
sequendi  fecerunt,  quoad  subsidio  confisi  equites,  cum  post  se 
legiones  viderent,  praecipites  hostes  egerunt  magnoque  eorum 
numero  interfecto  neque  sui  colligendi  neque  consistendi  aut  ex 
essedis  desiliendi  facultatem  dederunt.  ex  hac  fuga  protinus, 
25  quae  undique  convenerant,  auxilia  discesserunt,  neque  post  id 
tempus  utnquam  summis  nobiscum  copiis  hostes  contenderunt. 

18.  Caesar  cognito  consilio  eorum  ad  flumen  Tamesim  in  fines 
Cassivellauni  exercitum  duxit  ; quod  flumen  uno  omnino  loco 
pedibus,  atque  hoc  aegre,  transiri  potest,  eo  cum  venisset,  ani- 
so mum  advertit  ad  alteram  fluminis  ripam  magnas  esse  copias 

hostium  instructas.  ripa  autem  erat  acutis  sudibus  praefixis 


COMM.  Y.  18-20. 


195 


munita,  eiusdemque  generis  sub  aqua  defixae  sudes  flumine 
tegebantur.  his  rebus  cognitis  a captivis  perfugisque  Caesar 
praemisso  equitatu  confestim  legiones  subsequi  iussit.  sed  ea 
celeritate  atque  eo  impetu  milites  ierunt,  cum  capite  solo  ex 
aqua  exstarent,  ut  hostes  impetum  legionum  atque  equitum 
sustinere  non  possent  ripasque  dimitterent  ac  se  fugae  man- 
darent. 

19.  Cassivellaunus,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  omni  deposita 
spe  contentionis  dimissis  amplioribus  copiis,  milibus  circiter 
quattuor  essedariorum  relictis  itinera  nostra  servabat,  paulumque 
ex  via  excedebat  locisque  impeditis  ac  silvestribus  sese  occulta- 
bat atque  iis  regionibus,  quibus  nos  iter  facturos  cognoverat, 
pecora  atque  homines  ex  agris  in  silvas  compellebat  et,  cutn 
equitatus  noster  liberius  praedandi  vastandique  causa  se  in  agros 
eiecerat,  omnibus  viis  semitisque  essedarios  ex  silvis  emittebat  et 
magno  cum  periculo  nostrorum  equitum  cum  iis  confligebat, 
atque  hoc  metu  latius  vagari  prohibebat.  relinquebatur,  ut 
neque  longius  ab  agmine  legionum  discedi  Caesar  pateretur  et 
tantum  in  agris  vastandis  incendiisque  faciendis  hostibus  noce- 
retur, quantum  labore  atque  itinere  legionarii  milites  efficere 
poterant. 

The  Trinobantes  and  several  other  tribes  surrender.  The 
return  to  Gaul. 

20.  Interim  Trinobantes,  prope  firmissima  earum  regionum 
civitas,  ex  qua  Mandubracius  adulescens  Caesaris  fidem  secutus 
ad  eum  in  continentem  Galliam  venerat,  cuius  pater  in  ea  civi- 
tate regnum  obtinuerat  interfectusque  erat  a Cassivellauno,  ipse 
fuga  mortem  vitaverat,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  pollicentur- 
que,  sese  ei  dedituros  atque  imperata  facturos ; petunt,  ut  Mnn- 
dubracium  ab  iniuria  Cassivellauni  defendat  atque  in  civitatem 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 


196 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


mittat,  qui  praesit  imperiumque  obtineat.  his  Caesar  imperat 
obsides  quadraginta  frumeutumque  exercitui  Mandubraciumque 
ad  eos  mittit,  illi  imperata  celeriter  fecerunt,  obsides  ad  nume- 
rum frumeutumque  miserunt. 

5 21.  Trinobantibus  defensis  atque  ab  omni  militum . iniuria 

prohibitis  Cenimagni,  Segontiaci,  Ancalites,  Bibroci,  Cassi  lega- 
tionibus missis  sese  Caesari  dedunt,  ab  his  cognoscit  non  longe 
ex  eo  loco  oppidum  Cassivellauni  abesse  silvis  paludibusque 
munitum,  quo  satis  magnus  hominum  pecorisque  numerus  con- 
io venerit,  oppidum  autem  Britanni  vocant,  cum  silvas  impeditas 
vallo  atque  fossa  munierunt,  quo  incursionis  hostium  vitandae 
causa  convenire  consuerunt.  eo  proficiscitur  cum  legionibus  : 
locum  reperit  egregie  natura  atque  opere  munitum ; tamen  hunc 
duabus  ex  partibus  oppugnare  contendit,  hostes  paulisper  mo- 
15  rati  militum  nostrorum  impetum  non  tulerunt  seseque  alia  ex 
parte  oppidi  eiecerunt.  magnus  ibi  numerus  pecoris  repertus, 
multique  in  fuga  sunt  comprehensi  atque  interfecti. 

22.  D um  haec  in  his  locis  geruntur,  Cassivellaunus  ad  Can- 
tium, quod  esse  ad  mare  supra  demonstravimus,  quibus  regioni- 
20  bus  quattuor  reges  praeerant,  Cingetorix,  Carvilius,  Taximagulus, 
Segovax,  nuntios  mittit  atque  his  imperat,  uti  coactis  omnibus 
copiis  castra  navalia  de  improviso  adoriantur  atque  oppugnent, 
ii  cum  ad  castra  venissent,  nostri  eruptione  facta  multis  eorum 
interfectis,  capto  etiam  nobili  duce  Lugotorige,  suos  incolumes 
25  reduxerunt.  Cassivellaunus  hoc  proelio  nuntiato,  tot  detrimentis 
acceptis,  vastatis  finibus,  maxime  etiam  permotus  defectione  civi- 
tatum, legatos  per  Atrebatem  Commium  de  deditione  ad  Caesa- 
rem mittit.  Caesar,  cum  constituisset  hiemare  in  continenti 
propter  repentinos  Galliae  motus,  neque  multum  aestatis  super- 
•30  esset,  atque  id  facile  extrahi  posse  intellegeret,  obsides  imperat 
et,  quid  in  annos  singulos  vectigalis  populo  Bomano  Britannia 


COMM.  V.  22-24. 


197 


penderet,  constituit  ; interdicit  atque  imperat  Cassivellauno,  ne 
Mandubracio  neu  Trinobantibus  noceat. 

23.  Obsidibus  acceptis  exercitum  reducit  ad  mare,  naves  in- 
venit refectas.  his  deductis,  quod  et  captivorum  magnum 
numerum  habebat,  et  nonnullae  tempestate  deperierant  naves, 
duobus  commeatibus  exercitum  reportare  instituit,  ac  sic  acci- 
dit, uti  ex  tanto  navium  numero  tot  navigationibus  neque  hoc 
neque  superiore  anno  ulla  omnino  navis,  quae  milites  portaret, 
desideraretur ; at  ex  iis,  quae  inanes  ex  continenti  ad  eum 
remitterentur  et  prioris  commeatus  expositis  militibus  et  quas 
postea  Labienus  faciendas  curaverat  numero  LX,  perpaucae 
locum  caperent,  reliquae  fere  omnes  reicerentur  quas  cum 
aliquamdiu  Caesar  frustra  exspectasset,  ne  anni  tempore  a navi- 
gatione excluderetur,  quod  aequinoctium  suberat,  necessario  an- 
gustius milites  collocavit  ac  summa  tranquillitate  consecuta, 
secunda  inita  cum  solvisset  vigilia,  prima  luce  terram  attigit 
onmesque  incolumes  naves  perduxit. 

24-51.  War  with  Ambiorix. 

The  Toman  army  is  more  widely  scattered  than  usual  on  account  of 
a scarcity  of  provisions.  There  is  a sudden  revolt  of  Ambiorix 
and  Cativolcus. 

24.  Subductis  navibus  concilioque  Gallorum  Samarobrivae 
peracto,  quod  eo  anno  frumentum  in  Gallia  propter  siccitates 
angustius  provenerat,  coactus  est  aliter  ac  superioribus  annis 
exercitum  in  hibernis  collocare  legionesque  in  plures  civitates 
distribuere,  ex  quibus  unam  in  Morinos  ducendam  Gaio  Labio 
legato  dedit,  alteram  in  Nervios  Quinto  Ciceroni,  tertiam  in 
Esubios  Lucio  Roscio,  quartam  in  Remis  cum  Tito  Labieno  in 
confinio  Treverorum  hiemare  i ussit ; tres  in  Belgis  collocavit’: 
his  Marcum  Crassum  quaestorem  et  Lucium  Munatium  Plancum 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


et  Gaium  Trebonium  legatos  praefecit,  unam  legionem,  quam 
proxime  trans  Padum  conscripserat,  et  cohortes  V in  Eburones, 
quorum  pars  maxima  est  inter  Mosam  ac  Ebenum,  qui  sub  im- 
perio Ambiorigis  et  Catuvolci  erant,  misit.  Ilis  militibus  Quin- 
5 tum  Titurium  Sabinum  et  Lucium  Aurunculeium  Cottam  legatos 
praeesse  iussit.  ad  hunc  modum  distributis  legionibus  facillime 
inopiae  frumentariae  sese  mederi  posse  existimavit,  atque  harum 
tamen  omnium  legionum  hiberna  praeter  eam,  quam  Lucio  Eoscio 
in  pacatissimam  et  quietissimam  partem  ducendam  dederat,  mili- 
10  bus  passuum  centum  continebantur,  ipse  interea,  quoad  legiones 
collocatas  munitaque  hiberna  cognovisset,  in  Gallia  morari 
constituit. 

25.  Erat  in  Carnutibus  summo  loco  natus  Tasgetius,  cuius 
maiores  in  sua  civitate  regnum  obtinuerant,  huic  Caesar  pro 

15  eius  virtute  atque  in  se  benevolentia,  quod  in  omnibus  bellis 
singulari  eius  opera  fuerat  usus,  maiorum  locum  restituerat, 
tertium  iain  hunc  annum  regnantem  inimicis  multis  palam  ex 
civitate  et  iis  auctoribus  eum  interfecerunt,  defertur  ea  res  ad 
Caesarem,  ille  veritus,  quod  ad  plures  pertinebat,  ne  civitas 
20  eorum  impulsu  deficeret,  Lucium  Plancum  cum  legione  ex  Bel- 
gio celeriter  in  Carnutes  proficisci  iubet  ibique  hiemare,  quorum- 
que opera  cognoverat  Tasgetium  interfectum,  hos  comprehensos 
ad  se  mittere,  interim  ab  omnibus  legatis  quaestoreque,  quibus 
legiones  tradiderat,  certior  factus  est  in  hiberna  perventum 
25  locumque  hibernis  esse  munitum. 

26.  Diebus  circiter  XY,  quibus  in  hiberna  ventum  est,  initium 
repentini  tumultus  ac  defectionis  ortum  est  ab  Ambiorige  et 
Catuvolco  ; qui  cum  ad  fines  regni  sui  Sabino  Cottaeque  praesto 
fuissent  frumentumque  in  hiberna  comportavissent,  Indutiomari 

30  Treveri  nuntiis  impulsi  suos  concitaverunt  subitoque  oppressis 
lignatoribus  magna  manu  castra  oppugnatum  venerunt,  cum 


COMM.  Y.  26—27 


199 


celeriter  nostri  arma  cepissent  vallumque  adscendissent  atque  una 
ev  parte  Hispanis  equitibus  emissis  equestri  proelio  superiores 
fuissent,  desperata  re  hostes  ab  oppugnatione  suos  reduxerunt, 
tum  suo  more  conclamaverunt,  uti  aliqui  ex  nostris  ad  collo- 
quium prodirent  : habere  sese,  quae  de  re  communi  dicere  vellent, 
quibus  rebus  controversias  minui  posse  sperarent. 

The  camp  of  Sabinus  and  Cotta  is  attacked.  Sabinus  is  treacher- 
ously persuaded  to  leace  the  camp,  and  is  slain  together  with 
the  troops. 

27.  Mittitur  ad  eos  colloquendi  causa  Gains  Arpineius,  eques 
Itoni  mus,  familiaris  Quinti  Titurii,  et  Quintus  Iunius  ex  His- 
pania quidam,  qui  iarn  ante  missu  Caesaris  ad  Ambiorigem 
ventitare  consueverat ; apud  quos  Ambiorix  ad  hunc  modum 
locutus  est  : sese  pro  Caesaris  in  se  beneficiis  plurimum  ei  con- 
fiteri debere,  quod  eius  opera  stipendio  liberatus  esset,  quod 
Aduatucis  finitimis  suis  pendere  consuesset,  quodque  ei  et  filius 
et  fratris  filius  ab  Caesare  remissi  essent,  quos  Aduatuci  obsidum 
numero  missos  apud  se  in  servitute  et  catenis  tenuissent ; neque 
id,  quod  fecerit  de  oppugnatione  castrorum,  aut  indicio  aut  vo- 
luntate sua  fecisse,  sed  coactu  civitatis,  snaque  esse  eiusmodi 
imperia,  ut  non  minus  haberet  iuris  in  se  multitudo,  quam  ipse 
in  multitudinem,  civitati  porro  hanc  fuisse  belli  causam,  quod 
repentinae  Gallorum  coniurationi  resistere  non  potuerit,  id  se 
facile  ex  humilitate  sua  probare  posse,  quod  non  adeo  sit  im- 
peritus rerum,  ut  suis  copiis  populum  Romanum  se  superare 
posse  confidat,  sed  esse  Galliae  commune  consilium  : omnibus 
hibernis  Caesaris  oppugnandis  hunc  esse  dictum  diem,  ne  qua 
legio  alterae  legioni  subsidio  venire  posset,  non  facile  Gallos 
Gallis  negare  potuisse,  praesertim  cum  de  recuperanda  communi 
libertate  consilium  initum  videretur,  quibus  quoniam  pro  pie- 
tate satisfecerit,  habere  nunc  se  rationem  officii  pro  beneficiis 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


200 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesaris  : monere,  orare  Titurium  pro  hospitio,  ut  suae  ac  mili- 
tum saluti  consulat.  magnam  manum  Germanorum  conductam 
Rhenum  transisse ; hanc  adfore  biduo,  ipsorum  esse  consilium, 
velintne  prius,  quam  finitimi  sentiant,  eductos  ex  hibernis  milites 
5 aut  ad  Ciceronem  aut  ad  Labienum  deducere,  quorum  alter 
milia  passuum  circiter  quinquaginta,  alter  paulo  amplius  ab  his 
absit,  illud  se  polliceri  et  iureiurando  confirmare  tutum  iter 
per  fines  suos  daturum,  quod  cum  faciat,  et  civitati  sese  con- 
sulere, quod  hibernis  levetur,  et  Caesari  pro  eius  meritis  gratiam 
10  referre,  hac  oratione  habita  discedit  Ambiorix. 

28.  Arpineius  et  I unius,  quae  audierunt,  ad  legatos  deferunt, 
illi  repentina  re  perturbati,  etsi  ab  hoste  ea  dicebantur,  tamen 
non  neglegenda  existimabant,  maximeque  hac  re  permovebantur, 
quod  civitatem  ignobilem  'atque  humilem  Eburonum  sua  sponte 

15  populo  Romano  bellum  facere  ausam  vix  erat  credendum,  itaque 
ad  consilium  rem  deferunt  magnaque  inter  eos  exsistit  contro- 
versia. Lucius  Aurunculeius  cornpluresque  tribuni  militum  et 
primorum  ordinum  centuriones  nihil  temere  agendum,  neque  ex 
hibernis  iniussu  Caesaris  discedendum,  existimabant : quantasvis 
20  copias  etiam  Germanorum  sustineri  posse  munitis  hibernis  doce- 
bant : rem  esse  testimonio,  quod  primum  hostium  impetum  mul- 
tis ultro  vulneribus  illatis  fortissime  sustinuerint : re  frumentaria 
non  premi ; interea  et  ex  proximis  hibernis  et  a Caesare  conven- 
tura subsidia  : postremo  quid  esse  levius  aut  turpius,  quam 
25  auctore  hoste  de  summis  rebus  capere  consilium  ? 

29.  Contra  ea  Titurius  sero  facturos  clamitabat,  cum  maiores 
hostium  manus  adiunctis  Germanis  convenissent,  aut  cum  aliquid 
calamitatis  in  proximis  hibernis  esset  acceptum,  brevem  consu- 
lendi esse  occasionem.  Caesarem  arbitrari  profectum  in  Italiam  ; 

30  neque  aliter  Carnutes  interficiundi  Tasgetii  consilium  fuisse  cap- 
turos, neque  Eburones,  si  ille  adesset,  tanta  contemptione  nostri 


COMM.  V.  29-31. 


201 


ad  castra  venturos  esse,  non  hostem  auctorem,  sed  rem  spec- 
tare : subesse  Ebenum ; magno  esse  Germanis  dolori  Ariovisti 
mortem  et  superiores  nostras  victorias ; ardere  Galliam  tot  con- 
tumeliis acceptis  sub  populi  Romani  imperium  redactam,  supe- 
riore gloria  rei  militaris  exstincta.  postremo  quis  hoc  sibi 
persuaderet,  sine  certa  re  Ambiorigem  ad  eiusmodi  consilium 
descendisse  ? suam  sententiam  in  utramque  partem  esse  tutam  : 
si  nil  esset  durius,  nullo  periculo  ad  proximam  legionem  per- 
venturos ; si  Gallia  omnis  cum  Germanis  consentiret,  unam  esse 
in  celeritate  positam  salutem.  Cottae  quidem  atque  eorum,  qui 
dissentirent,  consilium  quem  habere  exitum?  in  quo  si. non 
praesens  periculum,  at  certe  longinqua  obsidione  fames  esset 
pertimescenda. 

30.  Hac  in  utramque  partem  disputatione  habita,  cum  a Cotta 
primisque  ordinibus  acriter  resisteretur  'vincite/  inquit,  ' si  ita 
vultis/  Sabinus,  et  id  clariore  voce,  ut  magna  pars  militum 
exaudiret:  'neque  is  sum/  inquit,  'qui  gravissime  ex  vobis 
mortis  periculo  terrear  : hi  sapient ; si  gravius  quid  acciderit, 
abs  te  rationem  reposcent ; qui,  si  per  te  liceat,  perendino  die 
cum.  proximis  hibernis  coniuncti  communem  cum  reliquis  belli 
casum  sustineant,  nec  reiecti  et  relegati  longe  ab  ceteris  aut 
ferro  aut  fame  intereant.’ 

31.  Consurgitur  ex  consilio  ; comprehendunt  utrumque  et 
orant,  ne  sua  dissensione  et  pertinacia  rem  in  summum  pericu- 
lum deducant : facilem  esse  rem,  seu  maneant,  seu  proficiscantur, 
si  modo  unum  omnes  sentiant  ac  probent ; contra  in  dissen- 
sione nullam  se  salutem  perspicere,  res  disputatione  ad  mediam 
noctem  perducitur,  tandem  dat  Cotta  permotus  manus  : superat 
sententia  Sabini.  pronuntiatur  prima  luce  ituros,  consumitur 
vigiliis  reliqua  pars  noctis,  quum  sua  quisque  miles  circumspi- 
ceret, quid  secum  portare  posset,  quid  ex  instrumento  lnberno- 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


202 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


rum  relinquere  cogeretur,  omnia  excogitantur,  quare  nec  sine 
periculo  maneatur,  et  languore  militum  et  vigiliis  periculum 
augeatur,  prima  luce  sic  ex  castris  proficiscuntur,  ut  quibus 
esset  persuasum  non  ab  hoste,  sed  ab  homine  amicissimo 
5 Ambiorige  consilium  datum,  longissimo  agmine  maximisque 
impedimentis. 

32.  At  hostes,  postea  quam  ex  nocturno  fremitu  vigiliisque  de 
profectione  eorum  senserunt,  collocatis  insidiis  bipartito  in  silvis 
opportuno  atque  occulto  loco  a milibus  passuum  circiter  duobus 
io  Roaymorum  adventum  exspectabant,  et  cum  se  maior  pars  agminis 
in  magnam  convallem  demisisset,  ex  utraque  parte  eius  vallis 
subito  se  ostenderunt  novissimosque  premere  et  primos  prohi- 
bere ascensu  atque  iniquissimo  nostris  loco  proelium  committere 
coeperunt. 

15  33.  T um  demum  Titurius,  ut  qui  nihil  ante  providisset,  trepi- 

dare et  concursare  cohortesque  disponere,  haec  tamen  ipsa  timide 
atque  ut  eum  omnia  deficere  viderentur ; quod  plerumque  iis 
accidere  consuevit,  qui  in  ipso  negotio  consilium  capere  cogun- 
tur. at  Cotta,  qui  cogitasset  haec  posse  in  itinere  accidere  atque 
20  ob  eam  causam  profectionis  auctor  non  fuisset,  nulla  in  re  com- 
muni saluti  deerat  et  in  appellandis  cohortandisque  militibus 
imperatoris  et  in  pugna  militis  officia  praestabat,  cum  propter 
longitudinem  agminis  minus  facile  omnia  per  se  obire  et,  quid  quo- 
que loco  faciendum  esset,  providere  possent,  iusserunt  pronuntiare, 
25  nt-  impedimenta  relinquerent  atque  in  orbem  consisterent,  quod 
consilium  etsi  in  eiusmodi  casu  reprehendendum  non  est,  tamen 
incommode  accidit  : nam  et  nostris  militibus  spem  minuit  et 
hostes  ad  pugnam  alacriores  effecit,  quod  non  sine  summo 
timore  et  desperatione  id  factum  videbatur,  praeterea  accidit, 
30  quod  fieri  necesse  erat,  ut  vulgo  milites  ab  signis  discede- 
rent, quae  quisque  eorum  carissima  haberet,  ab  impedimentis 


COMM.  V.  33-35. 


203 


petere  atque  arripere  properaret,  clamore  et  fletu  omnia  com- 
plerentur. 

34.  At  barbaris  consilium  non  defuit,  nam  duces  eorum  tota 
acie  pronuntiare  iusserunt,  ne  quis  ab  loco  discederet : illorum 
esse  praedam  atque  illis  reservari,  quaecumque  Romani  reliquis- 
sent : proinde  omnia  in  victoria  posita  existimarent,  erant  et 
virtute  et  numero  pugnando  pares  nostri ; tametsi  ab  duce  et  a 
fortuna  deserebantur,  tamen  omnem  spem  salutis  in  virtute  pone- 
bant, et  quotiens  quaeque  cohors  procurrerat,  ab  ea  parte  magnus 
hostium  numerus  cadebat,  qua  re  animadversa  Ambiorix  pro- 
nuntiari iubet,  ut  procul  tela  coniciant  neu  propius  accedant  et, 
quam  in  partem  Romani  impetum  fecerint,  cedant  (levitate  armo- 
rum et  cotidiana  exercitatione  nihil  iis  noceri  posse),  rursus  se 
ad  signa  recipientes  insequantur. 

35.  Quo  praeceplo  ab  iis  diligentissime  observato,  cum  quae- 
piam cohors  ex  orbe  excesserat  atque  impetum  fecerat,  hostes 
velocissime  refugiebant,  interim  eam  partem  nudari  necesse  erat 
et  ab  latere  aperto  tela  recipi,  rursus,  cum  in  eum  locum,  unde 
erant  egressi,  reverti  coeperant,  et  ab  iis,  qui  cesserant,  et  ab  iis, 
qui  proximi  steterant,  circumveniebantur  ; sin  autem  locum  tenere 
vellent,  nec  virtuti  locus  relinquebatur,  neque  ab  tanta  multitu- 
dine coniecta  tela  conferti  vitare  poterant,  tamen  tot  incom- 
modis conflictati,  multis  vulneribus  acceptis  resistebant  et  magna 
parte  diei  consumpta,  cum  a prima  luce  ad  horam  octavam 
pugnaretur,  nihil,  quod  ipsis  esset  indignum,  committebant, 
tum  Tito  Balventio,  qui  superiore  anno  primum  pilum  duxerat, 
viro  forti  et  magnae  auctoritatis,  utrumque  femur  tragula  trai- 
citur ; Quintus  Lucanius,  eiusdem  ordinis,  fortissime  pugnans, 
dum  circumvento  filio  subvenit,  interficitur  ; Lucius  Cotta  lega- 
tus omnes  cohortes  ordinesque  adhortans  in  adversum  os  funda 
vulneratur. 


5 

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15 

20 

25 

30 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


36.  His  rebus  permotus  Quintus  Titurius,  cum  procul  Am- 
biorigem suos  cohortantem  conspexisset,  interpretem  suum 
Gneum  Pompeium  ad  eum  mittit  rogatum,  ut  sibi  militibus- 
que parcat,  ille  appellatus  respondit  : si  velit  secum  colloqui, 

5 licere ; sperare,  a multitudine  impetrari  posse,  quod  ad  militum 
salutem  pertineat ; ipsi  vero  nihil  nocitum  iri,  inque  eam  rem  se 
suam  fidem  interponere,  ille  cum  Cotta  saucio  communicat,  si 
videatur,  pugna  ut  excedant  et  cum  Ambiorige  una  colloquantur: 
sperare  ab  eo  de  sua  ac  militum  salute  impetrare  posse.  Cotta 
io  se  ad  armatum  hostem  iturum  negat  atque  in  eo  perseverat. 

37.  Sabinus  quos  in  praesentia  tribunos  militum  circum  se 
habebat  et  primorum  ordinum  centuriones  se  sequi  iubet  et, 
cum  propius  Ambiorigem  accessisset,  iussus  arma  abicere,  impe- 
ratum facit  suisque,  ut  idem  faciant,  imperat,  interim,  dum  de 

15  condicionibus  inter  se  agunt  longiorque  consulto  ab  Ambiorige 
instituitur  sermo,  paulatim  circumventus  interficitur,  tum  vero 
suo  more  victoriam  conclamant  atque  ululatum  tollunt  impetuque 
in  nostros  facto  ordines  perturbant,  ibi  Lucius  Cotta  pugnans 
interficitur  cum  maxima  parte  militum,  reliqui  se  in  castra  reci- 
20  piunt,  unde  erant  egressi,  ex  quibus  Lucius  Fetrosidius  aquilifer, 
cum  magna  multitudine  hostium  premeretur,  aquilam  intra  val- 
lum proiecit,  ipse  pro  castris  fortissime  pugnans  occiditur,  illi 
aegre  ad  noctem  oppugnationem  sustinent  ; noctu  ad  unum 
omnes  desperata  salute  se  ipsi  interficiunt,  pauci  ex  proelio 
25  elapsi  incertis  itineribus  per  silvas  ad  Titum  Labienum  legatum  in 
hiberna  perveniunt  atque  eum  de  rebus  gestis  certiorem  faciunt. 

The  Eburones  attack  Cicero.  Caesar  marches  to  his  aid  and 
relieves  the  siege.  The  enemy  is  defeated. 

38.  Hac  victoria  sublatus  Ambiorix  statim  cum  equitatu  in 
Aduatucos,  qui  erant  eius  regno  finitimi,  proficiscitur;  neque 
iioctem  neque  diem  intermittit  peditatumque  se  subsequi  iubet. 


COMM.  Y.  38-40. 


205 


re  demonstrata  Aduatucisque  concitatis  postero  die  in  Nervios 
pervenit  hortaturque,  ne  sui  in  perpetuum  liberandi  atque  ulcis- 
cendi Romanos  pro  iis,  quas  acceperint,  iniuriis,  occasionem 
dimittant : interfectos  esse  legatos  duos  magnamque  partem  ex- 
ercitus interisse  demonstrat ; nihil  esse  negotii  subito  oppressam 
legionem,  quae  cum  Cicerone  hiemet,  interfici;  se  ad  eam  rem 
profitetur  adiutorem.  facile  hac  oratione  Nerviis  persuadet. 

39.  Itaque  confestim  dimissis  nuntiis  ad  Ceutrones,  Grudios, 
Levacos,  Pleumoxios,  Geidumnos,  qui  omnes  sub  eorum  imperio 
sunt,  quam  maximas  manus  possunt,  cogunt  et  de  inproviso  ad 
Ciceronis  hiberna  advolant  nondum  ad  eum  fama  de  Titurii 
morte  perlata,  huic  quoque  accidit,  quod  fuit  necesse,  ut  non- 
nulli milites,  qui  lignationis  munitionisque  causa  in  silvas 
discessissent,  repentino  equitum  adventu  interciperentur.  his 
circumventis  magna  manu  Eburones,  Nervii,  Aduatuci  atque 
horum  omnium  socii  et  clientes  legionem  oppugnare  incipiunt, 
nostri  celeriter  ad  arma  concurrunt,  vallum  conscendunt,  aegre 
is  dies  sustentatur,  quod  omnem  spem  hostes  in  celeritate  pone- 
bant atque  hanc  adepti  victoriam  in  perpetuum  se  fore  victores 
confidebant. 

40.  Mittuntur  ad  Caesarem  confestim  ab  Cicerone  litterae 
magnis  propositis  praemiis,  si  pertulissent,  obsessis  omnibus 
viis  missi  intercipiuntur,  noctu  ex  materia,  quam  munitionis 
causa  comportaverant,  turres  admodum  CXX  excitantur  incredi- 
bili celeritate ; quae  deesse  operi  videbantur,  perficiuntur,  hostes 
postero  die  multo  maioribus  coactis  copiis  castra  oppugnant,  fos- 
sam complent,  eadem  ratione,  qua  pridie,  ab  nostris  resistitur, 
hoc  idem  deinceps  reliquis  fit  diebus,  nulla  pars  nocturni  tem- 
poris ad  laborem  intermittitur ; non  aegris,  non  vulneratis  facul- 
tas quietis  datur,  quaecumque  ad  proximi  diei  oppugnationem 
opus  sunt,  noctu  comparantur  ; multae  praeustae  sudes,  magnus 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


muralium  pilorum  numerus  instituitur  ; turres  contabulantur, 
pinnae  loricaeque  ex  cratibus  attexuntur,  ipse  Cicero,  cum 
tenuissima  valetudine  esset,  ne  nocturnum  quidem  sibi  tempus 
ad  quietem  relinquebat,  ut  ultro  militum  concursu  ac  vocibus 
5 sibi  parcere  cogeretur. 

41.  Tunc  duces  principesque  Nerviorum,  qui  aliquem  sermonis 
aditum  causamque  amicitiae  cum  Cicerone  habebant,  colloqui 
sese  velle  dicunt,  lacta  potestate  eadem,  quae  Ambiorix  cum 
Titurio  egerat,  commemorant  : omnem  esse  in  armis  Galliam ; 

io  Germanos  Rhenum  transisse ; Caesaris  reliquorumque  hiberna 
oppugnari,  addunt  etiam  de  Sabini  morte  : Ambiorigem  osten- 
tant fidei  faciundae  causa,  errare  eos  dicunt,  si  quicquam  ab 
his  praesidii  sperent,  qui  suis  rebus  diffidant  ; sese  tamen  hoc 
esse  in  Ciceronem  populumque  Romanum  animo,  ut  nihil  nisi 
15  hiberna  recusent  atque  hanc  inveterascere  consuetudinem  nolint  : 
licere  illis  incolumibus  per  se  ex  hibernis  discedere  et,  quas- 
cumque in  partes  velint,  sine  metu  proficisci.  Cicero  ad  haec 
unum  modo  respondit : non  esse  consuetudinem  populi  Romani, 
accipere  ab  hoste  armato  condicionem : si  ab  armis  discedere 
20  velint,  se  adiutore  utantur  legatosque  ad  Caesarem  mittant ; 
sperare  pro  eius  iustitia,  quae  petierint,  impetraturos. 

42.  Ab  hac  spe  repulsi  Nervii  vallo  pedum  IX  et  fossa 
pedum  XV  hiberna  cingunt,  haec  et  superiorum  annorum  con- 
suetudine a nostris  cognoverant,  et  quos  de  exercitu  habebant 

25  captivos,  ab  his  docebantur  ; sed  nulla  ferramentorum  copia, 
quae  esset  ad  hunc  usum  idonea,  gladiis  cespites  circumcidere, 
manibus  sagulisque  terram  exhaurire  nitebantur,  qua  quidem  ex 
re  hominum  multitudo  cognosci  potuit : nam  minus  horis  tribus 
milium  passuum  XX  in  circuitu  munitionem  perfecerunt,  reli- 
30  quisque  diebus  turres  ad  altitudinem  valli,  falces  testudinesque, 
quas  idem  captivi  docuerant,  parare  ac  facere  coeperunt. 


COMM.  V.  43-44. 


207 


43.  Septimo  oppugnationis  die  maximo  coorto  vento  ferventes 
fusili  ex  argilla  glandes  fundis  et  fervefacta  iacula  in  casas, 
quae  more  Gallico  stramentis  erant  tectae,  iacere  coeperunt, 
liae  celeriter  ignem  comprehenderunt  et  venti  magnitudine  in 
omnem  castrorum  locum  distulerunt.  hostes  maximo  clamore 
sicuti  parta  iam  atque  explorata  victoria  turres  testudinesque 
agere  et  scalis  vallum  ascendere  coeperunt,  at  tanta  militum 
virtus  atque  ea  praesentia  animi  fuit,  ut,  cum  undique  flamma 
torrerentur  maximaque  telorum  multitudine  premerentur  suaque 
omnia  impedimenta  atque  omnes  fortunas  conflagrare  intellege- 
rent, non  modo  demigrandi  causa  de  vallo  decederet  nemo,  sed 
paene  ne  respiceret  quidem  quisquam,  ac  tum  omnes  acerrime 
fortissimeque  pugnarent,  hic  dies  nostris  longe  gravissimus 
fuit;  sed  tamen  hunc  habuit  eventum,  ut  eo  die  maximus  hos- 
tium numerus  vulneraretur  atque  interficeretur,  ut  se  sub  ipso 
vallo  constipaverant  recessumque  primis  ultimi  non  dabant, 
paulum  quidem  intermissa  flamma  et  quodam  loco  turri  adacta 
et  contingente  vallum  tertiae  cohortis  centuriones  ex  eo,  quo 
stabant,  loco  recesserunt  suosque  omnes  removerunt,  nutu  voci- 
busque hostes,  si  introire  vellent,  vocare  coeperunt  ; quorum 
progredi  ausus  est  nemo,  tum  ex  omni  parte  lapidibus  coniectis 
deturbati  turrisque  succensa  est. 

44.  Erant  in  ea  legione  fortissimi  viri,  centuriones,  qui  primis 
ordinibus'  appropinquarent,  Titus  Pulio  et  Lucius  Vorenus.  hi 
perpetuas  inter  se  controversias  habebant,  quinam  anteferretur, 
omnibusque  annis  de  locis  summis  simultatibus  contendebant, 
ex  his  Pulio,  cum  acerrime  ad  munitiones  pugnaretur,  ‘'quid 
dubitas/  inquit,  ‘ Yorene  ? aut  quem  locum  probandae  virtutis 
tuae  exspectas  ? hic  dies  de  nostris  controversiis  indicabit. 
haec  cum  dixisset,  procedit  extra  munitiones,  quaque  parte  hos- 
tium confertissima  est  vis,  ea  irrumpit,  ne  Vorenus  quidem  tum 
vallo  sese  continet,  sed  omnium  veritus  existimationem  subsequitur. 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


mediocri  spatio  relicto  Pulio  pilum  in  hostes  immittit  atque 
unum  ex  multitudine  procurrentem  traicit ; cpio  percusso  et 
exanimato  hunc  scutis  protegunt,  in  hostem  tela  universi  colli- 
ciunt neque  dant  regrediendi  facultatem,  transfigitur  scutum 
5 Pulioni  et  verutum  in  balteo  defigitur,  avertit  hic  casus  vagi- 
nam et  gladium  educere  eonanti  dextram  moratur  manum,  im- 
peditumque  hostes  circumsistunt,  succurrit  inimicus  illi  Vorenus 
et  laboranti  subvenit,  ad  hunc  se  confestim  a Pulione  omnis 
multitudo  convertit : illum  veruto  arbitrantur  occisum,  gladio 
10  comminus  rem  gerit  Vorenus  atque  uno  interfecto  reliquos  paulum 
propellit;  dum  cupidius  instat,  in  locum  deiectus  inferiorem  con- 
cidit. huic  rursus  circumvento  fert  subsidium  Pulio,  atque 
ambo  incolumes  compluribus  interfectis  summa  cum  laude  sese 
intra  munitiones  recipiunt,  sic  fortuna  in  contentione  et  certa- 
15  mine  utrumque  versavit,  ut  alter  alteri  inimicus  auxilio  saluti- 
que esset,  neque  diiudicari  posset,  uter  utri  virtute  anteferendus 
videretur. 

45.  Quanto  erat  in  dies  gravior  atque  asperior  oppugnatio,  et 
maxime  quod  magna  parte  militum  confecta  vulneribus  res  ad 
20  paucitatem  defensorum  pervenerat,  tanto  crebriores  litterae  nun- 
tiique ad  Caesarem  mittebantur  ; quorum  pars  deprehensa  in 
conspectu  nostrorum  militum  cum  cruciatu  necabantur,  erat 
unus  intus  Nervius,  nomine  Vertico,  loco  natus  honesto,  qui  a 
prima  obsidione  ad  Ciceronem  perfugerat  suamque  ei  fidem 
25  praestiterat,  hic  servo  spe  libertatis  magnisque  persuadet  prae- 
miis, ut  litteras  ad  Caesarem  deferat,  has  ille  in  iaculo  illigatas 
effert  et  Gallus  inter  Gallos  sine  ulla  suspicione  versatus  ad 
Caesarem  pervenit.  ab  eo  de  periculis  Ciceronis  legionisque 
cognoscitur. 

3o  46.  Caesar  acceptis  litteris  hora  circiter  undecima  diei  statim 
nuntium  m Bellovacos  ad  M.  Crassum  quaestorem  mittit,  cuius 


COMM.  V 46-48. 


209 


hiberna  aberant  ab  eo  milia  passuum  XXV.  iubet  media  nocte 
legionem  proficisci  celeriterque  ad  se  venire,  exit  cum  nuntio 
Crassus,  alterum  ad  Gaiurn  Fabium  legatum  mittit,  ut  in  Atre- 
batium  fines  legiouem  adducat,  qua  sibi  iter  laciendum  sciebat, 
scribit  Labieno,  si  rei.publicae  commodo  facere  posset,  cum 
legione  ad  fines  Nerviorum  veniat.  reliquam  partem  exercitus, 
quod  paulo  aberat  longius,  non  putat  exspectandam  ; equites 
circiter  quadringentos  ex  proximis  hibernis  cogit. 

47  Hora  circiter  tertia  ab  antecursoribus  de  Crassi  adventu 
certior  factus,  eo  die  milia  passuum  XX  progreditur.  Crassum 
Samarobrivae  praeficit  legionemque  ei  attribuit,  quod  ibi  im- 
pedimenta exercitus,  obsides  civitatum,  litteras  publicas  frumen- 
tumque omne,  quod  eo  tolerandae  hiemis  causa  devexerat, 
relinquebat.  Fabius,  ut  imperatum  erat,  non  ita  multum  inora- 
tus in  itinere  cum  legione  occurrit.  Labienus  interitu  Sabini  et 
caede  cohortium  cognita,  cum  omnes  ad  eum  Treverorum  copiae 
venissent,  veritus,  si  ex  hibernis  fugae  similem  profectionem 
fecisset,  ut  hostium  impetum  sustinere  posset,  praesertim  quos 
recenti  victoria  efferri  sciret,  litteras  Caesari  remittit,  quanto  cum 
periculo  legionem  ex  hibernis  educturus  esset,  rem  gestam  in 
Eburonibus  perscribit,  docet,  omnes  equitatus  peditatusque  copias 
1 reverorum  tria  milia  passuum  longe  ab  suis  castris  consedisse. 

48.  Caesar  consilio  eius  probato,  etsi  opinione  trium  legionum 
deiectus  ad  duas  redierat,  tamen  unum  communis  salutis  auxi- 
lium in  celeritate  ponebat,  venit  magnis  itineribus  in  Nervio- 
rum fines.  ibi  ex  captivis  cognoscit,  quae  apud  Ciceronem 
gerantur,  quantoque  in  periculo  res  sit.  tum  cuidam  ex  equiti- 
bus Gallis  magnis  praemiis  persuadet,  uti  ad  Ciceronem  episto- 
lam deferat,  hanc  Graecis  conscriptam  litteris  mittit,  ne  intercepta 
epistola  nostra  ab  hostibus  consilia  cognoscantur,  si  adire  non 
possit,  monet,  ut  tragulam  cum  epistola  ad  amentum  deligata 

l 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


intra  munitiones  castrorum  abiciat.  in  litteris  scribit  se  cum 
legionibus  profectum  celeriter  adfore  ; hortatur,  ut  pristinam 
virtutem  retineat.  Gallus  periculum  veritus,  ut  erat  praeceptum, 
tragulam  mittit,  haec  casu  ad  turrim  adhaesit  neque  ab  nos- 
5 tris  biduo  animadversa  tertio  die  a quodam  milite  conspicitur, 
dempta  ad  Ciceronem  defertur,  ille  perlectam  in  conventu 
militum  recitat  maximaque  omnes  laetitia  afficit,  tum  fumi 
incendiorum  procul  videbantur ; quae  res  omnem  dubitationem 
adventus  legionum  expulit. 

10  49.  Galli  re  cognita  per  exploratores  obsidionem  relinquunt, 

ad  Caesarem  omnibus  copiis  contendunt,  hae  erant  armata  cir- 
citer milia  LX.  Cicero  data  facultate  Gallum  ab  eodem  Yerti- 
cone,  quem  supra  demonstravimus,  repetit,  qui  litteras  ad 
Caesarem  deferat ; hunc  admonet,  iter  caute  diligenterque  faciat  : 

15  perscribit  in  litteris  hostes  ab  se  discessisse  omnemque  ad  eum 
multitudinem  convertisse.  quibus  litteris  circiter  media  nocte 
Caesar  allatis  suos  facit  certiores  eosque  ad  dimicandum  animo 
confirmat,  postero  die  luce  prima  movet  castra  et  circiter  milia 
passuum  quattuor  progressus  trans  vallem  et  rivum  multitudinem 

20  hostium  conspicatur,  erat  magni  periculi  res,  tantulis  copiis 
iniquo  loco  dimicare  ; tum,  quoniam  obsidione  liberatum  Cicero- 
nem sciebat,  aequo  animo  remittendum  de  celeritate  existimabat : 
consedit  et,  quam  aequissimo  loco  potest,  castra  communit  atque 
haec,  etsi  erant  exigua  per  se,  vix  hominum  milium  septem 

25  praesertim  nullis  cum  impedimentis,  tamen  angustiis  viarum, 
quam  maxime  potest,  contrahit,  eo  consilio,  ut  in  summam  con- 
temptionem hostibus  veniat.  interim  speculatoribus  in  omnes 
partes  dimissis  explorat,  quo  commodissime  itinere  vallem  transire 
possit. 

3o  50.  Eo  die  parvulis  equestribus  proeliis  ad  aquam  factis 
utrique  sese  suo  loco  continent  : Galli,  quod  ampliores  copias, 


COMM.  Y.  50-52 


211 


([une  nondum  convenerant,  exspectabant , Caesar,  si  forte  timoris 
simulatione  hostes  in  suum  locum  elicere  posset,  ut  citra  vallem 
pro  castris  proelio  contenderet ; si  id  efficere  non  posset,  ut  ex- 
ploratis itineribus  minore  cum  periculo  vallem  rivumque  tran- 
siret. prima  luce  hostium  equitatus  ad  castra  accedit  proeliumque 
cum  nostris  equitibus  committit.  Caesar  consulto  equites  cedere 
seque  in  castra  recipere  iubet,  simul  ex  omnibus  partibus  castra 
altiore  vallo  muniri  portasque  obstrui  atque  in  his  adminis- 
trandis rebus  quam  maxime  concursari  et  cum  simulatione  timoris 
agi  iubet. 

51.  Quibus  omnibus  rebus  hostes  invitati  copias  traducunt 
aciemque  iniquo  loco  constituunt,  nostris  vero  etiam  de  vallo 
deductis  propius  accedunt  et  tela  intra  munitionem  ex  omnibus  par- 
tibus colliciunt  praecouibusque  circummissis  pronuntiari  iubent, 
seu  quis  Gallus  seu  Romanus  velit  ante  horam  tertiam  ad  se  tran- 
sire, sine  periculo  licere ; post  id  tempus  non  fore  potestatem  : 
ac  sic  nostros  contempserunt,  ut  obstructis  in  speciem  portis 
singulis  ordinibus  cespitum,  quod  ea  non  posse  introrumpere 
videbantur,  alii  vallum  manu  scindere,  alii  fossas  complere  in- 
ciperent. tum  Caesar  omnibus  portis  eruptione  facta  equitatuque 
emisso  celeriter  hostes  in  fugam  dat,  sic  uti  omnino  pugnandi 
causa  resisteret  nemo,  magnumque  ex  eis  numerum  occidit  atque 
omnes  armis  exuit. 

52.  Longius  prosequi  veritus,  quod  silvae  paludesque  interce- 
debant neque  etiam  parvulo  detrimento  illorum  locum  relinqui 
videbat,  omnibus  suis  incolumibus  copiis  eodem  die  ad  Cicero- 
nem pervenit,  institutas  turres,  testudines  munitionesque  hostium 
admiratur  ; legione  producta  cognoscit  non  decimum  quemque 
esse  reliquum  militem  sine  vulnere  : ex  his  omnibus  iudicat  re- 
bus, quanto  cum  periculo  et  quanta  cum  virtute  res  sint  admin- 
istratae. Ciceronem  pro  eius  merito  legionemque  collaudat ; 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


centuriones  singillatim  tribunosque  militum  appellat,  (piorum 
egregiam  fuisse  virtutem  testimonio  Ciceronis  cognoverat,  de 
casu  Sabini  et  Cottae  certius  ex  captivis  cognoscit,  postero  die 
contione  habita  rem  gestam  proponit,  milites  consolatur  et  con- 
5 firmat  : quod  detrimentum  culpa  et  temeritate  legati  sit  accep- 
tum, hoc  aequiore  animo  ferundum  docet,  quod  beneficio  deorum 
immortalium  et  virtute  eorum  expiato  incommodo  neque  hosti- 
bus diutina  laetatio  neque  ipsis  longior  dolor  relinquatur. 

53-58.  Insurrections  among  the  Senones  and  Treveri. 

Indutiomarus  retreats  amour/  the  Treveri.  Disturbance 
caused  by  the  Senones. 

53.  Interim  ad  Labienum  per  Remos  incredibili  celeritate  de 
io  victoria  Caesaris  fama  perfertur,  ut,  cum  ab  hibernis  Ciceronis 
milia  passuum  abesset  circiter  LX,  eoque  post  horam  nonam 
diei  Caesar  pervenisset,  ante  mediam  noctem  ad  portas  castro- 
rum clamor  oriretur,  quo  clamore  significatio  victoriae  gratula- 
tioque ab  Remis  Labieno  fieret,  hac  fama  ad  Treveros  perlata 
io  Indutiomarus,  qui  postero  die  castra  Labieni  oppugnare  decreve- 
rat, noctu  profugit  copiasque  omnes  in  Treveros  reducit.  Caesar 
Labium  cum  sua  legione  remittit  in  hiberna,  ipse  cum  tribus  le- 
gionibus circum  Samarobrivam  trinis  hibernis  hiemare  constituit  et, 
quod  tanti  motus  Galliae  exstiterant,  totam  hiemem  ipse  ad  exerci- 
20  tum  manere  decrevit,  nam  illo  incommodo  de  Sabini  morte  per- 
lato omnes  fere  Galliae  civitates  de  bello  consultabant,  nuntios 
legationesque  m omnes  partes  dimittebant  et,  quid  reliqui  con- 
silii caperent  atque  unde  initium  belli  fieret,  explorabant  noc- 
turnaque in  locis  desertis  concilia  habebant,  neque  ullum  fere 
25  totius  hiemis  tempus  sine  sollicitudine  Caesaris  intercessit,  quin 
aliquem  de  consiliis  ac  motu  Gallorum  nuntium  acciperet,  in  his 
ab  Lucio  Roscio  [quaestore],  quem  legioni  tertiae  decimae  prae- 
fecerat, certior  factus  est,  magnas  Gallorum  copias  earum 


COMM.  V.  53-55. 


213 


civitatum,  quae  Aremoricae  appellantur,  oppugnandi  sui  causa 
convenisse  neque  longius  milia  passuum  octo  ab  hibernis  suis 
afuisse,  sed  nuntio  allato  de  victoria  Caesaris  discessisse,  adeo  ut 
fugae  similis  discessus  videretur. 

54.  At  Caesar  principibus  cuiusque  civitatis  ad  se  evocatis 
alias  territando,  cum  se  scire,  quae  fierent,  denuntiaret,  alias 
cohortando  magnam  partem  Galliae  in  officio  tenuit,  tamen 
Senones,  quae  est  civitas  in  primis  firma  et  magnae  inter  Gallos 
auctoritatis,  Cavarinum,  quem  Caesar  apud  eos  regem  constitu- 
erat, cuius  frater  Moritasgus  adventu  m Galliam  Caesaris  cuius- 
que maiores  regnum  obtinuerant,  interficere  publico  consilio 
conati,  cum  ille  praesensisset  ac  profugisset,  usque  ad  fines 
insecuti,  regno  domoque  expulerunt,  et  missis  ad  Caesarem 
satisfaciundi  causa  legatis,  cum  is  omnem  ad  se  senatum  venire 
iussisset,  dicto  audientes  non  fuerunt.  tantum  apud  homines 
barbaros  valuit,  esse  aliquos  repertos  principes  belli  inferendi 
tantamque  omnibus  voluntatum  commutationem  attulit,  ut  prae- 
ter Haeduos  et  Remos,  quos  praecipuo  semper  honore  Caesar 
habuit,  alteros  pro  vetere  ac  perpetui  erga  populum  Romanum 
fide,  alteros  pro  recentibus  Gallici  belli  officiis,  nulla  fere  civitas 
fuerit  non  suspecta  nobis,  idque  adeo  haud  scio  mirandumne 
sit,  cum  compluribus  aliis  de  causis,  tum  maxime,  quod  ei,  qui 
virtute  belli  omnibus  gentibus  praeferebantur,  tantum  se  eius 
opinionis  deperdidisse,  ut  a populo  Romano  imperia  perferrent, 
gravissime  dolebant. 

The  enemy  is  overcome  by  Labienus.  Gaul  in  a more  peaceful 

state. 

55.  Treveri  vero  atque  Indutiomarus  totius  hiemis  nullum 
tempus  intermiserunt,  quin  trans  Rhenum  legatos  mitterent,  civi- 
tates sollicitarent,  pecunias  pollicerentur,  magna  parte  exercitus 
nostri  interfecta  multo  minorem  superesse  dicerent  partem. 


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neque  tamen  ulli  civitati  Germanorum  persuaderi  potuit,  ut 
Rhenum  transiret,  cum  se  bis  expertos  dicerent,  Ariovisti  bello 
et  Tencterorum  transitu  : non  esse  amplius  fortunam  tempta- 
turos. hac  spe  lapsus  Indutiomarus  nihilo  minus  copias  cogere, 
5 exercere,  a finitimis  equos  parare,  exsules  damnatosque  tota 
Gallia  magnis  praemiis  ad  se  allicere  coepit,  ac  tantam  sibi 
iam  his  rebus  in  Gallia  auctoritatem  comparaverat,  ut  undique 
ad  eum  legationes  concurrerent,  gratiam  atque  amicitiam  publice 
privat  irnque  peterent. 

10  56  Ubi  intellexit  ultro  ad  se  veniri,  altera  ex  parte  Senones 

Carnutesque  conscientia  facinoris  instigari,  altera  Nervios  Adua- 
tucosque  bellum  Romanis  parare,  neque  sibi  voluntariorum 
copias  defore,  si  ex  finibus  suis  progredi  coepisset,  armatum 
concilium  indicit,  hoc  more  Gallorum  est  initium  belli  : quo 
15  lege  communi  omnes  puberes  armati  convenire  consuerunt;  qui 
ex  iis  novissimus  venit,  in  conspectu  multitudinis  omnibus  cru- 
ciatibus affectus  necatur,  in  eo  concilio  Cingetorigem,  alterius 
principem  factionis,  generum  suum,  quem  supra  demonstravi- 
mus Caesaris  secutum  fidem  ab  eo  non  discessisse,  hostem  iudi- 
20  cat  bonnque  eius  publicat.  his  rebus  confectis  in  concilio 
pronuntiat  arcessitum  se  a Senonibus  et  Carnutibus  aliisque 
compluribus  Galliae  civitatibus  ; huc  iter  facturum  per  fines 
Remorum  eorumque  agros  populaturum  ac,  priusquam  id  faciat, 
castra  Labieni  oppugnaturum. 

25  57.  Quae  fieri  velit,  praecipit.  Labienus,  cum  et  loci  natura 

et  manu  munitissimis  castris  sese  teneret,  de  suo  ac  legionis 
periculo  nihil  timebat ; ne  quam  occasionem  rei  bene  gerendae 
dimitteret,  cogitabat,  itaque  a Cingetorige  atque  eius  propinquis 
oratione  Indutiomari  cognita,  quam  in  concilio  habuerat,  nuntios 
30  mittit  ad  finitimas  civitates  equitesque  undique  evocat : his  certum 
diem  conveniendi  dicit,  interim  prope  cotidie  cum  omni  equitatu 


COMM  V.  57-58. 


215 


Indutiomarus  sub  castris  eius  vagabatur,  alias  ut  situm  castro- 
rum cognosceret,  alias  colloquendi  aut  territandi  causa  : equites 
plerumque  omnes  tela  intra  vallum  coniciebant.  Labienus  suos 
intra  munitionem  continebat  timorisque  opinionem,  quibuscumque 
poterat  rebus,  augebat. 

58.  Cum  maiore  in  dies  contemptione  Indutiomarus  ad  castra 
accederet,  nocte  una  intromissis  equitibus  omnium  finitimarum 
civitatum,  quos  arcessendos  curaverat,  tanta  diligentia  omnes 
suos  custodiis  intra  castra  continuit,  ut  nulla  ratione  ea  res  enun- 
tiari aut  ad  Treveros  perferri  posset,  interim  ex  consuetudine 
cotidiana  Indutiomarus  ad  castra  accedit  atque  ibi  magnam  par- 
tem diei  consumit ; equites  tela  colliciunt  et  magna  cum  con- 
tumelia verborum  nostros  ad  pugnam  evocant,  nullo  ab  nostris 
dato  responso,  ubi  visum  est,  sub  vesperum  dispersi  ac  dissipati 
discedunt.  subito  Labienus  duabus  portis  omnem  equitatum 
emittit ; praecipit  atque  interdicit,  proterritis  hostibus  atque  in 
fugam  coniectis  (quod  fore,  sicut  accidit,  videbat)  unum  omnes 
peterent  Indutiomarum,  neu  quis  quem  prius  vulneret,  quam 
illum  interfectum  viderit,  quod  mora  reliquorum  spatium  nactum 
illum  effugere  nolebat ; magna  proponit  iis,  qni  occiderint,  prae- 
mia : suramittit  cohortes  equitibus  subsidio,  comprobat  hominis 
consilium  fortuna,  et  cum  unum  omnes  peterent,  in  ipso  fluminis 
vado  deprehensus  Indutiomarus  interficitur,  caputque  eius  refertur 
in  castra  : redeuntes  equites,  quos  possunt,  consectantur  atque 
occidunt,  hac  re  cognita,  omnes  Eburonum  et  Nerviorum,  quae 
convenerant,  copiae  discedunt,  pauloque  habuit  post  id  factum 
Caesar  quietiorem  Galliam. 


5 

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C.  1ULII  CAESARIS 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COM M ENTA  El  US  SEXTUS. 


1-8.  C'OMMOTtONS  IN  GaUL. 

Caesar  levies  additional  forces. 

1.  Multis  tie  causis  Caesar  maiorem  Galliae  motum 
exspectans,  per  Marcum  Silanum,  Gnium  Antia- 
tium Reginum,  Titum  Sextium  legatos  delectum  ha- 
bere instituit : simul  ab  Gneo  Pompeio  proconsule 
petit,  quoniam  ipse  ad  urbem  cum  imperio  reipub- 
licae  causa  remaneret,  quos  ex  Cisalpina  Gallia 
consulis  sacramento  rogavisset,  ad  signa  convenire 
et  ad  se  proficisci  iuberet,  magni  interesse  etiam  in 
reliquum  tempus  ad  opinionem  Galliae  existimans 
tantas  videri  Italiae  facultates,  ut,  si  quid  esset  in 
bello  detrimenti  acceptum,  non  modo  id  brevi  tem- 
pore resarciri,  sed  etiarn  maioribus  augeri  copiis 
posset,  quod  cum  Pompeius  et  reipublicae  et  amicitiae  tribuis- 
set, celeriter  confecto  per  suos  delectu  tribus  ante  exactam  hie- 
15  mem  et  constitutis  et  adductis  legionibus  duplicatoque  earum 
cohortium  numero,  quas  cum  Q.  Titurio  amiserat  et  celeritate 
et  copiis  docuit,  quid  populi  Romani  disciplina  atque  opes 
possent. 


COMM.  VI.  2-4. 


217 


The  Nervii,  Senones,  Carnutes,  and  Menapii  are  subdued. 

2.  Interfecto  Indutiomaro,  ut  docuimus,  ad  eius  propinquos 
a Treveris  imperium  defertur,  illi  finitimos  Germanos  sollicitare 
et  pecuniam  polliceri  non  desistunt,  cum  ab  proximis  impe- 
trare nou  possent,  ulteriores  temptant,  inventis  nonnullis  civi- 
tatibus iureiurando  inter  se  confirmant  obsidibusque  de  pecunia 
cavent  : Ambiorigem  sibi  societate  et  foedere  adi  ungunt,  qui- 
bus rebus  cognitis  Caesar,  cum  undique  bellum  parari  videret, 
Nervios,  Aduatucos  [ac]  Menapios  adiunctis  Cisrhenanis  omni- 
bus Germanis  esse  in  armis,  Senones  ad  imperatum  non  venire 
et  cum  Carnutibus  finitimisque  civitatibus  consilia  communicare, 
a Treveris  Germanos  crebris  legationibus  sollicitari,  maturius 
sibi  de  bello  cogitandum  putavit. 

3.  Itaque  nondum  hieme  confecta  proximis  quattuor  coactis 
legionibus  de  improviso  in  fines  Nerviorum  contendit  et,  prius- 
quam illi  aut  convenire  aut  profugere  possent,  magno  pecoris 
atque  hominum  numero  capto  atque  ea  praeda  militibus  concessa 
vastatisque  agris  in  deditionem  venire  atque  obsides  sibi  dare 
coegit,  eo  celeriter  confecto  negotio  rursus  in  hiberna  legiones 
reduxit,  concilio  Galliae  primo  vere,  ut  instituerat,  indicto, 
cum  reliqui  praeter  Senones,  Carnutes  Treverosque  venissent, 
initium  belli  ac  defectionis  hoc  esse  arbitratus,  ut  omnia  post- 
ponere videretur,  concilium  Lutetiam  Parisiorum  transfert, 
confines  erant  hi  Senonibus  civitatemque  patrum  memoria  con- 
lunxerant,  sed  ab  hoc  consilio  afuisse  existimabantur,  hac  re 
pro  suggestu  pronuntiata  eodem  die  cum  legionibus  in  Senones 
proficiscitur  magnisque  itineribus  eo  pervenit. 

4.  Cognito  eius  adventu  Acco,  qui  princeps  eius  consilii  fue- 
rat, mbet  in  oppida  multitudinem  convenire,  conantibus,  prius- 
quam id  effici  posset,  adesse  Romanos  nuntiatur,  necessario 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


sententia  desistunt  legatosque  deprecandi  causa  ad  Caesarem 
mittunt : adeunt  per  Haeduos,  quorum  antiquitus  erat  in  fide 
civitas,  libenter  Caesar  petentibus  Haeduis  dat  veniam  excusa- 
tionemque accipit,  quod  aestivum  tempus  instantis  belli,  non 
5 quaestionis  esse  arbitratur,  obsidibus  imperatis  centum  hos 
Haeduis  custodiendos  tradit,  eodem  Carnutes  legatos  obsides- 
que  mittunt,  usi  deprecatoribus  Remis,  quorum  erant  in  clien- 
tela : eadem  terunt  responsa,  peragit  concilium  Caesar  equitesque 
imperat  civitatibus. 

10  5-  Hac  parte  Galliae  pacata  totus  et  mente  et  animo  in  bel- 

lum Treverorum  et  Ambiorigis  insistit.  Cavarinum  cum  equitatu 
Senonum  secum  proficisci  iubet,  ne  quis  aut  ex  huius  iracundia, 
aut  ex  eo,  quod  meruerat,  odio  civitatis  motus  exsistat,  his 
rebus  constitutis,  quod  pro  explorato  habebat  Ambiorigem  proe- 
15  lio  non  esse  concertaturum,  reliqua  eius  consilia  animo  circum- 
spiciebat. erant  Menapii  propinqui  Eburonum  finibus,  perpetuis 
paludibus  silvisque  muniti,  qui  uni  ex  Gallia  de  pace  ad  Cae- 
sarem legatos  numquam  miserant,  cum  his  esse  hospitium 
Ambiorigi  sciebat;  item  per  Treveros  venisse  Germanis  in  ami- 
20  citiam  cognoverat,  haec  prius  illi  detrahenda  auxilia  existima- 
bat, quam  ipsum  bello  lacesseret,  ne  desperata  salute  aut  se  in 
Menapios  abderet  aut  cum  Transrhenanis  congredi  cogeretur, 
hoc  inito  consilio  totius  exercitus  impedimenta  ad  Labienum 
in  Treveros  mittit  duasque  legiones  ad  eum  proficisci  iubet ; 
25  ipse  cum  legionibus  expeditis  quinque  in  Menapios  proficiscitur, 
illi  nulla  coacta  manu  loci  praesidio  freti  in  silvas  paludesque 
confugiunt  suaque  eodem  conferunt. 

6.  Caesar  partitis  copiis  cum  Gaio  Fabio  legato  et  Marco 
Crasso  quaestore  celeriterque  effectis  pontibus  adit  tripartito, 
30  aedificia  vicosque  incendit,  magno  pecoris  atque  hominum  numero 
potitur.  quibus  rebus  coacti  Menapii  legatos  ad  eum  pacis 


COMM.  VI.  6-7. 


219 


peteadae  causa  mittunt,  die  obsidibus  acceptis  hostium  se  habi- 
turum numero  confirmat,  si  aut  Ambiorigem  aut  eius  legatos 
finibus  suis  recepissent,  his  confirmatis  rebus  Commium  Atre- 
batem  cum  equitatu  custodis  loco  in  Menapiis  relinquit ; ipse  in 
Treveros  proficiscitur. 

Labienus  defeats  the  Treveri. 

7.  Dum  haec  a Caesare  geruntur,  Treveri  magnis  coactis 
peditatus  equitatusque  copiis  Labienum  cum  una  legione,  quae 
in  eorum  finibus  hiemaverat,  adoriri  parabant,  iarnque  ab  eo  non 
longius  bidui  via  aberant,  cum  duas  venisse  legiones  missu 
Caesaris  cognoscunt,  positis  castris  a milibus  passuum  W 
auxilia  Germanorum  exspectare  constituunt.  Labienus  hostium 
cognito  consilio  sperans,  temeritate  eorum  fore  aliquam  dimicandi 
facultatem  praesidio  quinque  cohortium  impedimentis  relicto  cum 
XXV  cohortibus  magnoque  equitatu  contra  hostem  proficiscitur 
et  mille  passuum  intermisso  spatio  castra  communit,  erat  inter 
Labienum  atque  hostem  difficili  transitu  flumen  ripisque  prae- 
ruptis. hoc  neque  ipse  transire  habebat  in  animo  neque  hostes 
transituros  existimabat.  augebatur  auxiliorum  cotidie  spes, 
loquitur  in  concilio  palam,  quoniam  Germani  appropinquare 
dicantur,  sese  suas  exercitusque  fortunas  in  dubium  non  devo- 
caturum et  postero  die  prima  luce  castra  moturum,  celeriter 
haec  ad  hostes  deferuntur,  ut  ex  magno  Gallorum  equitum 
numero  nonnullos  Gallicis  rebus  favere  natura  cogebat.  Labie- 
nus noctu  tribunis  militum  primisque  ordinibus  convocatis,  quid 
sui  sit  consilii,  proponit  et,  quo  facilius  hostibus  timoris  det 
suspicionem,  maiore  strepitu  et  tumultu,  quam  populi  Bomani 
fert  consuetudo,  castra  moveri  iubet.  his  rebus  fugae  similem 
profectionem  effecit,  haec  quoque  per  exploratores  ante  lucem 
in  tanta  propinquitate  castrorum  ad  hostes  deferuntur. 


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DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


8.  \ ix  agmen  novissimum  extra  munitiones  processerat,  cum 
Galli  cohortati  inter  Se,  ne  speratam  praedam  ex  manibus  dimit- 
terent : longum  esse  perterritis  Romanis  Germanorum  auxilium 
exspectare,  neque  suam  pati  dignitatem,  ut  tantis  copiis  tam  exi- 

5 guam  manum,  praesertim  fugientem  atque  impeditam,  adoriri 
non  audeant,  flumen  transire  et  iniquo  loco  proelium  committere 
non  dubitant,  quae  fore  suspicatus  Labienus,  ut  omnes  citra 
flumen  eliceret,  cadein  usus  simulatione  itineris,  placide  progre- 
diebatur. tum  praemissis  paulum  impedimentis  atque  in  tumulo 
io  quodam  collocatis,  ‘ habetis/  inquit,  ‘ milites,  quam  petistis, 
facultatem  : hostem  impedito  atque  iniquo  loco  tenetis  : praestate 
eandem  nobis  ducibus  virtutem,  quam  saepenumero  imperatori 
praestitistis,  atque  illum  adesse  et  haec  coram  cernere  existi- 
mate/ simul  signa  ad  hostem  converti  aciemque  dirigi  iubet  et 
15  paucis  turmis  praesidio  ad  impedimenta  dimissis  reliquos  equites 
ad  latera  disponit,  celeriter  nostri  clamore  sublato  pila  in  hos- 
tes immittunt,  illi,  ubi  praeter  spem  (pios  fugere  credebant 
infestis  signis  ad  se  ire  viderunt,  impetum  modo  ferre  non 
potuerunt  ac  primo  concursu  in  fugam  coniecti  proximas  silvas 
20  petiverunt,  quos  Labienus  equitatu  consectatus  magno  numero 
interfecto,  compluribus  captis  paucis  post  diebus  civitatem 
recepit ; nam  Germani,  qui  auxilio  veniebant,  percepta  Treve- 
rorum fuga  sese  domum  contulerunt,  cum  his  propinqui  Indu- 
tiomari, qui  defectionis  auctores  fuerant,  comitati  eos  ex  civitate 
25  excessere.  Cingetorigi,  quem  ab  initio  permanisse  in  officio 
demonstravimus,  principatus  atque  imperium  est  traditum. 

0-28.  Second  Expedition  into  Germany. 

Caesar  crosses  the  Rhine  a second  time  and  marches  against 
the  Suebi. 

9.  Caesar,  postquam  ex  Menapiis  in  Treveros  venit,  duabus 
de  causis  Rhenum  transire  constituit ; quarum  una  erat,  quod 


COMM.  VI.  9-10. 


221 


auxilia  contra  se  Treveris  miserant,  altera,  ne  ad  eos  Ambiorix 
receptum  haberet,  his  constitutis  rebus  paulum  supra  eum  lo- 
cum, (pio  ante  exercitum  traduxerat,  facere  pontem  instituit, 
nota  atque  instituta  ratione  magno  militum  studio  paucis  diebus 
opus  efficitur,  firmo  in  Treveris  ad  pontem  praesidio  relicto,  ne 
quis  ab  his  subito  motus  oriretur,  reliquas  copias  equitatumque 
traducit.  Ubii,  qui  ante  obsides  dederant  atque  in  deditionem 
venerant,  purgandi  sui  causa  ad  eum  legatos  mittunt,  qui  doceant 
neque  auxilia  ex  sua  civitate  in  Treveros  missa,  neque  ab  se 
fidem  laesam  : petunt  atque  orant,  ut  sibi  parcat,  ne  communi 
odio  Germanorum  innocentes  pro  nocentibus  poenas  pendant ; 
si  amplius  obsidum  velit,  dare  pollicentur,  cognita  Caesar  causa 
reperit  ab  Suebis  auxilia  missa  esse ; Ubiorum  satisfactionem 
accipit,  aditus  viasque  in  Suebos  perquirit. 

10.  Interim  paucis  post  diebus  fit  ab  Ubiis  certior  Suebos 
omnes  in  unum  locum  copias  cogere  atque  iis  nationibus,  quae 
sub  eorum  sint  imperio,  denuntiare,  ut  auxilia  peditatus  equita- 
tusque mittant,  his  cognitis  rebus  rem  frumentariam  providet, 
castris  idoneum  locum  deligit  ; Ubiis  imperat,  ut  pecora  dedu- 
cant suaque  omnia  ex  agris  in  oppida  conferant,  sperans  barbaros 
atque  imperitos  homines  inopia  cibariorum  adductos  ad  iniquam 
pugnandi  condicionem  posse  deduci ; mandat,  ut  crebros  explora- 
tores in  Suebos  mittant  quaeque  apud  eos  gerantur  cognoscant, 
illi  imperata  faciunt  et  paucis  diebus  intermissis  referunt : Sue- 
bos omnes,  posteaquam  certiores  nuntii  de  exercitu  Ptomanorum 
venerint,  cum  omnibus  suis  sociorumque  copiis,  quas  coegissent, 
penitus  ad  extremos  fines  sese  recepisse  : silvam  esse  ibi  infinita 
magnitudine,  quae  appellatur  Bacenis  ; hanc  longe  introrsus  per- 
tinere et  pro  nativo  muro  obiectam  Cheruscos  ab  Suebis  Sue- 
bosque  ab  Cheruscis  iniuriis  incursionibusque  prohibere  : ad 
eius  initium  silvae  Suebos  adventum  Romanorum  exspectare 
constituisse. 


5 

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15 

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090 


1)E  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  customs  of  the  Gauls.  Druidism , etc. 

11.  Quouiam  ad  huuc  locum  perventum  est,  non  alienum  esse' 
videtur  de  Galliae  Gennauiaeque  moribus  et  quo  differant  hae 
nationes  inter  sese,  proponere,  in  Gallia  non  solum  in  omnibus 
civitatibus  atque  iu  omnibus  pagis  partibusque,  sed  paene  etiam 

5 iu  smgulis  domibus  factiones  sunt,  earumque  factionum  principes 
sunt  qui  summam  auctoritatem  eorum  iudicio  habere  existiman- 
tur, quorum  ad  arbitrium  iudiciumque  summa  omnium  rerum 
consiliorumque  redeat,  itaque  eius  rei  causa  antiquitus  institu- 
tum videtur,  ne  quis  ex  plebe  contra  poteutiorem  auxilii  egeret  : 
io  suos  enim  quisque  opprimi  et  circumveniri  non  patitur,  neque, 
aliter  si  faciat,  ullam  inter  suos  habet  auctoritatem,  haec  eadem 
ratio  est  in  summa  totius  Galliae  : namque  omnes  civitates  iu 
partes  divisae  sunt  duas. 

12.  C um  Caesar  in  Galliam  venit,  alterius  factionis  principes 
ia  erant  Haedui,  alterius  Sequani,  hi  cum  per  se  minus  valerent, 

quod  summa  auctoritas  antiquitus  erat  in  Haeduis  magnaeque 
eorum  erant  clientelae,  Germanos  atque  Ariovistum  sibi  adiunxe- 
rant  eos  ue  ad  se  magnis  iacturis  pollicitationibusque  perduxe- 
rant. proeliis  vero  compluribus  factis  secundis  atque  omni 
20  nobilitate  Haeduorum  interfecta  tantum  potentia  antecesserant,  ut 
magnam  partem  clientium  ab  Haeduis  ad  se  traducerent  obsi- 
desque  ab  iis  principum  filios  acciperent  et  publice  iurare  coge- 
rent nihil  se  contra  Sequanos  consilii  inituros  ; et  partem  finitimi 
agri  per  vim  occupatam  possiderent  Galiiaeque  totius  principatum 
25  obtinerent,  qua  necessitate  adductus  Divitiacus  auxilii  petendi 
causa  Romam  ad  senatum  profectus  imperfecta  re  redierat, 
adventu  Caesaris  facta  commutatione  rerum,  obsidibus  Haeduis 
redditis,  veteribus  clientelis  restitutis,  novis  per  Caesarem  com- 
paratis, quod  hi,  qui  se  ad  eorum  amicitiam  aggregaverant, 
30  meliore  condicione  atque  aequiore  imperio  se  uti  videbant,  reliquis 


COMM.  YI.  12-13. 


rebus  eorum  gratia  dignitateque  amplificata  Sequani  principatum 
dimiserant.  iu  eorum  locum  Bemi  successerant  : quos  quod 
adaequare  apud  Caesarem  gratia  intellegebatur,  ii,  qui  propter 
veteres  inimicitias  nullo  modo  cum  Haeduis  couiuugi  poterant, 
se  Bemis  in  clientelam  dicabant,  bos  illi  diligenter  tuebantur  : 5 
ita  et  novam  et  repente  collectam  auctoritatem  tenebant,  eo 
tum  statu  res  erat,  ut  longe  principes  haberentur  Haedui,  secun- 
dum locum  dignitatis  Bemi  obtinerent. 

13.  In  omni  Gallia  eorum  hominum,  qui  aliquo  sunt  numero 
atque  honore,  genera  sunt  duo  ; nam  plebes  paene  servorum  10 
habetur  loco,  quae  nihil  audet  per  se,  nullo  adhibetur  consilio, 
plerique,  cum  aut  aere  alieno  aut  magnitudine  tributorum  aut 
iuiuria  potentiorum  premuntur,  sese  in  servitutem  dicant  nobili- 
bus : in  hos  eadem  omnia  sunt  iura,  quae  dominis  in  servos, 
sed  de  his  duobus  generibus  alterum  est  druidum,  alterum  equi-  15 
tum.  illi  rebus  divinis  intersunt,  sacrificia  publica  ac  privata 
procurant,  religiones  interpretantur  : ad  eos  magnus  adulescen- 
tium numerus  disciplinae  causa  concurrit,  magnoque  hi  snnt 
apud  eos  honore,  nam  fere  de  omnibus  controversiis  publicis 
privatisqne  constituunt,  et,  si  quod  est  admissum  facinus,  si  20 
caedes  facta,  si  de  hereditate,  si  de  finibus  controversia  est,  idem 
decernunt,  praemia  poenasque  constituunt ; si  qui  ant  privatu? 
aut  populus  eorum  decreto  non  stetit,  sacrificiis  interdicunt, 
haec  poena  apud  eos  est  gravissima,  quibus  ita  est  interdic- 
tum, hi  numero  impiorum  ac  sceleratorum  habentur,  his  omnes  25 
decedunt,  aditum  sermonemque  defugiunt,  ne  quid  es  contagione 
incommodi  accipiant,  neque  his  petentibus  ius  redditur  neque 
honos  ullus  communicatur,  his  autem  omnibus  druidibus  praeest 
unus,  qui  summam  inter  eos  habet  auctoritatem,  hoc  mortuo 
aut,  si  qui  es  reliquis  excellit  dignitate,  succedit,  aut,  si  sunt  30 
plures  pares,  suffragio  druidum,  nonnumquam  etiam  armis  de 
principatu  contendunt,  hi  certo  anni  tempore  iu  finibus  Carnutum, 


224 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


quae  regio  totius  Galliae  media  habetur,  considunt  in  loco  con- 
secrato. huc  omnes  undique,  qui  controversias  habent,  con- 
veniunt eorumque  decretis  iudiciisque  parent.  disciplina  in 
Britannia  reperta  atque  inde  in  Galliam  translata  esse  existima- 
5 tur,  et  nunc,  qui  diligentius  eam  rem  cognoscere  volunt,  plerum - 
que  illo  discendi  causa  proficiscuntur. 

14.  D ruides  a bello  abesse  consuerunt  neque  tributa  una  cum 
reliquis  pendunt,  militiae  vacationem  otnniumque  rerum  habent 
immunitatem,  tantis  excitati  praemiis  et  sua  sponte  multi  in 
io  disciplinam  conveniunt  et  a parentibus  propiiiquisque  mittuntur, 
magnum  ibi  numerum  versuum  ediscere  dicuntur  : itaque  annos 
nonnulli  vicenos  in  disciplina  permanent,  neque  fas  esse  existi- 
mant ea  litteris  mandare,  cum  in  reliquis  fere  rebus,  publicis 
privatisque  rationibus  Graecis  litteris  utantur,  id  mihi  duabus 
15  de  causis  instituisse  videntur,  quod  neque  in  vulgum  discipli- 
nam efferri  velint  neque  eos,  qui  discunt,  litteris  confisos  minus 
memoriae  studere ; quod  fere  plerisque  accidit,  ut  praesidio 
litterarum  diligentiam  in  perdiscendo  ac  memoriam  remittant, 
inprirnis  hoc  volunt  persuadere,  non  interire  animas,  sed  ab  aliis 
20  post  mortem  transire  ad  alios,  atque  hoc  maxime  ad  virtutem 
excitari  putant  metu  mortis  neglecto,  multa  praeterea  de  sid- 
eribus atque  eorum  motu,  de  mundi  ac  terrarum  magnitudine, 
de  rerum  natura,  de  deorum  immortalium  vi  ac  potestate  dis- 
putant et  inventuri  tradunt. 

25  15.  Alterum  genus  est  equitum,  hi,  cum  est  usus  atque 

aliquod  bellum  incidit  (quod  fere  ante  Caesaris  adventum  quo- 
tannis accidere  solebat,  uti  aut  ipsi  iniurias  inferrent  aut  illatas 
propulsarent),  omnes  in  bello  versantur,  atque  eorum  ut  quisque 
est  genere  copiisque  amplissimus,  ita  plurimos  circum  se  am- 
30  bactos  clientesque  habet,  hanc  unam  gratiam  potentiamque 
noverunt. 


COMM.  VI.  16-18. 


225 


16.  Natio  est  omnis  Gallorum  admodum  dedita  religionibus 
atque  ob  eam  causam,  qui  sunt  allecti  gravioribus  morbis  quique 
in  proeliis  periculisque  versantur,  aut  pro  victimis  homines  im- 
molant aut  se  immolaturos  vovent  administrisque  ad  ea  sacri- 
ficia druidibus  utuntur,  quod,  pro  vita  hominis  nisi  hominis  vita 
reddatur,  non  posse  aliter  deorum  immortalium  numen  placari 
arbitrantur,  publiceque  eiusdem  generis  habent  instituta  sacrificia, 
alii  immani  magnitudine  simulacra  habent,  quorum  contexta 
viminibus  membra  vivis  hominibus  complent : quibus  succensis 
circumventi  flamma  exanimantur  homines,  supplicia  eorum,  qui 
in  furto  aut  in  latrocinio  aut  aliqua  noxia  sint  comprehensi, 
gratiora  dis  immortalibus  esse  arbitrantur ; sed,  cum  eius  generis 
copia  deficit,  etiam  ad  innocentium  supplicia  descendunt. 

17.  Deum  maxime  Mercurium  colunt  : huius  sunt  plurima 
simulacra,  hunc  omnium  inventorem  artium  ferunt,  hunc  viarum 
atque  itinerum  ducem,  hunc  ad  quaestus  pecuniae  mercaturas- 
que habere  vim  maximam  arbitrantur,  post  hunc  Apollinem  et 
Martem  et  Iovem  et  Minervam  ; de  his  eandem  fere,  quam 
reliquae  gentes,  habent  opinionem  : Apollinem  morbos  depellere, 
Minervam  operum  atque  artificiorum  initia  tradere,  Iovem  im- 
perium caelestium  tenere,  Martem  bella  regere,  huic,  cum  proe- 
lio dimicare  constituerunt,  ea,  quae  bello  ceperint,  plerumque 
devovent,  cum  superaverunt,  animalia  capta  immolant  reliquas- 
que  res  in  unum  locum  conferunt,  multis  iti  civitatibus  harum 
rerum  exstructos  tumulus  locis  consecratis  conspicari  licet ; 
neque  saepe  accidit,  ut,  neglecta  quispiam  religione  aut  capta 
apud  se  occultare  aut  posita  tollere  auderet,  gravissimumque  ei 
rei  supplicium  cum  cruciatu  constitutum  est. 

18.  Galli  se  omnes  ab  Dite  patre  prognatos  praedicant  idque 
ab  druidibus  proditum  dicunt,  ob  eam  causam  spatia  omnis 
temporis  non  numero  dierum,  sed  noctium  finiunt ; dies  natales 

15 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


226 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


et  mensium  et  annorum  initia  sic  observant,  ut  noctem  dies 
subsequatur,  in  reliquis  vitae  institutis  hoc  fere  ab  reliquis 
differunt,  quod  suos  liberos,  nisi  cum  adoleverunt,  ut  munus 
militiae  sustinere  possint,  palam  ad  se  adire  non  patiuntur 
5 filiumque  puerili  aetate  in  publico  in  conspectu  patris  adsistere 
turpe  ducunt. 

19.  Viri,  quantas  pecunias  ab  uxoribus  dotis  nomine  accepe- 
runt, tantas  ex  suis  bonis  aestimatione  facta  cum  dotibus  com- 
municant. huius  omnis  pecuniae  coniunctim  ratio  habetur 
io  fructusque  servantur : uter  eorum  vita  superavit,  ad  eum  pars 
utriusque  cum  fructibus  superiorum  temporum  pervenit,  viri  in 
uxores,  sicuti  in  liberos,  vitae  necisque  habent  potestatem  ; et 
cum  paterfamiliae  illustriore  loco  natus  decessit,  eius  propinqui 
conveniunt  et,  de  morte  si  res  in  suspicionem  venit,  de  uxori- 
is bus  in  servilem  modum  quaestionem  habent  et,  si  compertum 
est,  igni  atque  omnibus  tormentis  excruciatas  interficiunt, 
funera  sunt  pro  cultu  Gallorum  magnifica  et  sumptuosa  ; 
omniaque,  quae  vivis  cordi  fuisse  arbitrantur,  in  ignem  inferunt, 
etiam  animalia,  ac  paulo  supra  hanc  memoriam  servi  et  clientes, 
20  quos  ab  iis  dilectos  esse  constabat,  iustis  funeribus  confectis  una 
cremabantur. 


The  manners  of  the  Germans. 

20.  Quae  civitates  commodius  suam  rempublicam  administrare 
existimantur,  habent  legibus  sanctum,  si  quis  quid  de  re  publica 
a finitimis  rumore  aut  fama  acceperit,  uti  ad  magistratum  de- 
25  ferat  neve  cum  quo  alio  communicet,  quod  saepe  homines  teme- 
rarios atque  imperitos  falsis  rumoribus  terreri  et  ad  facinus 
impelli  et  de  summis  rebus  consilium  capere  cognitum  est. 
magistratus  quae  visa  suut  occultant,  quaeque  esse  ex  usu 
indicaverunt,  multitudini  produnt,  de  re  publica  nisi  per  con- 
30  cilium  loqui  non  conceditur. 


COMM.  VI.  21-23. 


227 


21.  Germani  multum  ab  hac  consuetudine  differunt.  nam 
neque  druides  habent,  qui  rebus  divinis  praesint,  neque  sacri- 
ficiis student,  deorum  numero  eos  solos  ducunt,  quos  cernunt 
et  quorum  aperte  opibus  iuvantur,  Solem  et  Vulcanum  et  Lu- 
nam, reliquos  ne  fama  quidem  acceperunt.  vita  omnis  in  5 
venationibus  atque  in  studiis  rei  militaris  consistit : ab  parvulis 
labori  ac  duritiae  student,  qui  diutissime  impuberes  permanse- 
runt, maximam  inter  suos  ferunt  laudem  : hoc  ali  staturam,  ali 
vires  nervosque  confirmari  putant,  intra  annum  vero  vicesimum 
feminae  notitiam  habuisse  in  turpissimis  habent  rebus;  cuius  10 
rei  nulla  est  occultatio,  quod  et  promiscue  in  fluminibus  per- 
luuntur et  pellibus  aut  parvis  rhenonum  tegimentis  utuntur 
magna  corporis  parte  nuda. 

22.  Agriculturae  non  student;  maiorque  pars  victus  eorum 

in  lacte,  caseo,  carne  consistit,  neque  quisquam  agri  modum  15 
certum  aut  fines  habet  proprios  ; sed  magistratus  ac  principes 
in  annos  singulos  gentibus  coguationibusque  hominum,  qui  una 
coierunt,  quantum  et  quo  loco  visum  est  agri  attribuunt  atque 
anno  post  alio  transire  cogunt,  eius  rei  multas  -afferunt  causas  : 
ne  assidua  consuetudine  capti  studium  belli  gerendi  agricultura  20 
commutent ; ne  latos  fines  parare  studeant  potentioresque  humi- 
liores possessionibus  expellant ; ne  accuratius  ad  frigora  atque 
aestus  vitandos  aedificent ; ne  qua  oriatur  pecuniae  cupiditas, 
qua  ex  re'  factiones  dissensionesque  nascuntur ; ut  animi  aequi- 
tate plebem  contineant,  cum  suas  quisque  opes  cum  potentissimis  25 
aequari  videat. 

23.  Civitatibus  maxima  laus  est  quam  latissimas  circum  se 
vastatis  finibus  solitudines  habere,  hoc  propium  virtutis  exi  ti- 
mant,  expulsos  agris  finitimos  cedere,  neque  quemquam  prope 
audere  consistere  ; simul  hoc  se  fore  tutiores  arbitrantur  repen-  30 
tinae  incursionis  timore  sublato,  cum  bellum  civitas  aut  illatum 


228 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


defendit-  aut  infert,  magistratus,  qui  ei  bello  praesint,  ut  vitae 
necisque  habeant  potestatem,  deliguntur,  in  pace  nullus  est 
communis  magistratus,  sed  principes  regionum  atque  pagorum 
inter  suos  ius  dicunt  controversiasque  minuunt.  Latrocinia  nul- 
5 lam  liabeut  infamiam,  quae  extra  fines  cuiusque  civitatis  fiunt, 
atque  ea  iuventutis  exercendae  ac  desidiae  minuendae  causa  fieri 
praedicant,  atque  ubi  quis  ex  principibus  in  concilio  dixit,  se 
ducem  fore,  qui  s^qui  velint,  profiteantur,  consurgunt  ii,  qui  et 
causam  et  hominem  probant  suumque  auxilium  pollicentur  atque 
10  ab  multitudine  collaudantur  : qui  ex  iis  secuti  non  sunt,  in  deser- 
torum ac  proditorum  numero  ducuntur  omniumque  his  rerum 
postea  fides  derogatur,  hospites  violare,  fas  non  putant ; qui  qua- 
cumque de  causa  ad  eos  venerunt,  ab  iniuria  prohibent,  sanctos 
habent,  bisque  omnium  domus  patent  victusque  communicatur. 

15  24.  Ac  f uit  antea  tempus,  cum  Germanos  Galli  virtute  supe- 

rarent, ultro  bella  inferrent,  propter  hominum  multitudinem 
agrique  inopiam  trans  Rhenum  colonias  mitterent,  itaque  ea, 
quae  fertilissima  Germaniae  sunt,  loca  circum  Hercyniam  silvam, 
quam  Eratostheni  et  quibusdam  Graecis  fama  notam  esse  video, 
20  quam  illi  Orcyniam  appellant,  Volcae  Tectosages  occupaverunt 
atque  ibi  consederunt ; quae  gens  ad  hoc  tempus  his  sedibus 
sese  continet  summamque  habet  iustitiae  et  bellicae  laudis 
opinionem,  nunc,  quod  in  eadem  inopia,  egestate  patientiaque 
Germani  permanent,  eodem  victu  et  cultu  corporis  utuntur, 
25  Gallis  autem  provinciarum  propinquitas  et  transmarinarum 
rerum  notitia  multa  ad  copiam  atque  usus  largitur,  paulatim 
assuefacti  superari  multisque  victi  proeliis  ne  se  quidem  ipsi 
cum  illis  virtute  comparant. 

The  Tlercynian  forest  and  the  remarkable  animals  found  there. 

25.  Huius  Hercyniae  silvae,  quae  supra  demonstrata  est, 
30  latitudo  novem  dierum  iter  expedito  patet  : non  enim  aliter 


COMM.  VI.  25-28. 


229 


finiri  potest,  neque  mensuras  itinerum  noverunt,  oritur  ab  Hel- 
vetiorum et  Nemetum  et  Rauracorum  finibus,  rectaciue  fluminis 
Danuvii  regione  pertinet  ad  fines  Dacorum  et  Anartium : hinc 
se  flectit  sinistrorsus  diversis  ab  flumine  regionibus  multarum- 
que gentium  fines  propter  magnitudinem  attingit ; neque  quis- 
quam est  huius  Germaniae,  qui  se  aut  adisse  ad  initium  eius 
silvae  dicat,  cum  dierum  iter  LX  processerit,  aut,  quo  ex  loco 
oriatur,  acceperit  : multaque  in  ea  genera  ferarum  nasci  constat, 
quae  reliquis  in  locis  visa  non  sint ; ex  quibus  quae  maxime 
differant  ab  ceteris  et  memoriae  prodenda  videantur,  haec 
sunt. 

26.  Est  bos  cervi  figura,  cuius  a media  fronte  inter  aures 
unum  cornu  exsistit  excelsius  magisque  directum  his,  quae 
nobis  nota  sunt,  cornibus,  ab  eius  summo  sicut  palmae  rami- 
que late  diffunduntur.  eadem  est  feminae  marisque  natura, 
eadem  forma  magnitudoque  cornuum. 

27.  Sunt  item,  quae  appellantur  alces,  harum  est  consimilis 
capris  figura  et  varietas  pellium,  sed  magnitudine  paulo  antece- 
dunt mutilaeque  sunt  cornibus  et  crura  sine  nodis  articulisque 
habent,  neque  quietis  causa  procumbunt,  neque,  si  quo  afflictae 
casu  conciderint,  erigere  sese  aut  sublevare  possunt,  his  sunt 
arbores  pro  cubilibus  : ad  eas  se  applicant  atque  ita  paulum 
modo  reclinatae  quietem  capiunt,  quarum  ex  vestigiis  cum  est 
animadversum  a venatoribus,  quo  se  recipere  consuerint,  omnes 
eo  loco  aut  ab  radicibus  subruunt  aut  accidunt  arbores,  tantum 
ut  summa  species  earum  stantium  relinquatur,  huc  cum  se 
consuetudine  reclinaverunt,  infirmas  arbores  pondere  affligunt 
atque  una  ipsae  concidunt. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


28.  Tertium  est  genus  eorum,  qui  uri  appellantur,  hi  sunt 
magnitudine  paulo  infra  elephantos,  specie  et  colore  et  figura  tauri.  30 


230 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


magna  vis  eorum  est  et  magna  velocitas,  neque  homini  neque 
ferae,  quam  conspexerunt,  parcunt,  hos  studiose  foveis  captos 
interficiunt,  hoc  se  labore  durant  homines  adulescentes  atque 
hoc  genere  venationis  exercent,  et  qui  plurimos  ex  his  interfece- 
5 runt,  relatis  in  publicum  cornibus,  quae  siut  testimonio,  magnam 
ferunt  laudem,  sed  assuescere  ad  homines  et  mansuefieri  ne 
parvuli  quidem  excepti  possunt,  amplitudo  cornuum  et  figura 
* et  species  multum  a nostrorum  boum  cornibus  differt,  haec 
studiose  conquisita  ab  labris  argento  circumcludunt  atque  in 
io  amplissimis  epulis  pro  poculis  utuntur. 


29-44.  War  against  Ambiorix  and  the  Eburones. 

Caesar  returns  to  Gaul.  Ambiorix  is  defeated.  The  territories 
of  the  Eburones  are  laid  waste. 

29.  Caesar,  postquam  per  Ubios  exploratores  comperit  Suebos 
sese  in  silvas  recepisse,  inopiam  frumenti  veritus,  quod,  ut  supra 
demonstravimus,  minime  omnes  Germani  agriculturae  student, 
constituit  non  progredi  longius ; sed,  ne  omnino  metum  reditus 
15  sui  barbaris  tolleret,  atque  ut  eorum  auxilia  tardaret,  reducto 
exercitu  partem  ultimam  pontis,  quae  ripas  Ubiorum  continge- 
bat, in  longitudinem  pedum  CC  rescindit,  atque  in  extremo 
ponte  turrim  tabulatorum  quattuor  constituit  praesidiumque 
cohortium  duodecim  pontis  tuendi  causa  ponit  magnisque  eum 
20  locum  munitionibus  firmat,  ei  loco  praesidioque  Gaium  Volca- 
tium Tullum  adulescentem  praefecit,  ipse,  cum  maturescere 
frumenta  inciperent,  ad  bellum  Ambiorigis  profectus,  per  Arduen- 
nam  silvam,  quae  est  totius  Galliae  maxima  atque  ab  ripis  Rheni 
finibusque  Treverorum  ad  Nervios  pertinet  milibusque  amplius 
25  quingentis  in  longitudinem  patet,  Lucium  Minucium  Basilum 
cum  omni  equitatu  praemittit,  si  quid  celeritate  itineris  atque 
opportunitate  temporis  proficere  possit ; monet,  ut  ignes  fieri  in 


COMM.  YI.  29-31. 


231 


castris  prohibeat,  ne  qua  eius  adventus  procul  significatio  fiat : 
sese  confestim  subsequi  dicit.  Basilus,  ut  imperatum  est. 


facit. 


30.  Celeriter  contraque  omnium  opinionem  confecto  itinere 
multos  in  agris  inopinantes  deprehendit : eorum  indicio  ad  ipsum  5 
Ambiorigem  contendit,  quo  in  loco  cum  paucis  equitibus  esse 
dicebatur,  multum  cum  in  omnibus  rebus,  tum  in  re  militari 
potest  fortuna.  nam  sicut  magno  accidit  casu,  ut  in  ipsum 
incautum  atque  etiam  imparatum  incideret,  priusque  eius  adven- 
tus ab  omnibus  videretur,  quam  fama  ac  nuntiis  afferretur,  sic  io 
magnae  fuit  fortunae  omni  militari  instrumento,  quod  circum  se 
habebat,  erepto,  redis  equisque  comprehensis  ipsum  effugere 
mortem,  sed  hoc  quoque  factum  est,  quod  aedificio  circumdato 
silva,  ut  sunt  fere  domicilia  Gallorum,  qui  vitandi  aestus  causa 
plerumque  silvarum  ac  fluminum  petunt  propinquitates,  comites  15 
familiaresque  eius  angusto  in  loco  paulisper  equitum  nostrorum 
vim  sustinuerunt,  his  pugnantibus  illum  in  equum  quidam  ex 
suis  intulit : fugientem  silvae  texerunt,  sic  et  ad  subeundum 
periculum  et  ad  vitandum  multum  fortuna  valuit. 

31.  Ambiorix  copias  suas  iudicione  non  conduxerit,  quod  20 
proelio  dimicandum  non  existimarit,  an  tempore  exclusus  et  re- 
pentino equitum  adventu  prohibitus,  cum  reliquum  exercitum 
subsequi  crederet,  dubium  est ; sed  certe  dimissis  per  agros 
nuntiis  sibi  quemque  consulere  iussit.  quorum  pars  in  Arduen- 
nam  silvam,  pars  in  continentes  paludes  profugit ; qui  proximi  25 
Oceanum  fuerunt,  hi  insulis  sese  occultaverunt,  quas  aestus 
efficere  consuerunt : multi  ex  suis  finibus  egressi  se  suaque 
omnia  alienissimis  crediderunt.  Catuvolcus,  rex  dimidiae  partis 
Eburonum,  qui  una  cum  Ambiorige  consilium  inierat,  aetate  iam 
confectus,  cum  laborem  belli  aut  fugae  ferre  11011  posset,  omni-  30 


232 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


bus  precibus  detestatus  Ambiorigem,  qui  eius  consilii  auctor 
fuisset,  taxo,  cuius  magna  in  Gallia  Germaniaquc  copia  est,  se 
exanimavit. 

32.  Segni  Condrusique,  ex  gente  et  numero  Germanorum,  qui 
5 sunt  inter  Eburones  Treverosque,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  miserunt, 
oratum,  ne  se  in  hostium  numero  duceret  neve  omnium  Germa- 
norum, qui  essent  citra  Ebenum,  unam  esse  causam  indicaret  : 
nihil  se  de  bello  cogitavisse,  nulla  Ambiorigi  auxilia  misisse. 
Caesar  explorata  re  quaestione  captivorum,  si  qui  ad  eos  Eburo- 
io  nes  ex  fuga  convenissent,  ad  se  ut  reducerentur,  imperavit ; si 
ita  fecissent,  fines  eorum  se  violaturum  negavit,  tum  copiis  in 
tris  partes  distributis  impedimenta  omnium  legionum  Aduatucam 
contulit,  id  castelli  nomen  est.  hoc  fere  est  in  mediis  Eburo- 
num finibus,  ubi  Titurius  atque  Aurunculeius  hiemandi  causa 
15  consederant,  hunc  cum  reliquis  rebus  locum  probarat,  tum  quod 
superioris  anni  munitiones  integrae  manebant,  ut  militum  labo- 
rem sublevaret,  praesidio  impedimentis  legionem  quartamdeci- 
mam  reliquit,  unam  ex  his  tribus,  quas  proxime  conscriptas  ex 
Italia  traduxerat,  ei  legioni  castrisque  Quintum  Tullium  Cice- 
20  1’onem  praeficit  ducentosque  equites  attribuit. 


33.  Partito  exercitu  Titum  Labienum  cum  legionibus  tribus 
ad  Oceanum  versus  in  eas  partes,  quae  Menapios  attingunt, 
proficisci  iubet  ; Gaium  Trebonium  cum  pari  legionum  numero 
ad  eam  regionem,  quae  Aduatucis  adiacet,  depopulandam  mittit; 
25  ipse  cum  reliquis  tribus  ad  flumen  Scaldem,  quod  influit  in 
Mosam,  extreinasque  Arduennae  partis  ire  constituit,  quo  cum 
paucis  equitibus  profectum  Ambiorigem  audiebat.  discedens 
post  diem  septimum  sese  reversurum  confirmat  : quam  ad  diem 
ei  legioni,  quae  in  praesidio  relinquebatur,  frumentum  deberi 
30  sciebat.  Labienum  Treboniumque  hortatur,  si  reipublicae  com- 


COMM.  VI.  33-34. 


233 


modo  facere  possint,  ad  eum  diem  revertantur,  ut  rursus  com- 
municato consilio  exploratisque  hostium  rationibus  aliud  belli 
initium  capere  possint. 

34.  Erat,  ut  supra  demonstravimus,  inanus  certa 
nulla,  non  oppidum,  non  praesidium,  quod  se  armis  5 
defenderet,  sed  in  omnes  partis  dispersa  multitudo,  ubi 
cuique  aut  valles  abdita  aut  locus  silvestris  aut  palus 
impedita  spem  praesidii  aut  salutis  aliquam  offerebat, 
consederat,  haec  loca  vicinitatibus  erant  nota,  mag- 
namque  res  diligentiam  requirebat,  non  in  summa  io 
exercitus  tuenda  (nullum  enim  poterat  universis  ab 
perterritis  ac  dispersis  periculum  accidere),  sed  in 
singulis  militibus  conservandis ; quae  tamen  ex  parte 
res  ad  salutem  exercitus  pertinebat,  nam  et  praedae 
cupiditas  multos  longius  evocabat,  et  silvae  incertis  15 
occultisque  itineribus  confertos  adire  prohibebant,  si 
negotium  confici  stirpemque  hominum  sceleratorum 
interfici  vellet,  dimittendae  plures  manus  diducendique 
manipulus.  eran(.  HjiPfceg  . si  continere  ad  signa  manipulos  vellet, 
ut  instituta  ratio  et  consuetudo  exercitus  Romani  postulabat,  20 
locus  ipse  erat  praesidio  barbaris,  neque  ex  occulto  insidiandi  et 
dispersos  circumveniendi  singulis  deerat  audacia,  at  in  eiusmodi 
difficultatibus,  quantum  diligentia  provideri  poterat,  providebatur, 
ut  potius-  in  nocendo  aliquid  praetermitteretur,  etsi  omnium 
animi  ad  ulciscendum  ardebant,  quam  cum  aliquo  militum  detri-  25 
mento  noceretur,  dimittit  ad  finitimas  civitates  nuntios  Caesar  : 
omnes  ad  se  evocat  spe  praedae  ad  diripiendos  Eburones,  ut 
potius  in  silvis  Gallorum  vita  quam  legionarius  miles  periclitetur, 
simul  ut  magna  multitudine  circumfusa  pro  tali  facinore  stirps 
ac  nomen  civitatis  tollatur,  magnus  undique  numerus  celeriter  30 
convenit. 


234 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


The  Sugambri  cross  the  Rhine,  but  change  their  design  and  attach 
the  camp  of  Cicero.  Caesar  arrives  and  repels  the  enemy. 

35.  Haec  in  omnibus  Eburonum  partibus  gerebantur,  diesque 
appetebat  septimus,  quem  ad  diem  Caesar  ad  impedimenta  legio- 
nemque reverti  constituerat,  hic  quantum  in  bello  fortuna  pos- 
sit et  quantos  afferat  casus,  cognosci  potuit,  dissipatis  ac 

5 perterritis  hostibus,  ut  demonstravimus,  manus  erat  nulla,  quae 
parvam  modo  causam  timoris  afferret,  trans  Rhenum  ad  Ger- 
manos pervenit  fama,  diripi  Eburones  atque  ultro  omnes  ad 
praedam  evocari,  cogunt  equitum  duo  milia  Sugambri,  qui  sunt 
proxuini  Rheno,  a quibus  receptos  ex  fuga  Tencteros  atque  Usi- 
io  petes  supra  docuimus.  transeunt  Rhenum  navibus  ratibusque 
triginta  milibus  passuum  infra  eum  locum,  ubi  pons  erat  perfec- 
tus praesidiumque  ab  Caesare  relictum  : primos  Eburonum 
fines  adeunt ; multos  ex  fuga  dispersos  excipiunt,  magno  pecoris 
numero,  cuius  sunt  cupidissimi  barbari,  potiuntur.  invitati 
15  praeda  longius  procedunt,  non  hos  palus  in  bello  latrociniisque 
natos,  non  silvae  morantur,  quibus  in  locis  sit  Caesar,  ex  cap- 
tivis quaerunt ; profectum  longius  reperiunt  omnemque  exercitum 
discessisse  cognoscunt,  atque  unus  ex  captivis,  ‘quid  vos,’  in- 
quit, ‘ hanc  miseram  ac  tenuem  sectamini  praedam,  quibus  licet 
20  iam  esse  fortunatissimis  ? tribus  horis  Aduatucam  venire  potes- 
tis : huc  omnes  suas  fortunas  exercitus  Romanorum  contulit : 
praesidii  tantum  est,  ut  ne  murus  quidem  cingi  possit,  neque 
quisquam  egredi  extra  munitiones  audeat.’  oblata  spe  Ger- 
mani quam  nacti  erant  praedam  in  occulto  relinquunt ; ipsi 
25  Aduatucam  contendunt,  usi  eodem  duce,  cuius  haec  indicio 
cognoverant. 

36.  Cicero,  qui  per  omnes  superiores  dies  praeceptis  Caesaris 
summa  diligentia  milites  in  castris  continuisset  ac  ne  calonem 
quidem  quemquam  extra  munitionem  egredi  passus  esset,  sep- 


COMM.  vr.  3G-37. 


235 


timo  die  diffidens  de  numero  dierum  Caesarem  fidem  servaturum, 
quod  longius  eum  progressum  audiebat,  neque  ulla  de  reditu 
eius  fama  afferebatur,  simul  eorum  permotus  vocibus,  qui  illius 
patientiam  paene  obsessionem  appellabant,  siquidem  ex  castris 
egredi  non  liceret,  nullum  eiusmodi  casum  exspectans,  quo  no-  5 
vein  oppositis  legionibus  maximoque  equitatu  dispersis  ac  paene 
deletis  hostibus  in  milibus  passuum  tribus  offendi  posset,  quinque 
cohortes  frumentatum  in  proximas  segetes  mittit,  quas  inter  et 
castra  unus  omnino  collis  intererat,  complures  erant  in  castris 
ex  legionibus  aegri  relicti ; ex  quibus  qui  hoc  spatio  dierum  10 
convaluerant,  circiter  CCC,  sub  vexillo  una  mittuntur ; magna 
praeterea  multitudo  calonum,  magna  vis  iumentorum,  quae  in 
castris  subsederat,  facta  potestate  sequitur. 

37.  Hoc  ipso  tempore  et  casu  Germani  equites  interveniunt 
protinusque  eodem  illo,  quo  venerant,  cursu  ab  decumana  porta  15 
in  castra  irrumpere  conantur,  nec  prius  sunt  visi  obiectis  ab  ea 
parte  silvis,  quam  castris  appropinquarent,  usque  eo,  ut  qui  sub 
vallo  tenderent  mercatores  recipiendi  sui  facultatem  non  habe- 
rent. inopinantes  nostri  re  nova  perturbantur,  ac  vix  primum 
impetum  cohors  in  statione  sustinet,  circumfunduntur  ex  reli-  20 
quis  hostes  partibus,  si  quem  aditum  reperire  possent,  aegre 
portas  nostri  tuentur,  reliquos  aditus  locus  ipse  per  se  munitio- 
que defendit,  totis  trepidatur  castris,  atque  alius  ex  alio  cau- 
sam tumultus  quaerit;  neque  quo  signa  ferantur,  neque  quam 
in  partem  quisque  conveniat,  provident,  alius  iam  castra  capta  25 
pronuntiat,  alius  deleto  exercitu  atque  imperatore  victores  bar- 
baros venisse  contendit ; plerique  novas  sibi  ex  loco  religiones 
fingunt  Cottaeque  et  Titurii  calamitatem,  qui  in  eodem  occiderint 
castello,  ante  oculos  ponunt.  tali  timore  omnibus  perterritis 
confirmatur  opinio  barbaris,  ut  ex  captivo  audierant,  nullum  esse  30 
intus  praesidium,  perrumpere  nituntur  seque  ipsi  adhortantur, 
ne  tantam  fortunam  ex  manibus  dimittant. 


236 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


38.  Erat  aeger  in  praesidio  relictus  Publius  Sextius  Baculus, 
qui  primum  pilum  ad  Caesarem  duxerat,  cuius  mentionem  supe- 
rioribus proeliis  fecimus,  ac  diem  iam  quintum  cibo  camerat, 
bic  diffisus  suae  atque  omnium  saluti  inermis  ex  tabernaculo 

5 prodit  : videt  imminere  hostes  atque  in  summo  rem  esse  dis- 
crimine : capit  arma  a proximis  atque  in  porta  consistit,  con- 
sequuntur hunc  centuriones  eius  cohortis,  quae  in  statione  erat : 
paulisper  una  proelium  sustinent,  relinquit  animus  Sextium  gravi- 
bus acceptis  vulneribus  : aegre  per  manus  tractus  servatur,  hoc 
io  spatio  interposito  reliqui  sese  confirmant  tantum,  ut  in  munitioni- 
bus consistere  audeant  speciemque  defensorum  praebeant. 

39.  Interim  confecta  frumentatione  milites  nostri  clamorem 
exaudiunt : praecurrunt  equites ; quanto  sit  res  in  periculo, 
cognoscunt,  hic  vero  nulla  munitio  est,  quae  perterritos  reci- 

15  piat:  modo  conscripti  atque  usus  militaris  imperiti  ad  tribunum 
militum  centurionesque  ora  convertunt  : quid  ab  his  praecipia- 
tur, exspectant,  nemo  est  tam  fortis,  quin  rei  novitate  pertur- 
betur. barbari  signa  procul  conspicati  oppugnatione  desistunt : 
redisse  primo  legiones  credunt,  quas  longius  discessisse  ex 
20  captivis  cognoverant  ; postea  despecta  paucitate  ex  omnibus 
partibus  impetum  faciunt.  calones  in  proximum  tumulum 

procurrunt  : hinc  celeriter  deiecti  se  in  signa  manipulosque 
coniciunt  : eo  magis  timidos  perterrent  milites. 

40.  Alii,  cuneo  facto  ut  celeriter  perrumpant,  censent,  quoniam 
25  tam  propinqua  sint  castra,  et  si  pars  aliqua  circumventa  ceciderit, 

at  reliquos  servari  posse  confidunt  ; alii,  ut  in  iugo  consistant 
atque  eundem  omnes  ferant  casum,  hoc  veteres  non  probant 
milites,  quos  sub  vexillo  una  profectos  docuimus,  itaque  inter 
se  cohortati,  duce  Gaio  Trebonio,  equite  Romano,  qui  eis  erat 
.so  praepositus,  per  medios  hostes  perrumpunt  incolumesque  ad 
unum  omnes  in  castra  perveniunt,  hos  subsecuti  calones  equi- 


COMM.  VI.  40-42. 


237 


tesque  eodem  impetu  militum  virtute  servantur,  at  ii,  qui  in 
iugo  constiterant,  nullo  etiam  nunc  usu  rei  militaris  percepto 
neque  in  eo,  quod  probaverant,  consilio  permanere,  ut  se  loco 
superiore  defenderent,  neque  eam,  quam  prodesse  aliis  vim  cele- 
ritatemque viderant,  imitari  potuerunt,  sed  se  in  castra  recipere 
conati  iniquum  in  locum  demiserunt,  centuriones,  quorum  non- 
nulli ex  inferioribus  ordinibus  reliquarum  legionum  virtutis 
causa  m superiores  erant  ordines  huius  legionis  traducti,  ne  ante 
partam  rei  militaris  laudem  amitterent,  fortissime  pugnantes 
conciderunt.  militum  pars  horum  virtute  submotis  hostibus 
praeter  spem  incolumis  in  castra  pervenit,  pars  a barbaris  cir- 
cumventa periit. 

41.  Germani  desperata  expugnatione  castrorum,  quod  nostros 
iatn  constitisse  in  munitionibus  videbant,  cum  ea  praeda,  quam 
in  silvis  deposuerant,  trans  Ebenum  sese  receperunt,  ac  tantus 
fuit  etiam  post  discessum  hostium  terror,  ut  ea  nocte,  cum 
Gaius  Yolusenus  missus  cum  equitatu  ad  castra  venisset,  fidem 
non  faceret  adesse  cum  incolumi  Caesarem  exercitu,  sic  omnino 
animos  timor  praeoccupaverat,  ut  paene  alienata  mente  deletis 
omnibus  copiis  equitatum  tantum  se  ex  fuga  recepisse  dicerent 
neque  incolumi  exercitu  Germanos  castra  oppugnaturos  fuisse 
contenderent,  quem  timorem  Caesaris  adventus  sustulit. 

42.  Eeversus  ille  eventus  belli  non  ignorans  unum,  quod 
cohortes  ex  statione  et  praesidio  essent  emissae,  questus  — ne 
minimo  quidem  casu  locum  relinqui  debuisse  — multum  fortu- 
nam in  repentino  hostium  adventu  potuisse  iudicavit,  multo 
etiam  amplius,  quod  paene  ab  ipso  vallo  portisque  castrorum 
barbaros  avertisset,  quarum  omnium  rerum  maxime  admiran- 
dum videbatur,  quod  Germani,  qui  eo  consilio  Ehenum  transie- 
rant, ut  Ambiorigis  fines  depopularentur,  ad  castra  Eoinanorum 
delati  optatissimum  Ambiorigi  beneficium  obtulerunt. 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


238 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


A council  is  held  respecting  the  conspiracy.  Acco  receives 
capital  punishment.  Caesar  departs  for  Italy. 

43.  Caesar  rursus  ad  vexandos  hostes  profectus  magno  coacto 
numero  ex  finitimis  civitatibus  iu  omnes  partes  dimittit,  omnes 
vici  atque  omnia  aedificia,  quae  quisque  conspexerat,  incende- 
bantur; praeda  ex  omnibus  locis  agebatur;  frumenta  non  solum 

5 a tanta  multitudine  lumentorum  atque  hominum  consumebantur, 
sed  etiam  anni  tempore  atque  imbribus  procubuerant,  ut,  si  qui 
etiam  in  praesentia  se  occultassent,  tamen  his  deducto  exercitu 
rerum  omnium  inopia  pereundum  videretur,  ac  saepe  in  eum 
locum  ventum  est  tanto  in  omnis  partis  diviso  equitatu,  ut  modo 
io  visum  ab  se  Ambiorigem  in  fuga  circumspicerent  captivi  nec 
plane  etiam  abisse  ex  conspectu  contenderent,  ut  spe  conse- 
quendi illata  atque  infinito  labore  suscepto,  qui  se  summam  ab 
Caesare  gratiam  inituros  putarent,  paene  naturam  studio  vince- 
rent, semperque  paulum  ad  summam  felicitatem  defuisse  videre- 
15  tur,  atque  ille  latebris  aut  saltibus  se  eriperet  et  noctu  occultatus 
alias  regiones  partesque  peteret  non  maiore  equitum  praesidio 
quam  quattuor,  quibus  solis  vitam  suam  committere  audebat. 

44.  Tali  modo  vastatis  regionibus  exercitum  Caesar  duarum 
cohortium  damno  Durocortorum  Remorum  reducit  concilioque 

20  in  eum  locum  Galliae  indicto  de  coniuratione  Senonum  et  Car- 
nutum quaestionem  habere  instituit  et  de  Acco  ne,  qui  princeps 
eius  consilii  fuerat,  graviore  sententia  pronuntiata  more  maiorum 
supplicium  sumpsit,  nonnulli  iudicium  veriti  profugerunt,  qui- 
bus cum  aqua  atque  igni  interdixisset,  duas  legiones  ad  fines 
25  Treverorum,  duas  in  Lingonibus,  sex  reliquas  in  Senonum  fini- 
bus Agedinci  in  hibernis  collocavit  frumentoque  exercitui  proviso, 
ut  instituerat,  in  Italiam  ad  conventus  agendos  profectus  est. 


C.  IULII  CAESARIS 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COMMENTARIUS  SEPTIMUS. 


1_90.  War  with  Vercingetorix. 

of  the  Gallic  -nations  for  freedom. 

1.  Quieta  Gallia  Caesar,  ut  consti- 
tuerat, in  Italiam  ad  conventus  agendos 
proficiscitur,  ibi  cognoscit  de  Clodii 
caede  senatusque  consulto  certior  factus, 
ut  omnes  iuniores  Italiae  coniurarent,  5 
delectum  tota  provincia  habere  instituit, 
eae  res  in  Galliam  Transalpinam  cele- 
riter perferuntur,  addunt  ipsi  et  affin- 
gunt rumoribus  Galli,  quod  res  poscere 
videbatur,,  retineri  urbano  motu  Caesarem  neque  in  tantis  dis-  10 
sensionibus  ad  exercitum  venire  posse,  hac  impulsi  occasione, 
qui  iam  ante  se  populi  Romani  imperio  subiectos  dolerent,  libe- 
rius atque  audacius  de  bello  consilia  inire  incipiunt,  indictis 
inter  se  principes  Galliae  conciliis  silvestribus  ac  remotis  locis 
queruntur  de  Acconis  morte  ; posse  hunc  casum  ad  ipsos  recidere  15 
demonstrant  ; miserantur  communem  Galliae  fortunam  ; omnibus 
pollicitationibus  ac  praemiis  deposcunt,  qui  belli  initium  faciant 
et  sui  capitis  periculo  Galliam  in  libertatem  vindicent,  in  primis 


The  conspiracy 


240 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


rationem  esse  habendam  dicunt,  priusquam  eorum  clandestina 
consilia  efferantur,  ut  Caesar  ab  exercitu  intercludatur,  id  esse 
facile,  quod  neque  legiones  audeant  absente  imperatore  ex  hiber- 
nis egredi,  neque  imperator  sine  praesidio  ad  legiones  pervenire 
5 possit  ; postremo  in  acie  praestare  interfici,  quam  non  vete- 
rem belli  gloriam  libertatemque,  quam  a maioribus  acceperin' 
recuperare. 

2.  His  rebus  agitatis  profitentur  Carnutes  se  nullum  periculum 
communis  salutis  causa  recusare  principesque  ex  omnibus  bellum 

io  facturos  pollicentur  et,  quoniam  in  praesentia  obsidibus  cavere 
inter  se  non  possint,  ne  res  efferatur,  ut  iureiurando  ac  fide 
sanciatur,  petunt,  collatis  militaribus  signis,  quo  more  eorum 
gravissima  caerimonia  continetur,  ne  facto  initio  belli  ab  reliquis 
deserantur.  tum  collaudatis  Carnutibus  dato  iureiurando  ab 
15  omnibus,  qui  aderant,  tempore  eius  rei  constituto  ab  concilio 
disceditur. 

3.  Ubi  ea  dies  venit,  Carnutes  Gutruato  et  Conconnetodumuo 
ducibus,  desperatis  hominibus,  Cenabum  dato  signo  concurrunt 
civesque  Romanos,  qui  negotiandi  causa  ibi  constiterant,  in  his 

20  Gaium  Fufium  Citam,  honestum  equitem  Romanum,  qui  rei 
frumentariae  iussu  Caesaris  praeerat,  interficiunt  bonaque  eorum 
diripiunt,  celeriter  ad  omnes  Galliae  civitates  fama  perfertur, 
nam  ubicumque  maior  atque  illustrior  incidit  res,  clamore  per 
agros  regionesque  significant  ; hunc  alii  deinceps  excipiunt  et 
25  proxumis  tradunt,  ut  tum  accidit.  nam  quae  Cenabi  oriente 
sole  gesta  essent,  ante  primam  confectam  vigiliam  in  finibus 
Arvernorum  audita  sunt,  quod  spatium  est  milium  circiter 
CLX. 


4.  Simili  ratione  ibi  Vercingetorix,  Celtilli  filius,  Arvernus, 
30  summae  potentiae  adulescens,  cuius  pater  principatum  Galliae 


COMM.  VII.  4-5. 


241 


totius  obtinuerat  et  ob  eam  causam,  quod  regnum  appetebat,  ab 
civitate  erat  interfectus,  convocatis  suis  clientibus  facile  incendit, 
cognito  eius  consilio  ad  arma  concurritur.  prohibetur  ab 
Gobannitione,  patruo  suo,  reliquisque  principibus,  qui  hanc 
temptandam  fortunam  non  existimabant,  expellitur  ex  oppido 
Gergovia  ; non  destitit  tamen  atque  in  agris  habet  delectum 
egentium  ac  perditorum,  hac  coacta  manu,  quoscumque  adit  ex 
civitate,  ad  suam  sententiam  perducit  ; hortatur,  ut  communis 
libertatis  causa  arma  capiant,  magnisque  coactis  copiis  adver- 
sarios suos,  a quibus  paulo  ante  erat  eiectus,  expellit  ex  civitate, 
rex  ab  suis  appellatur.  dimittit  quoqueversus  legationes  ; 
obtestatur,  ut  in  fide  maneant,  celeriter  sibi  Senones,  Parisios, 
Pictones,  Cadurcos,  Turonos,  Aulercos,  Lemovices,  Andos  reli- 
quosque  omnes,  qui  Oceanum  attingunt,  adiungit  ; omnium 
consensu  ad  eum  defertur  imperium,  qua  oblata  potestate  om- 
nibus his  civitatibus  obsides  imperat,  certum  numerum  militum 
ad  se  celeriter  adduci  iubet,  armorum  quantum  quaeque  civitas 
domi  quodque  ante  tempus  efficiat,  constituit  : in  primis  equita- 
tui studet.  summae  diligentiae  summam  imperii  severitatem 
addit  : magnitudine  supplicii  dubitantes  cogit,  nam  maiore 
commisso  delicto  igni  atque  omnibus  tormentis  necat,  leviore  de 
causa  auribus  desectis  aut  singulis  effossis  oculis  domum  remit- 
tit, ut  sint  reliquis  documento  et  magnitudine  poenae  perter- 
reant alios. 

5.  His  suppliciis  celeriter  coacto  exercitu  Lucterium  Cadurcum, 
summae  hominem  audaciae,  'cum  parte  copiarum  in  Kutenos 
mittit;  ipse  in  Bituriges  proficiscitur,  eius  adventu  Bituriges 
ad  Haeduos,  quorum  erant  in  fide,  legatos  mittunt  subsidium 
rogatum,  quo  facilius  hostium  copias  sustinere  possint.  Haedui 
de  consilio  legatorum,  quos  Caesar  ad  exercitum  reliquerat,  co- 
pias equitatus  peditatusque  subsidio  Biturigibus  mittunt,  qui 
cum  ad  flumen  Ligerim  venissent,  quod  Bituriges  ab  Haeduis 

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dividit,  paucos  dies  ibi  morati  neque  flumen  transire  ausi 
domum  revertuntor  legatisque  nostris  renuntiant  se  Biturigum 
perfidiam  veritos  revertisse,  quibus  id  consilii  fuisse  cognoverint, 
ut,  si  flumen  transissent,  una  ex  parte  ipsi,  altera  Arverni  se 
5 circumsisterent,  id  eane  de  causa,  quam  legatis  pronuntiarunt, 
an  perfidia  adducti  fecerint,  quod  liiliil  nobis  constat,  non  vide- 
tur pro  certo  esse  proponendum.  Bituriges  eorum  discessu, 
statim  cum  Arvernis  iunguntur. 


Caesar  returns  to  Gaul.  The  Averni  are  overcome.  Caesar 
marches  against  Vercingetorix. 

6.  His  rebus  in  Italiam  Caesari  nuntiatis,  cum  iam  ille  urbanas 
io  res  virtute  Cn.  Pompei  commodiorem  in  statum  pervenisse  intel- 
legeret, in  Transalpinam  Galliam  profectus  est.  eo  cum  venisset, 
magna  difficultate  afficiebatur,  qua  ratione  ad  exercitum  pervenire 
posset,  nam  si  legiones  in  provinciam  arcesseret,  se  absente  in 
itinere  proelio  dimicaturas  intellegebat  ; si  ipse  ad  exercitum 

15  contenderet,  ne  iis  quidem  eo  tempore,  qui  quieti  viderentur, 
suam  salutem  recte  committi  videbat. 

7.  Interim  Lucterius  Cacurcus  in  Rutenos  missus  eam  civita- 
tem Arvernis  conciliat,  progressus  in  Nitiobriges  et  Gabalos  ab 
utrisque  obsides  accipit  et  magna  coacta  manu  in  provinciam 

20  Narbonem  versus  eruptionem  facere  contendit,  qua  re  nuntiata 
Caesar  omnibus  consiliis  antevertendum  existimavit,  ut  Nar- 
bonem proficisceretur.  eo  cum  venisset,  timentes  confirmat, 
praesidia  in  Rutenis  provincialibus,  Yolcis  Arecoinicis,  Tolosati- 
bus circumque  Narbonem,  quae  loca  hostibus  erant  finitima,  con- 
25  stituit,  partem  copiarum  ex  provincia  supplementumque,  quod 
ex  Italia  adduxerat,  in  Helvios,  qui  fines  Arvernorum  contingunt, 
convenire  iubet. 


COMM.  VII.  8-9. 


243 


8.  His  rebus  comparatis,  represso  iam  Lucterio  et  remoto, 
quod  intrare  intra  praesidia  periculosum  putabat,  in  Helvios  pro- 
ficiscitur. etsi  mons  Cevenna,  qui  Arvernos  ab  Helviis  discludit, 
durissimo  tempore  anni  altissima  nive  iter  impediebat,  tamen  dis- 
cussa nive  sex  in  altitudinem  pedum  atque  ita  viis  patefactis 
summo  militum  sudore  ad  fines  Arvernorum  pervenit,  quibus 
oppressis  inopinantibus,  quod  se  Cevenna  ut  muro  munitos  exis- 
timabant, ac  ne  singulari  quidem  umquam  homini  eo  tempore 
anni  semitae  patuerant,  equitibus  imperat,  ut  quam  latissime  pos- 
sint vagentur  et  quam  maximum  hostibus  terrorem  inferant, 
celeriter  haec  fama  ac  nuntiis  ad  Vercingetorigem  perferuntur ; 
quem  perterriti  omnes  Arverni  circumsistunt  atque  obsecrant,  ut 
suis  fortunis  consulat,  neve  ab  hostibus  diripiantur,  praesertim 
cum  videat  omne  ad  se  bellum  translatum,  quorum  ille  preci- 
bus permotus  castra  ex  Biturigibus  movet  in  Arvernos  versus. 

9.  At  Caesar  biduum  in  his  locis  moratus,  quod  haec  de 
Vercingetorige  usu  ventura  opinione  praeceperat,  per  causam 
supplementi  equitatusque  cogendi  ab  exercitu  discedit,  Brutum 
adulescentem  his  copiis  praeficit  ; hunc  monet,  ut  in  omnis 
partes  equites  quam  latissime  pervagentur  : daturum  se  operam, 
ne  longius  triduo  ab  castris  absit,  his  constitutis  rebus  suis 
inopinantibus  quam  maximis  potest  itineribus  Viennam  pervenit, 
ibi  nanctus  recentem  equitatum,  (piem  multis  ante  diebus  eo 
praemiserat,  neque  diurno  neque  nocturno  itinere  intermisso  per 
fines  Haeduorum  in  Lingones  contendit,  ubi  duae  legiones 
hiemabant,  ut,  si  quid  etiam  de  sua  salute  ab  Haeduis  iniretur 
consilii,  celeritate  praecurreret,  eo  cum  pervenisset,  ad  reliquas 
legiones  mittit  priusque  omnes  in  unum  locum  cogit,  quam  de 
eius  adventu  Arvernis  nuntiari  posset,  hac  re  cognita  Vercinge- 
torix rursus  in  Bituriges  exercitum  reducit  atque  inde  profectus 
Gorgobinam,  Boiorum  oppidum,  quos  ibi  Helvetico  proelio  victos 
Caesar  collocaverat  Haeduisque  attribuerat,  oppugnare  instituit. 


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10.  Magnam  haec  res  Caesari  difficultatem  ad  consilium 
capiendum  afferebat,  si  reliquam  partem  hiemis  uno  loco  legiones 
contineret,  ne  stipendiariis  Haeduorum  expugnatis  cuncta  Gallia 
deficeret,  quod  nullum  amicis  in  eo  praesidium  videret  positum 
sesse;  sin  maturius  ex  hibernis  educeret,  ne  ab  re  frumentaria 
duris  subvectionibus  laboraret.  praestare  visum  est  tamen 
omnes  difficultates  perpeti,  quam  tanta  contumelia  accepta  omnium 
suorum  voluntates  alienare,  itaque  cohortatus  Haeduos  de  sup- 
portando commeatu  praemittit  ad  Boios,  qui  de  suo  adventu 
10  doceant  hortenturque  ut  in  fide  maneant  atque  hostium  impetum 
magno  animo  sustineant.  duabus  Agedinci  legionibus  atque 
impedimentis  totius  exercitus  relictis  ad  Boios  proficiscitur. 


Caesar  takes  Vellaunodunum  and  several  other  towns,  and 
marches  against  Avaricum. 

11.  Altero  die  cum  ad  oppidum  Senonum  Vellaunodunum 
venisset,  ne  quem  post  se  hostem  relinqueret,  quo  expeditiore  re 
15  frumentaria  uteretur,  oppugnare  instituit  idque  biduo  circum- 
vallavit ; tertio  die  missis  ex  oppido  legatis  de  deditione  arma 
conferri,  iumenta  produci,  sexcentos  obsides  dari  iubet.  ea  qui 
conficeret,  Gaium  Trebonium  legatum  relinquit,  ipse,  ut  quam 
primum  iter  faceret,  Cenabum  Carnutum  proficiscitur ; qui  tum 
20  primum  allato  nuntio  de  oppugnatione  Vellaunoduni,  cum  lon- 
gius eam  rem  ductum  iri  existimarent,  praesidium  Cenabi  tuendi 
causa,  quod  eo  mitterent,  comparabant,  huc  biduo  pervenit, 
castris  ante  oppidum  positis  diei  tempore  exclusus  in  posterum 
oppugnationem  differt  quaeque  ad  eam  rem  usui  sint  militibus 
25  imperat  et,  quod  oppidum  Cenabum  pons  fluminis  Ligeris  con- 
tinebat, veritus,  ne  noctu  ex  oppido  profugerent,  duas  legiones 
in  armis  excubare  iubet.  Genabenses  paulo  ante  mediam  noc- 
tem silentio  ex  oppido  egressi  flumen  transire  coeperunt,  qua 
re  per  exploratores  nuntiata  Caesar  legiones,  quas  expeditas  esse 


COMM.  VII.  11-13. 


245 


i usserat,  portis  incensis  intromittit  atque  oppido  potitur  perpaucis 
ex  hostium  numero  desideratis,  quin  cuncti  vivi  caperentur,  quod 
poutis  atque  itinerum  angustiae  multitudinis  fugam  intercluse- 
rant. oppidum  diripit  atque  incendit,  praedam  militibus  donat, 
exercitum  Ligerem  traducit  atque  in  Biturigum  fines  pervenit. 

12.  Vercingetorix,  ubi  de  Caesaris  adventu  cognovit,  oppugna- 
tione destitit  atque  obviam  Caesari  proficiscitur,  die  oppidum 
Biturigum,  positum  in  via,  Noviodunum  oppugnare  instituerat, 
quo  ex  oppido  cum  legati  ad  eum  venissent  oratum,  ut  sibi 
ignosceret  suaeque  vitae  consuleret,  ut  celeritate  reliquas  res  con- 
ficeret, qua  pleraque  erat  consecutus,  arma  conferri,  equos  pro- 
duci, obsides  dari  iubet.  parte  iam  obsiduin  tradita,  cum  reliqua 
administrarentur,  centurionibus  et  paucis  militibus  intromissis, 
qui  arma  iumentaque  conquirerent,  equitatus  hostium  procul 
visus  est,  qui  agmen  Vercingetorigis  antecesserat.  quem  simul 
atque  oppidani  conspexerunt  atque  in  spem  auxilii  venerunt, 
clamore  sublato  arma  capere,  portas  claudere,  murum  complere 
coeperunt,  centuriones  in  oppido,  cum  ex  significatione  Gallo- 
rum novi  aliquid  ab  iis  iniri  consilii  intellexissent,  gladiis 
destrictis  portas  occupaverunt  suosque  omnes  incolumes  re- 
ceperunt. 

13.  Caesar  ex  castris  equitatum  educi  iubet  proeliumque 
equestre  committit : laborantibus  iam  suis  Germanos  equites  cir- 
citer CCCC  submittit,  quos  ab  initio  secum  habere  instituerat, 
eorum  impetum  Galli  sustinere  non  potuerunt  atque  in  fugam 
eoniecti  multis  amissis  se  ad  agmen  receperunt,  quibus  profliga- 
tis rursus  oppidani  perterriti  comprehensos  eos,  quorum  opera 
plebem  concitatam  existimabant,  ad  Caesarem  perduxerunt  seseque 
ei  dediderunt,  quibus  rebus  confectis  Caesar  ad  oppidum  Ava- 
ricum, quod  erat  maximum  munitissimumque  in  finibus  Bituri- 
gum atque  agri  fertilissima  regione,  profectus  est,  quod  eo 


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oppido  recepto  civitatem  Biturigum  se  iu  potestatem  redacturum 
confidebat. 

14.  Vercingetorix  tot  continuis  incommodis  Vellaunoduni, 
Cenabi,  Novioduni  acceptis  suos  ad  concilium  convocat,  docet 
5 longe  alia  ratione  esse  bellum  gerendum,  atque  antea  sit  gestum, 
omnibus  modis  huic  rei  studendum,  ut  pabulatione  et  commeatu 
Romani  prohibeantur,  id  esse  facile,  quod  equitatu  ipsi  abun- 
dent et  quod  anni  tempore  subleventur,  pabulum  secari  non 
posse  ; necessario  dispersos  hostes  ex  aedificiis  petere  : hos 
io  omnes  cotidie  ab  equitibus  deleri  posse,  praeterea  salutis  causa 
rei  familiaris  commoda  neglegenda  : vicos  atque  aedificia  incendi 
oportere  hoc  spatio  [a  Boia]  quoqueversus,  quo  pabulandi  causa 
adire  posse  videantur,  harum  ipsis  rerum  copiam  suppetere, 
quod,  quorum  in  finibus  bellum  geratur,  eorum  opibus  subleven- 
15  tur : Romanos  aut  inopiam  non  laturos  aut  magno  cum  periculo 
longius  ab  castris  processuros;  neque  interesse,  ipsosne  inter- 
ficiant, impedimentisne  exuant,  quibus  amissis  bellum  geri  non 
possit,  praeterea  oppida  incendi  oportere,  cpiae  non  munitione 
et  loci  natura  ab  omni  sint  periculo  tuta,  neu  suis  sint  ad  de- 
20  tractandam  militiam  receptacula  neu  Romanis  proposita  ad 
copiam  commeatus  praedamque  tollendam,  haec  si  gravia  aut 
acerba  videantur,  multo  illa  gravius  aestimare,  liberos,  coniuges 
iu  servitutem  abstrahi,  ipsos  interfici,  quae  sit  necesse  accidere 
victis. 

25  15.  Omnium  consensu  hac  sententia  probata  uno  die  amplius 

XX  urbes  Biturigum  incenduntur.  hoc  idem  fit  in  reliquis 
civitatibus,  in  omnibus  partibus  incendia  conspiciuntur ; quae 
etsi  magno  cum  dolore  omnes  ferebant,  tamen  hoc  sibi  solatii 
proponebant,  quod  se  prope  explorata  victoria  celeriter  amissa 
•30  recuperaturos  confidebant,  deliberatur  de  Avarico  in  communi 
concilio,  incendi  placeret,  an  defendi.  procumbunt  omnibus 


COMM.  VII.  15-17. 


247 


Gallis  ad  pedes  Bituriges,  ne  pulcherrimam  prope  totius  Galliae 
urbem,  quae  et  praesidio  et  ornamento  sit  civitati,  suis  manibus 
succendere  cogerentur;  facile  se  loci  natura  defensuros  dicunt, 
quod  prope  ex  omnibus  partibus  flumine  et  palude  circumdata 
unum  habeat  et  perangustum  aditum,  datur  petentibus  venia, 
dissuadente  primo  Vercingetorige,  post  concedente  et  precibus 
ipsorum  et  misericordia  vulgi,  defensores  oppido  idonei  deli- 
guntur. 

16.  Vercingetorix  minoribus  Caesarem  itineribus  subsequitur 
et  locum  castris  deligit  paludibus  silvisque  munitum,  ab  Avarico 
longe  milia  passuum  XVI.  ibi  per  certos  exploratores  in  sin- 
gula diei  tempora,  quae  ad  Avaricum  agerentur,  cognoscebat  et, 
quid  fieri  vellet,  imperabat,  omnis  nostras  pabulationes  frumen- 
tationesque observabat,  dispersosque,  cum  longius  necessario 
procederent,  adoriebatur  magnoque  incommodo  afficiebat,  etsi, 
quantum  ratione  provideri  poterat,  ab  nostris  occurrebatur,  ut 
incertis  temporibus  diversisque  itineribus  iretur. 

17.  Castris  ad  eam  partem  oppidi  positis  Caesar,  quae  inter- 
missa a flumine  et  a palude  aditum,  ut  supra  diximus,  angustum 
habebat,  aggerem  apparare,  vineas  agere,  turres  duas  constituere 
coepit  : nam  circumvallare  loci  natura  prohibebat,  de  re  fru- 
mentaria Boios  atque  Haeduos  adhortari  non  destitit;  quorum 
alteri,  quod  nullo  studio  agebant,  non  multum  adiuvabant,  alteri 
non  magnis  facultatibus,  quod  civitas  erat  exigua  et  infirma, 
celeriter,  quod  habuerunt,  consumpserunt,  summa  difficultate  rei 
frumentariae  affecto  exercitu  tenuitate  Boiorum,  indiligentia 
Haeduorum,  incendiis  aedificiorum,  usque  eo  ut  complures  dies 
milites  frumento  caruerint  et  pecore  e longinquioribus  vicis 
adacto,  extremam  famem  sustentarent,  nulla  tamen  vox  est  ab  iis 
audita  populi  Bomani  maiestate  et  superioribus  victoriis  indigna, 
quin  etiam  Caesar  cum  in  opere  singulas  legiones  appellaret  et, 


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si  acerbius  inopiam  ferrent,  se  dimissurum  oppugnationem 
diceret,  universi  ab  eo,  ne  id  faceret,  petebant  : sic  se  com- 
plures annos  dio  imperante  meruisse,  ut  nullam  ignominiam 
acciperent,  nusquam  infecta  re  discederent  : hoc  se  ignominiae 
5 laturos  loco,  si  inceptam  oppugnationem  reliquissent : praestare 
omnes  perferre  acerbitates,  quam  non  civibus  Romanis,  qui 
Cenabi  perfidia  Gallorum  interissent,  parentarent,  haec  eadem 
centurionibus  tribunisque  militum  mandabant,  ut  per  eos  ad 
Caesarem  deferrentur. 

10  18.  Cum  iam  muro  turres  appropinquassent,  ex  captivis  Caesar 

cognovit,  Vercingetorigem  consumpto  pabulo  castra  movisse  propius 
Avaricum  atque  ipsum  cum  equitatu  expeditisque,  qui  inter  equites 
proeliari  consuessent,  insidiarum  causa  eo  profectum,  quo  nos- 
tros postero  die  pabulatum  venturos  arbitraretur,  quibus  rebus 
15  cognitis  media  nocte  silentio  profectus  ad  hostium  castra  mane 
pervenit,  illi  celeriter  per  exploratores  adventu  Caesaris  cognito 
carros  impedimentaque  sua  in  artiores  silvas  abdiderunt,  copias 
omnis  in  loco  edito  atque  aperto  instruxerunt,  qua  re  nuntiata 
Caesar  celeriter  sarcinas  conferri,  arma  expediri  iussit. 

20  19-  Collis  erat  leniter  ab  infimo  acclivis,  hunc  ex  omnibus 

fere  partibus  palus  difficilis  atque  impedita  cingebat  non  latior 
pedibus  quinquaginta,  hoc  se  colle  interruptis  pontibus  Galli 
fiducia  loci  continebant  gene  rati  mqu  e distributi  m civitates  omnia 
vada  ac  * saltus  eius  paludis*  obtinebant  sic  animo  parati,  ut, 
25  si  eam  paludem  Romani  perrumpere  conarentur,  haesitantes  pre- 
merent ex  loco  superiore,  ut,  qui  propinquitatem  loci  videret, 
paratos  prope  aequo  Marte  ad  dimicandum  existimaret,  qui  ini- 
quitatem condicionis  perspiceret,  inani  simulatione  sese  ostentare 
cognosceret,  indignantes  milites  Caesar,  quod  conspectum  suum 
30  hostes  ferre  possent  tantulo  spatio  interiecto,  et  signum  proelii 
exposcentes  edocet,  quanto  detrimento  et  quot  virorum  fortium 


COMM.  VII.  10-20. 


249 


morte  necesse  sit  constare  victoriam  ; quos  cum  sic  animo  para- 
tos videat,  ut  nullum  pro  sua  laude  periculum  recusent,  summae 
se  iniquitatis  condemnari  debere,  nisi  eorum  vitam  sua  salute 
habeat  cariorem,  sic  milites  consolatus  eodem  die  reducit  in 
castra  reliquaque,  quae  ad  oppugnationem  pertinebant  oppidi, 
administrare  instituit. 

Vercingetorix  vindicates  himself  from  the  charge  of  treachery. 

20.  V ercingetorix,  cum  ad  suos  redisset,  proditionis  insimu- 
latus, quod  castra  propius  Romanos  movisset,  quod  cum  omni 
equitatu  discessisset,  quod  sine  imperio  tantas  copias  reliquisset, 
quod  eius  discessu  Romani  tanta  opportunitate  et  celeritate 
venissent  : non  haec  omnia  fortuito  aut  sine  consilio  accidere 
potuisse ; regnum  illum  Galliae  malle  Caesaris  concessu  quam 
ipsorum  habere  beneficio  : tali  modo  accusatus  ad  haec  respon- 
dit : quod  castra  movisset,  factum  inopia  pabuli  etiam  ipsis 
hortantibus ; quod  propius  Romanos  accessisset,  persuasum  loci 
opportunitate,  qui  se  ipse  ut  munitione  defenderet  : equitum 
vero  operam  neque  in  loco  palustri  desiderari  debuisse  et  illic 
fuisse  utilem,  quo  sint  profecti  : summam  imperii  se  consulto 
nulli  discedentem  tradidisse,  ne  is  multitudinis  studio  ad  dimi- 
candum impelleretur ; cui  rei  propter  animi  mollitiem  studere 
omnes  videret,  quod  diutius  laborem  ferre  non  possent.  Romani 
si  casu  intervenerint,  fortunae,  si  alicuius  indicio  vocati,  huic 
habendam  gratiam,  quod  et  paucitatem  eorum  ex  loco  superiore 
cognoscere,  et  virtutem  despicere  potuerint,  qui  dimicare  non 
ausi,  turpiter  se  in  castra  receperint,  imperium  se  ab  Caesare 
per  proditionem  nullum  desiderare,  quod  habere  victoria  posset, 
quae  iam  esset  sibi  atque  omnibus  Gallis  explorata : quin  etiam 
ipsis  remittere,  si  sibi  magis  honorem  tribuere,  quam  ab  se  salu- 
tem accipere  videantur,  ‘haec  ut  intellegatis/  inquit,  ( a me 
sincere  pronuntiari,  audite  Romanos  milites/  producit  servos, 
quos  in  pabulatione  paucis  ante  diebus  exceperat  et  fame  vincu- 


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lisque  excruciaverat,  hi  iaui  ante  edocti,  quae  interrogati  pro- 
nuntiarent, milites  se  esse  legionarios  dicunt  ; fame  et  inopia 
adductos  clam  ex  castris  exisse,  si  quid  frumenti  aut  pecoris  in 
agris  reperire  possent  : simili  omnem  exercitum  inopia  premi, 
5 nec  iain  vires  sufficere  cui  usquam  nec  ferre  operis  laborem 
posse : itaque  statuisse  imperatorem,  si  nihil  in  oppugnatione 
oppidi  profecissent,  triduo  exercitum  deducere,  ‘haec/  inquit, 
‘ a me/  Vercingetorix,  ‘ beneficia  habetis,  quem  proditionis  insimu- 
latis, cuius  opera  sine  vestro  sanguine  tantum  exercitum  victorem 
10  fame  consumptum  videtis ; quem  turpiter  se  ex  fuga  recipientem 
ne  qua  civitas  suis  finibus  recipiat,  a me  provisum  est.’ 

21.  Conclamat  omnis  multitudo  et  suo  more  armis  concrepat, 
quod  facere  in  eo  consuerunt,  cuius  orationem  approbant ; sum- 
mum esse  Vercingetorigem  ducem,  nec  de  eius  tide  dubitandum, 
15  nec  maiore  ratione  bellum  administrari  posse.  statuunt,  ut 
decem  milia  hominum  delecta  ex  omnibus  copiis  in  oppidum 
mittantur,  nec  solis  Biturigibus  communem  salutem  committen- 
dam censent,  quod  paene  in  eo,  si  id  oppidum  retinuissent, 
summam  victoriae  constare  intellegebant. 

of  Avaricum. 

22.  Singulari  militum 
nostrorum  virtuti  consilia 
cuiusque  modi  Gallorum  oc- 
currebant, ut  est  summae 
genus  solertiae  atque  ad 
omnia  imitanda  et  efficienda, 
quae  ab  quoque  traduntur, 
aptissimum,  nam  et  laqueis 
falces  avertebant,  quas  cum 
destinaverant,  tormentis  introrsus  reducebant,  et  aggerem  cuni- 
30  culis  subtrahebant,  eo  scientius,  quod  apud  eos  magnae  sunt 


The  able  defence 


COMM.  VII.  22-23. 


251 


ferrariae  atque  omne  genus  cuniculorum  notum  atque  usitatum 
est.  totum  autem  murum  ex  omni  parte  turribus  contabulave- 
rant atque  has  coriis  intexerant,  tum  crebris  diurnis  noctur- 
nisque eruptionibus  aut  aggeri  ignem  inferebant  .aut  milites 
occupatos  in  opere  adoriebantur  et  nostrarum  turrium  altitudi-  5 
nem,  quantum  has  cotidianus  agger  expresserat,  commissis 
suarum  turrium  malis  adaequabant,  et  apertos  cuniculos  praeusta 
et  praeacuta  materia  et  pice  fervefacta  et  maximi  ponderis  saxis 
morabantur  moenibusque  appropinquare  prohibebant. 

23.  Muri  autem  omnes  Gallici  hac  fere  forma  sunt,  trabes  io 
directae  perpetuae  in  longitudinem  paribus  intervallis  distantes 
inter  se  binos  pedes,  in  solo  collocantur,  hae  revinciuntur  in- 
trorsus et  multo  aggere  vestiuntur  : ea  autem,  quae  diximus, 
intervalla  grandibus  in  fronte  saxis  effarciuntur.  his  collocatis 
et  coagmentatis  alius  insuper  ordo  additur,  ut  idem  illud  inter-  15 
vallum  servetur,  neque  inter  se  contingant  trabes,  sed  paribus 
intermissae  spatiis  singulae  singulis  saxis  interiectis  arte  conti- 
neantur. sic  deinceps  omne  opus  contexitur,  dum  iusta  muri 
altitudo  expleatur.  hoc  cum  in  speciem  varietatemque  opus 
deforme  non  est,  alternis  trabibus  ac  saxis,  quae  rectis  lineis  20 
suos  ordines  servant,  tum  ad  utilitatem  et  defensionem  urbium 
summam  habet  opportunitatem,  quod  et  ab  incendio  lapis  et  ab 
ariete  materia  - defendit,  quae  perpetuis  trabibus  pedes  quadragenos 
plerumque  introrsus  revincta  neque  perrumpi  neque  distrahi  potest. 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


252 


24.  His  tot  rebus  impedita  oppugnatione  milites,  cum  toto 
tempore  frigore  et  assiduis  imbribus  tardarentur,  tamen  con- 
tinenti labore  omnia  haec  superaverunt  et  diebus  XXV  aggerem 
*latum  pedes  CCCXXX*,  altum  pedes  LXXX  exstruxerunt. 

5 cum  is  murum  hostium  paene  contingeret,  et  Caesar  ad  opus 
consuetudine  excubaret  militesque  hortaretur,  ne  quod  omnino 
tempus  ab  opere  intermitteretur,  paulo  ante  tertiam  vigiliam  est 
animadversum  fumare  aggerem,  quem  cuniculo  hostes  succen- 
derant, eodemque  tempore  toto  muro  clamore  sublato  duabus 
io  portis  ab  utroque  latere  turrium  eruptio  fiebat  : alii  faces 
atque  aridam  materiem  de  muro  in  aggerem  eminus  iaciebant, 
picem  reliquasque  res,  quibus  ignis  excitari  potest,  fundebant, 
ut,  quo  primum  occurreretur  aut  cui  rei  ferretur  auxilium,  vix 
ratio  iniri  posset,  tamen,  quod  instituto  Caesaris  semper  duae 
15  legiones  pro  castris  excubabant  pluresque  partitis  temporibus 
erant  in  opere,  celeriter  factum  est,  ut  alii  eruptionibus  resis- 
terent, alii  turres  reducerent  aggeremque  interscinderent,  omnis 
vero  ex  castris  multitudo  ad  restinguendum  concurreret. 


COMM.  VII.  25-26. 


253 


25.  Cnui  in  omnibus  locis  consumpta  iam  reliqua  parte  noctis 
pugnaretur,  seinperque  hostibus  spes  victoriae  redintegraretur,  eo 
magis,  quod  deustos  pluteos  turrium  videbant  nec  facile  adire 
apertos  ad  auxiliandum  animadvertebant,  seinperque  ipsi  recentes 
defessis  succederent  omnemque  Galliae  salutem  in  illo  vestigio  5 
temporis  positam  arbitrarentur,  accidit  inspectantibus  nobis, 
quod  dignum  memoria  visum  praetereundum  non  existima- 
vimus. quidam  ante  portam  oppidi  Gallus,  qui  per  manus  sevi 
ac  picis  traditas  glebas  in  ignem  e regione  turris  proiciebat : 
scorpione  ab  latere  dextro  traiectus  exanimatusque  conci-  io 
dit.  hunc  ex  proximis  unus  iacentein  transgressus  eodem  illo 
munere  fungebatur  ; eadem  ratione  ictu  scorpionis  exanimato 
alteri  successit  tertius  et  tertio  quartus,  nec  prius  ille  est  a 
propugnatoribus  vacuus  relictus  locus,  quam  restincto  aggere 
atque  omni  ex  parte  submotis  hostibus  finis  est  pugnandi  15 
factus. 

26.  Omnia  experti  Galli,  quod  res  nulla  successerat,  postero 
die  consilium  ceperunt  ex  oppido  profugere  hortante  6t  iubente 
Vercingetorige,  id  silentio  noctis  conati  non  magna  iactura 
suorum  sese  effecturos  sperabant,  propterea  quod  neque  longe  20 
ab  oppido  castra  Vercingetorigis  aberant,  et  palus,  quae  perpetua 
intercedebat,  Romanos  ad  insequendum  tardabat.  iamque  hoc 
facere  noctu  apparabant,  cum  matresfamiliae  repente  in  publicum 
procurrerunt  fleutesque  proiectae  ad  pedes  suorum  omnibus  pre- 
cibus petierunt,  ne  se  et  communes  liberos  hostibus  ad  sup-  25 
plicium  dederent,  quos  ad  capiendam  fugam  naturae  et  virium 
infirmitas  impediret.  ubi  eos  in  sententia  perstare  viderunt, 
quod  plerumque  in  summo  periculo  timor  misericordiam  non 
recipit,  conclamare  et  significare  de  fuga  Romanis  coeperunt, 
quo  timore  perterriti  Galli,  ne  ab  equitatu  Romanorum  viae  30 
praeoccuparentur,  consilio  destiterunt. 


254 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


27.  Postero  die  Caesar  promota  turri  directisque  operibus, 
quae  facere  instituerat,  magno  coorto  imbre  non  inutilem  hanc 
ad  capiendum  consilium  tempestatem  arbitratus  est,  quod  paulo 
incautius  custodias  m muro  dispositas  videbat,  suosque  languidius 
5 in  opere  versari  iussit  et,  quid  fieri  vellet,  ostendit,  legionibus- 
que intra  vincas  in  occulto  expeditis  cohortatus,  ut  aliquando 
pro  tantis  laboribus  fructum  victoriae  perciperent,  iis,  qui  primi 
murum  ascendissent,  praemia  proposuit  militibusque  signum 
dedit,  illi  subito  ex  omnibus  partibus  evolaverunt  muruinque 
io  celeriter  compleverunt. 


munimenta  intercisa  oblique  conspecta 


The  capture  of  the  town.  The  war  continued  by  Vercingetorix. 

28.  Hostes  re  nova  perterriti  muro  turribusque  deiecti  in 
foro  ac  locis  patentioribus  cuneatim  constiterunt,  hoc  aniuio, 
ut,  si  qua  ex  parte  obviam  contra  veniretur,  acie  instructa 
depugnarent,  ubi  neminem  in  aequum  locum  sese  demittere, 
15  sed  toto  undique  muro  circumfundi  viderunt,  veriti,  ne  omnino 
spes  fugae  tolleretur,  abiectis  armis  ultimas  oppidi  partes  con- 
tinenti impetu  petiverunt,  parsque  ibi,  cum  angusto  exitu  por- 
tarum se  ipsi  premerent,  a militibus,  pars  iam  egressa  portis  ab 
equitibus  est  interfecta,  nec  fuit  quisquam,  qui  praedae  stude- 
20  ret.  sic  et  Cenabi  caede  et  labore  operis  incitati  non  aetate 


COMM.  VII.  28-30. 


255 


confectis,  non  mulieribus,  non  infantibus  pepercerunt,  denique 
omni  ex  numero,  qui  fuit  circiter  milium  XL,  vix  DCCC,  qui 
primo  clamore  audito  se  ex  oppido  eieeerunt,  incolumes  ad 
Vercingetorigem  pervenerunt,  quos  ille  multa  iam  nocte  silentio 
ex  fuga  excepit  veritus,  ne  qua  in  castris  ex  eorum  concursu  5 
et  misericordia  vulgi  seditio  oriretur,  ut  procul  in  via  dispositis 
familiaribus  suis  principibusque  civitatum  disparandos  deducen- 
dosque  ad  suos  curaret,  quae  cuique  civitati  pars  castrorum  ab 
initio  obvenerat, 

29.  Postero  die  concilio  convocato*  consolatus  coliortatusque  10 
est,  ne  se  admodum  animo  demitterent,  ne  perturbarentur  in- 
commodo. non  virtute  neque  in  acie  vicisse  Romanos,  sed  arti- 
ficio quodam  et  scientia  oppugnationis,  cuius  rei  fuerint  ipsi 
imperiti,  errare,  si  qui  in  bello  omnis  secundos  rerum  proven- 
tus exspectent  : sibi  numquam  placuisse,  Avaricum  defendi,  cuius  15 
rei  testes  ipsos  haberet ; sed  factum  imprudentia  Biturigum  et 
nimia  obsequentia  reliquorum,  uti  hoc  incommodum  acciperetur. 

id  tamen  se  celeriter  maioribus  commodis  sanaturum,  nam  quae 
ab  reliquis  Gallis  civitates  dissentirent,  lias  sua  diligentia  adiunc- 
turum  atque  unum  consilium  totius  Galliae  effecturum,  cuius  20 
consensu  ne  orbis  quidem  terrarum  possit  obsistere ; idque  se 
prope  iam  effectum  habere,  interea  aequum  esse,  ab  iis  com- 
munis salutis  causa  impetrari,  ut  castra  munire  instituerent,  quo 
facilius  repentinos  hostium  impetus  sustinerent. 

30.  Fuit  haec  oratio  non  ingrata  Gallis,  et  maxime,  quod  ipse  25 
animo  non  defecerat  tanto  accepto  incommodo,  neque  se  in 
occultum  abdiderat  et  conspectum  multitudinis  fugerat;  plusque 
animo  providere  et  praesentire  existimabatur,  quod  re  integra 
primo  incendendum  Avaricum,  post  deserendum  censuerat.  ita- 
que ut  reliquorum  imperatorum  res  adversae  auctoritatem  mimi-  30 
unt,  sic  huius  ex  contrario  dignitas  incommodo  accepto  in  dies 


256 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


augebatur,  simul  iu  spem  vomebant  eius  affirmatione  de  reliquis 
adiungendis  civitatibus  j primumque  eo  tempore  Galli  castra 
munire  instituerunt  et  sic  sunt  animo  consternati,  homines 
insueti  laboris,  ut  omnia,  quae  imperarentur,  sibi  patienda  et 
5 perferenda  existimarent. 

31.  Nec  minus,  quam  est  pollicitus,  Vercingetorix  animo 
laborabat,  ut  reliquas  civitates  adiungeret,  atque  eas  donis  pol- 
licitationibusque alliciebat,  huic  rei  idoneos  homines  deligebat, 
quorum  quisque  aut  oratione  subdola  aut  amicitia  facillime 
io  capere  posset,  qui  Avarico  expugnato  refugerant,  armandos  ves- 
tieudosque  curat  ; simul  ut  deminutae  copiae  redintegrarentur, 
imperat  certum  numerum  militum  civitatibus,  quem  et  quam 
ante  diem  in  castra  adduci  velit,  sagittariosque  omnes,  quorum 
erat  permagnus  numerus  in  Gallia,  conquiri  et  ad  se  mitti  iubet. 
15  his  rebus  celeriter  id,  quod  Avarici  deperierat,  expletur,  inte- 
rim Teutomatus,  Olloviconis  filius,  rex  Nitiobrigum,  cuius  pater 
ab  senatu  nostro  amicus  erat  appellatus,  cum  magno  equitum 
suorum  numero  et  quos  ex  Aquitania  conduxerat  ad  eum 
pervenit. 


Caesar  quelling  the  commotions  among  the  Haedui  lags  siege 
to  Gergovia. 

20  32.  Caesar  Avarici  complures  dies  commoratus  summamque 

ibi  copiam  frumenti  et  reliqui  commeatus  nanctus  exercitum  ex 
labore  atque  inopia  refecit,  iam  prope  hieme  confecta  cum  ipso 
anni  tempore  ad  gerendum  bellum  vocaretur  et  ad  hostem  pro- 
ficisci constituisset,  sive  eum  ex  paludibus  silvisque  elicere  sive 
25  obsidione  premere  posset,  legati  ad  eum  principes  Haeduorum 
veniunt  oratum,  ut  maxime  necessario  tempore  civitati  subveniat  : 
summo  esse  in  periculo  rem,  quod,  cum  singuli  magistratus  anti- 
quitus creari  atque  regiam  potestatem  annum  obtinere  consuessent, 


COMM.  VII.  32-34. 


257 


duo  magistratum  gerant  et  se  uterque  eorum  legibus  creatum 
esse  dicat,  horum  esse  alterum  Couvictolitavem,  florentem  et 
illustrem  adulescentem,  alterum  Cotum,  antiquissima  familia 
natum  atque  ipsum  hominem  summae  potentiae  et  magnae  cog- 
nationis, cuius  frater  Valetiacus  proximo  anno  eundem  magis- 
tratum gesserit.  civitatem  omnem  esse  in  armis  ; divisum 
senatum,  divisum  populum,  suas  cuiusque  eorum  clientelas, 
quod  si  diutius  alatur  controversia,  fore,  uti  pars  cum  parte 
civitatis  confligat,  id  ne  accidat,  positum  in  eius  diligentia  atque 
auctoritate. 

33.  Caesar,  etsi  a bello  atque  hoste  discedere  detrimentosum 
esse  existimabat,  tamen  non  ignorans,  quanta  ex  dissensionibus 
incommoda  oriri  consuessent,  ne  tauta  et  tam  coniuncta  populo 
Romano  civitas,  quam  ipse  semper  aluisset  omnibusque  rebus 
ornasset,  ad  vim  atque  ad  arma  descenderet,  atque  ea  pars,  quae 
minus  sibi  confideret,  auxilia  a Vercingetorige  arcesseret,  huic  rei 
praevertendum  existimavit  et,  quod  legibus  Haeduorum  iis,  qui 
summum  magistratum  obtinerent,  excedere  ex  finibus  non  liceret, 
ne  quid  de  iure  aut  de  legibus  eorum  deminuisse  videretur,  ipse 
in  Haeduos  proficisci  statuit  senatumque  omnem  et  quos  inter 
controversia  esset  ad  se  Decetiam  evocavit,  cum  prope  omnis 
civitas  eo  convenisset,  docereturque,  paucis  clam  convocatis  alio 
loco,  alio  tempore,  atque  oportuerit,  fratrem  a fratre  renuntia- 
tum, cum  leges  duo  ex  una  familia  vivo  utroque  non  solum 
magistratus  creari  vetarent,  sed  etiam  in  senatu  esse  prohiberent, 
Cotum  imperium  deponere  coegit,  Couvictolitavem,  qui  per  sacer- 
dotes more  civitatis  intermissis  magistratibus  esset  creatus, 
potestatem  obtinere  iussit. 

34.  Hoc  decreto  interposito  cohortatus  Haeduos,  ut  contro- 
versiarum ac  dissensionum  obliviscerentur  atque  omnibus  omissis 
rebus  huic  bello  servirent  eaque,  quae  meruissent,  praemia  ab  se, 

17 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


258 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


devicta  Gallia,  exspectarent,  equitatumque  omnem  et  peditum 
milia  decem  sibi  celeriter  mitterent,  quae  in  praesidiis  rei  fru- 
mentariae causa  disponeret,  exercitum  in  duas  partes  divisit : 
quattuor  legiones  in  Senones  Parisiosque  Labieno  ducendas 
5 dedit ; sex  ipse  in  Arvernos  ad  oppidum  Gergoviam  secundum 
tiumen  Elaver  duxit ; equitatus  partem  illi  attribuit,  partem  sibi 
reliquit,  qua  re  cognita  Vercingetorix  omnibus  interruptis  eius 
fluminis  pontibus  ab  altera  fluminis  parte  iter  facere  coepit. 

35.  Cum  uterque  utrimque  exisset  exercitus,  in  conspectu 
io  fereque  e regione  castris  castra  ponebant,  dispositis  exploratori- 
bus, necubi  effecto  ponte  Romani  copias  traducerent,  erat  in 
magnis  Caesaris  difficultatibus  res,  ne  maiorem  aestatis  partem 
flumine  impediretur,  quod  non  fere  ante  autumnum  Elaver  vado 
transiri  solet,  itaque,  ne  id  accideret,  silvestri  loco  castris  posi- 

lo  tis  e regione  unius  eorum  pontium,  quos  Vercingetorix  rescin- 
dendos curaverat,  postero  die  cum  duabus  legionibus  in  occulto 
restitit ; reliquas  copias  cum  omnibus  impedimentis,  ut  consue- 
verat, misit,  captis*  quibusdam  cohortibus,  uti  numerus  legio- 
num constare  videretur,  his  quam  longissime  possent  progredi 
20  iussis,  cum  iam  ex  diei  tempore  coniecturam  ceperat  in  castra 
perventum,  isdem  sublicis,  quarum  pars  inferior  integra  remane- 
bat, pontem  reficere  coepit,  celeriter  effecto  opere  legionibusque 
traductis  et  loco  castris  idoneo  delecto  reliquas  copias  revocavit. 
Vercingetorix  re  cognita,  ne  contra  suam  voluntatem  dimicare 
25  cogeretur,  magnis  itineribus  antecessit. 

36.  Caesar  ex  eo  loco  quintis  castris  Gergoviam  pervenit 
equestrique  proelio  eo  die  levi  facto,  perspecto  urbis  situ,  quae 
posita  in  altissimo  monte  omnis  aditus  difficiles  habebat,  de 
expugnatione  desperavit,  de  obsessione  non  prius  agendum  con- 

30  stituit,  quam  rem  frumentariam  expedisset.  at  Vercingetorix 
castris  prope  oppidum  [in  monte]  positis  mediocribus  circum  se 


COMM.  VIL  3G-37. 


259 


intervallis  separatim  singularum  civitatium  copias  collocaverat, 
atque  omnibus  eius  iugi  collibus  occupatis,  qua  despici  poterat, 
horribilem  speciem  praebebat  principesque  earum  civitatium, 
quos  sibi  ad  consilium  capiendum  delegerat,  prima  luce  cotidie 
ad  se  convenire  iubebat,  seu  quid  communicandum,  seu  quid  5 
administrandum  videretur,  neque  ullum  fere  diem  intermittebat, 
quin  equestri  proelio  iuteriectis  sagittariis,  quid  in  quoque  esset 
animi  ac  virtutis  suorum,  periclitaretur,  erat  e regione  oppidi 
collis  sub  ipsis  radicibus  montis,  egregie  munitus  atque  ex  omni 
parte  circumcisus ; quem  si  tenerent  nostri,  et  aquae  magna  parte  10 
et  pabulatione  libera  prohibituri  hostes  videbantur,  sed  is  locus 
praesidio  ab  his  non  nimis  firmo  tenebatur,  tamen  silentio  noc- 
tis Caesar  ex  castris  egressus,  priusquam  subsidio  ex  oppido 
veniri  posset,  deiecto  praesidio  potitus  loco  duas  ibi  legiones 
collocavit  fossamque  duplicem  duodenum  pedum  a maioribus  15 
castris  ad  minora  perduxit,  ut  tuto  ab  repentino  hostium 
incursu  etiam  singuli  commeare  possent. 


New  troubles  among  fle  Haedui . The  Romans  lake  possession  of 
three  of  the  enemy’s  camps,  but,  pressing  the  attack  too  im- 
petuously, are  repulsed. 

37.  Dum  haec  ad  Gergoviam  geruntur,  Convictolitavis  Hae- 
duus,  cui  magistratum  adiudicatum  a Caesare  demonstravimus, 
sollicitatus  ab  Arvernis  pecunia  cum  quibusdam  adulescentibus  20 


260 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


colloquitur ; quorum  erat  princeps  Litavicus  atque  eius  fratres, 
amplissima  familia  nati  adulescentes.  cum  his  praemium  com- 
municat hortaturque,  ut  se  liberos  et  imperio  natos  meminerint, 
unam  esse  Haeduorum  civitatem,  quae  certissimam  Galliae  vic- 
5 toriain  detineat;  eius  auctoritate  reliquas  contineri;  qua  traducta 
locum  consistendi  Romanis  in  Gallia  non  fore,  esse  nonnullo  se 
Caesaris  beneficio  affectum,  sic  tamen,  ut  iustissimam  apud  eum 
causam  obtinuerit  ; sed  plus  communi  libertati  tribuere.  cur 
enim  potius  Haedui  de  suo  iure  et  de  legibus  ad  Caesarem  dis 
io  ceptatorem,  quam  Romani  ad  Haeduos  veniant?  celeriter  adu- 
lescentibus et  oratione  magistratus  et  praemio  deductis,  cum  se 
vel  principes  eius  consilii  fore  profiterentur,  ratio  perficiendi 
quaerebatur,  quod  civitatem  temere  ad  suscipiendum  bellum  ad- 
duci posse  non  confidebant,  placuit,  ut  Litavicus  decem  illis 
15  milibus,  quae  Caesari  ad  bellum  mitterentur,  praeficeretur  atque 
ea  ducenda  curaret,  fratresque  eius  ad  Caesarem  praecurrerent, 
reliqua  qua  ratione  agi  placeat,  constituunt. 

38.  Litavicus  accepto  exercitu,  cum  milia  passuum  circiter 
XXX  ab  Gergovia  abesset,  convocatis  subito  militibus  lacrimans, 
20  ‘ quo  proficiscimur/  inquit,  ‘ milites  ? omnis  noster  equitatus, 
omnis  nobilitas  interiit ; principes  civitatis,  Eporedorix  et  Viri- 
domarus,  insimulati  proditionis  ab  Romanis  indicta  causa  inter- 
fecti sunt,  haec  ab  ipsis  cognoscite,  qui  ex  ipsa  caede  fugerunt : 
nam  ego  fratribus  atque  omnibus  meis  propinquis  interfectis 
25  dolore  prohibeor,  quae  gesta  sunt,  pronuntiare/  producuntur  ii, 
quos  ille  edocuerat,  quae  dici  vellet,  atque  eadem,  quae  Litavi- 
cus pronuntiaverat,  multitudini  exponunt  : equites  Haeduorum 
interfectos,  quod  collocuti  cum  Arvernis  dicerentur ; ipsos  se 
inter  multitudinem  militum  occultasse  atque  ex  media  caede 
30  profugisse.  conclamant  Haedui  et  Litavicum  obsecrant,  ut 
sibi  consulat.  ‘ quasi  vero/  inquit  ille,  f consilii  sit  res,  ac 
non  necesse  sit  nobis  Gergoviam  contendere  et  cum  Arvernis 


COMM.  VII.  38-40. 


261 


nosmet  coniungere.  an  dubitamus,  quin  nefario  facinore  ad- 
misso Romani  iam  ad  nos  interficiendos  concurrant  ? proinde, 
si  quid  in  nobis  animi  est,  persequamur  eorum  mortem,  qui 
indignissime  interierunt  atque  hos  latrones  interficiamus/  osten- 
dit cives  Romanos,  qui  eius  praesidii  fiducia  una  erant : ma-  5 
gnum  numerum  frumenti  commeatusque  diripit,  ipsos  crudeliter 
excruciatos  interficit  : nuntios  tota  civitate  Haeduorum  dimit- 
tit, eodem  mendacio  de  caede  equitum  et  principium  permovet ; 
hortatur,  ut  simili  ratione,  atque  ipse  fecerit,,  suas  iniurias  per- 
sequantur. io 

39.  Eporedorix  Haeduus,  summo  loco  natus  adulescens  et 
summae  domi  potentiae,  et  una  Viridomarus,  pari  aetate  et  gratia, 
sed  genere  dispari,  quem  Caesar  ab  Divitiaco  sibi  traditum  ex 
humili  loco  ad  summam  dignitatem  perduxerat,  in  equitum  nu- 
mero convenerant  nominatim  ab  eo  evocati,  his  erat  inter  se  15 
de  principatu  contentio,  et  in  illa  magistratuum  controversia 
alter  pro  Couvictolitavi,  alter  pro  Coto  summis  opibus  pugna- 
verant. ex  his  Eporedorix  cognito  Litavici  consilio  media  fere 
nocte  rem  ad  Caesarem  defert  ; orat,  ne  patiatur  civitatem 
pravis  adulescentium  consiliis  ab  amicitia  populi  Romani  deficere  ; 20 
quod  futurum  provideat,  si  se  tot  hominum  milia  cum  hostibus 
coniunxerint,  quorum  salutem  neque  propinqui  neglegere,  neque 
civitas  levi  momento  aestimare  posset. 

40.  Magna  affectus  sollicitudine  hoc  nuntio  Caesar,  quod  sem- 
per Haeduorum  civitati  praecipue  indulserat,  nulla  interposita  25 
dubitatione  legiones  expeditas  quattuor  equitatumque  omnem  ex 
castris  educit,  nec . fuit  spatium  tali  tempore  ad  contrahenda 
castra,  quod  res  posita  in  celeritate  videbatur;  Gaium  Fabium 
legatum  cum  legionibus  duabus  castris  praesidio  relinquit,  fratres 
Litavici  cum  comprehendi  iussisset,  paulo  ante  reperit  ad  hostes  30 
fugisse,  adhortatus  milites,  ne  necessario  tempore  itineris  labore 


262 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


permoveantur,  cupidissimis  omnibus  progressus  milia  passuum 
XXY,  agmen  Haeduorum  conspicatus  immisso  equitatu  iter 
eorum  moratur  atque  impedit  interdicitque  omnibus,  ne  quem- 
quam interficiant.  Eporedorigem  et  Yiridomarum,  quos  illi  in- 
5 terfectos  existimabant,  inter  equites  versari  suosque  appellare 
iubet.  his  cognitis  et  Litavici  fraude  perspecta  Haedui  manus 
tendere,  deditionem  significare  et  proiectis  armis  mortem  deprecari 
incipiunt.  Litavicus  cum  suis  clientibus,  quibus  more  Gallorum 
nefas  est  etiam  in  extrema  fortuna  deserere  patronos,  Gergoviam 
io  profugit. 

41.  Caesar  nuntiis  ad  civitatem  Haeduorum  missis,  qui  suo 
beneficio  conservatos  docerent,  quos  hire  belli  interficere  potuis- 
set, tribusque  horis  noctis  exercitui  ad  quietem  datis  castra  ad 
Gergoviam  movit,  medio  fere  itinere  equites  ab  Fabio  missi, 
15  quanto  res  in  periculo  fuerit,  exponunt,  summis  copiis  castra 
oppugnata  demonstrant,  cum  crebro  integri  defessis  succederent 
nostrosque  assiduo  labore  defatigarent,  quibus  propter  magnitudi- 
nem castrorum  perpetuo  esset  iisdem  in  vallo  permanendum, 
multitudine  sagittarum  atque  omni  genere  telorum  multos  vulne- 
20  ratos  ; ad  haec  sustinenda  magno  usui  fuisse  tormenta.  Fabium 
discessu  eorum  duabus  relictis  portis  obstruere  ceteras  pluteos- 
que vallo  addere  et  se  in  posterum  diem  similem  ad  casum 
parare,  his  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  summo  studio  militum  ante 
ortum  solis  in  castra  pervenit. 

25  42.  Dum  haec  ad  Gergoviam  geruntur,  Haedui  primis  nuntiis 

ab  Litavico  acceptis  nullum  sibi  ad  cognoscendum  spatium  relin- 
quunt. impellit  alios  avaritia,  alios  iracundia  et  temeritas,  quae 
maxime  illi  hominum  generi  est  innata,  ut  levem  auditionem 
habeant  pro  re  comperta,  bona  civium  Romanorum  diripiunt, 
30  caedes  faciunt,  in  servitutem  abstrahunt,  adiuvat  rem  proclina- 
tam Convictolitavis  plebemque  ad  furorem  impellit,  ut  facinore 


La 


lllnM 


WM/iW 


COMM.  VII.  42-44. 


263 


admisso  ad  sanitatem  reverti  pudeat.  Marcum  Aristium,  tribu- 
num militum,  iter  ad  legionem  facientem  fide  data  ex  oppido 
Cabillono  educunt  : idem  facere  cogunt  eos,  qui  negotiandi 
causa  ibi  constiterant,  hos  continuo  in  itinere  adorti  omnibus 
impedimentis  exuunt ; repugnantes  diem  noctemque  obsident  j 
multis  utrimque  interfectis  maiorem  multitudinem  armatorum 
concitant. 

43.  Interim  nuntio  allato,  omnes  eorum  milites  in  potestate 
Caesaris  teneri,  concurrunt  ad  Aristium,  nihil  publico  factum  con- 
silio demonstrant  ; quaestionem  de  bonis  direptis  decernunt, 
Litavici  fratrumque  bona  publicant,  legatos  ad  Caesarem  sui  pur- 
gandi gratia  mittunt.  haec  faciunt  recuperandorum  suorum 
causa  : sed  contaminati  facinore  et  capti  compendio  ex  direptis 
bonis,  quod  ea  res  ad  multos  pertinebat,  et  timore  poenae  ex- 
territi, consilia  clam  de  bello  inire  incipiunt  civitatesque  reliquas 
legationibus  sollicitant,  quae  tametsi  Caesar  intellegebat,  tamen 
quam  mitissime  potest  legatos  appellat : nihil  se  propter  in- 
scientiam levitatemque  vulgi  gravius  de  civitate  indicare  neque 
de  sua  in  Haeduos  benevolentia  deminuere,  ipse,  maiorem  Gal- 
liae motum  exspectans,  ne  ab  omnibus  civitatibus  circumsistere- 
tur, consilia  inibat,  quem  ad  modum  ab  Gergovia  discederet  ac 
rursus  omnem  exercitum  contraheret,  ne  profectio  nata  ab  timore 
defectionis  similis  fugae  videretur. 

44.  Haec  cogitanti  accidere  visa  est  facultas  bene  gerendae 
rei.  nam  cum  in  minora  castra  operis  perspiciendi  causa  venis- 
set, animadvertit  collem,  qui  ab  hostibus  tenebatur,  nudatum 
hominibus,  qui  superioribus  diebus  vix  prae  multitudine  cerni 
poterat,  admiratus  quaerit  ex  perfugis  causam,  quorum  magnus 
ad  eum  cotidie  numerus  confluebat,  constabat  inter  omnes, 
quod  iam  ipse  Caesar  per  exploratores  cognoverat,  dorsum  esse 
eius  iugi  prope  aequum,  sed  hunc  silvestrem  et  angustum,  qua 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


264 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


esset  aditus  ad  alteram  partem  oppidi  : vehementer  huic  loco 
illos  timere  nec  iam  aliter  sentire  uno  colle  ab  Romanis  occupato, 
si  alterum  amisissent,  quin  paene  circumvallati  atque  omni  exitu 
et  pabulatione  interclusi  viderentur  : ad  hunc  muniendum  omnes 
5 a Vercingetorige  evocatos. 

45.  Hac  re  cognita  Caesar  mittit  complures  equitum  turmas 
eodem  media  nocte  : imperat,  ut  paulo  tumultuosius  omnibus  in 
locis  vagarentur,  prima  luce  magnum  numerum  impedimentorum 
ex  castris  mulorumque  produci  deque  his  stramenta  detrahi  mu- 

io  lionesque  cum  cassidibus  equitum  specie  ac  simulatione  collibus 
circumvehi  iubet.  his  paucos  addit  equites,  qui  latius  ostenta- 
tionis causa  vagarentur,  longo  circuitu  easdem  omnes  iubet  petere 
regiones,  haec  procul  ex  oppido  videbantur,  ut  erat  a Gergovia 
despectus  in  castra,  neque  tanto  spatio,  certi  quid  esset,  explo- 
ra rari  poterat,  legionem  unam  eodem  iugo  mittit  et  paulum  pro- 
gressam inferiore  constituit  loco  silvisque  occultat,  augetur 
Gallis  suspicio  atque  omnes  illo  munitionum  copiae  traducuntur, 
vacua  castra  hostium  Caesar  conspicatus  tectis  insignibus  suo- 
rum occultatisque  signis  militaribus  raros  milites,  ne  ex  oppido 
20  animadverterentur,  ex  maioribus  castris  in  minora  traducit  lega- 
tisque, quos  singulis  legionibus  praefecerat,  quid  fieri  vellet, 
ostendit  : imprimis  monet,  ut  contineant  milites,  ne  studio  pug- 
nandi aut  spe  praedae  longius  progrediantur  ; quid  iniquitas 
loci  habeat  incommodi,  proponit  : hoc  una  celeritate  posse  mu- 
25  tari  : occasionis  esse  rem,  non  proelii.  his  rebus  expositis, 
signum  dat  et  ab  dextra  parte  alio  ascensu  eodem  tempore 
Haeduos  mittit. 

46.  Oppidi  murus  ab  planitie  atque  initio  ascensus  recta 
regione,  si  nullus  amfractus  intercederet,  MCC  passus  aberat : 

30  quidquid  line  circuitus  ad  molliendum  clivum  accesserat,  id 
spatium  itineris  augebat,  a medio  fere  colle  in  longitudinem. 


COMM.  VII.  46-47. 


265 


ut  natura  montis  ferebat,  ex  grandibus  saxis  sex  pedum  murum, 
qui  nostrorum  impetum  tardaret,  praeduxerant  Galli  atque  infe- 
riore omni  spatio  vacuo  relicto  superiorem  partem  collis  usque 
ad  murum  oppidi  densissimis  castris  compleverant.  milites 
dato  signo  celeriter  ad  munitionem  perveniunt  eamque  trans- 
gressi trinis  castris  potiuntur ; ac  tanta  fuit  in  castris  capiendis 
celeritas,  ut  Teutomatus,  rex  Nitiobrigum,  subito  in  tabernaculo 
oppressus,  ut  meridie  conquieverat,  superiore  corporis  parte 
nudata  vulnerato  equo  vix  se  ex  manibus  praedantium  militum 
eriperet. 

47.  Consecutus  id,  quod  animo  proposuerat,  Caesar  receptui 
cani  iussit  legionisque  decimae,  quacum  erat,  contionatus  signa 
constituit ; ac  reliquarum  milites  legionum  non  exaudito  tubae 
sono,  quod  satis  magna  valles  intercedebat,  tamen  ab  tribunis 
militum  legatisque,  ut  erat  a Caesare  praeceptum,  retinebantur, 
sed  elati  spe  celeris  victoriae  et  hostium  fuga  superiorumque 
temporum  secundis  proeliis  nihil  adeo  arduum  sibi  existimabant, 
quod  non  virtute  consequi  possent,  neque  finem  prius  sequendi 
fecerunt,  quam  muro  oppidi  portisque  appropinquarunt,  tum 
vero  ex  omnibus  urbis  partibus  orto  clamore  qui  longius  aberant 
repentino  tumultu  perterriti,  cum  hostem  intra  portas  esse  exis- 
timarent, sese  ex  oppido  eiecerunt.  matresfamiliae  de  muro 
vestem  argentumque  jactabant  et  pectore  nudo  prominentes 
passis  manibus  obtestabantur  Bomanos,  ut  sibi  parcerent,  neu, 
sicut  Avarici  fecissent,  ne.  mulieribus  quidem  atque  infantibus 
abstinerent : nonnullae  de  muris  per  manus  demissae  sese  mili- 
tibus tradebant.  Lucius  Fabius,  centurio  legionis  VIII,  quem 
inter  suos  eo  die  dixisse  constabat  excitari  se  Avaricensibus 
praemiis  neque  commissurum,  ut  prius  quisquam  murum  ascen- 
deret, tres  suos  nanctus  manipulares  atque  ab  iis  sublevatus 
murum  ascendit  : hos  ipse  rursus  singulos  exceptans  in  murum 
extulit. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


266 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


48.  Interim  ii,  qui  ad  alteram,  partem  oppidi,  ut  supra 
demonstravimus,  munitionis  causa  convenerant,  primo  exaudito 
clamore,  inde  etiam  crebris  nuntiis  incitati,  oppidum  ab  Romanis 
teneri,  praemissis  equitibus  magno  concursu  eo  contenderunt. 

5 eorum  ut  quisque  primus  venerat,  sub  muro  consistebat  suorum- 
que pugnantium  numerum  augebat,  quorum  cum  magna  mul- 
titudo convenisset,  matresfamiliae,  quae  paulo  ante  Romanis  de 
muro  manus  tendebant,  suos  obtestari  et  more  Gallico  passum 
capillum  ostentare  liberosque  in  conspectum  proferre  coeperunt, 
io  erat  Romanis  nec  loco  nec  numero  aequa  contentio  : simul  et 
cursu  et  spatio  pugnae  defatigati  non  facile  recentes  atque  inte- 
gros sustinebant. 

49.  Caesar,  cum  iniquo  loco  pugnari  hostiumque  augeri  copias 
videret,  praemetuens  suis  ad  Titum  Sextium  legatum,  quem 

15  minoribus  castris  praesidio  reliquerat,  misit,  ut  cohortes  ex  cas- 
tris celeriter  educeret  et  sub  infimo  colle  ab  dextro  latere  hos- 
tium constitueret,  ut,  si  nostros  loco  depulsos  vidisset,  quo  minus 
libere  hostes  insequerentur,  terreret,  ipse  paulum  ex  eo  loco 
cum  legione  progressus,  ubi  constiterat,  eventum  pugnae  ex- 
20  spectabat. 

50.  Cum  acerrime  comminus  pugnaretur,  hostes  loco  et  nu- 
mero, nostri  virtute  confiderent,  subito  sunt  Haedui  visi  ab  latere 
nostris  aperto,  quos  Caesar  ab  dextra  parte  alio  ascensu  manus 
distinendae  causa  miserat,  hi  similitudine  armorum  vehementer 

25  nostros  perterruerunt,  ac  tametsi  dextris  humeris  exsertis  ani- 
madvertebantur, quod  insigne  pacatum  esse  consuerat,  tamen  id 
ipsum  sui  fallendi  causa  milites  ab  hostibus  factum  existimabant, 
eodem  tempore  Lucius  Fabius  centurio  quique  una  murum  ascen- 
derant circumventi  atque  interfecti  muro  praecipitantur.  Marcus 
•30  Petronius,  eiusdem  legionis  centurio,  cum  portas  excidere  cona- 
tus esset,  a multitudine  oppressus  ac  sibi  desperans  multis  iam 


COMM.  VII.  50-52. 


267 


vulneribus  acceptis,  manipularibus  suis,  cpii  illum  secuti  erant, 
f quoniam/  inquit,  ‘ me  una  vobiscum  servare  non  possum,  vestrae 
quidem  certe  vitae  prospiciam,  quos  cupiditate  gloriae  adductus 
in  periculum  deduxi,  vos  data  facultate  vobis  consulite/  simul 
in  medios  hostis  irrupit  duobusque  interfectis  reliquos  a porta  5 
paulum  summovit.  conantibus  auxiliari  suis,  ‘ frustra/  inquit, 

‘ meae  vitae  subvenire  conamini,  quem  iam  sanguis  viresque 
deficiunt : proinde  abite,  dum  est  facultas,  vosque  ad  legionem 
recipite/  ita  pugnans  post  paulum  concidit  ac  suis  saluti  fuit. 

51.  Nostri,  cum  undique  premerentur,  XLVI  centurionibus  10 
amissi  deiecti  sunt  loco,  sed  intolerantius  (iallos  iusequentes 
legio  X tardavit,  quae  pro  subsidio  paulo  aequiore  loco  consti- 
terat. hanc  rursus  XIII  legionis  cohortes  exceperunt,  quae  ex 
castris  minoribus  eductae  cum  Tito  Sextio  legato  locum  ceperant 
superiorem,  legiones,  ubi  primum  planitiem  attigerunt,  infestis  15 
contra  hostes  signis  constiterunt.  Vercingetorix  ab  radicibus 
collis  suos  intra  munitiones  reduxit,  eo  die  milites  sunt  paulo 
minus  septingenti  desiderati. 


Caesar  reproves  the  rashness  of  the  soldiers. 

52.  Postero  die  Caesar  contione  advocata  temeritatem  cupidi- 
tatemque militum  reprehendit,  quod  sibi  ipsi  indicavissent,  quo  20 
procedendum  aut  quid  agendum  videretur,  neque  signo  recipiendi 
dato  constitissent  neque  ab  tribunis  militum  legatisque  retineri 
potuissent.  exposuit,  quid  iniquitas  loci  posset,  quid  ipse  ad 
Avaricum  sensisset,  cum  sine  duce  et  sine  equitatu  deprehensis 
hostibus  exploratam  victoriam  dimisisset,  ne  parvum  modo  25 
detrimentum  in  contentione  propter  iniquitatem  loci  accideret, 
quanto  opere  eorum  animi  magnitudinem  admiraretur,  quos  non 
castrorum  munitiones,  non  altitudo  montis,  non  murus  oppidi 
tardare  potuisset,  tanto  opere  licentiam  arrogantiam  que  reprehen- 


268 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


dere,  quod  plus  se  quam  imperatorem  de  victoria  atque  exitu 
rerum  sentire  existimarent ; nec  minus  se  in  milite  modestiam 
et  continentiam  quam  virtutem  atque  animi  magnitudinem 
desiderare. 

Caesar  raises  the  siege  and  removes  his  camp  to  the  territories 
of  the  Haedui. 

5 53.  Hac  habita  contione  et  ad  extremam  orationem  confirmatis 

militibus,  ne  ob  hanc  causam  animo  permoverentur  neu,  quod 
iniquitas  loci  attulisset,  id  virtuti  hostium  tribuerent,  eadem  de 
protectione  cogitans,  quae  ante  senserat,  legiones  ex  castris  eduxit 
aciemque  idoneo  loco  constituit.  cum  Vercingetorix  nihilo 
io  magis  in  aequum  locum  descenderet,  levi  facto  equestri  proelio 
atque  eo  secundo  in  castra  exercitum  reduxit,  cum  hoc  idem 
postero  die  fecisset,  satis  ad  Gallicam  ostentationem  minuen- 
dam militumque  animos  confirmandos  factum  existimans  in 
Haeduos  movit  castra,  ne  tum  quidem  insecutis  hostibus  tertio 
15  die  ad  flumen  Elaver  pontes  reficit  atque  exercitum  traducit. 

54.  Ibi  a Viridomaro  atque  Eporedorige  Haeduis  appellatus 
discit  cum  omni  equitatu  Litavicum  ad  sollicitandos  Haeduos 
profectum  : opus  esse  ipsos  antecedere  ad  confirmandam  civita- 
tem. etsi  multis  iam  rebus  perfidiam  Haeduorum  perspectam 
20  habebat  atque  horum  discessu  admaturari  defectionem  civitatis 
existimabat,  tamen  eos  retinendos  non  constituit,  ne  aut  inferre 
iniuriam  videretur  aut  dare  timoris  aliquam  suspicionem,  dis- 
cedentibus his  breviter  sua  in  Haeduos  merita  exponit : quos  et 
quam  humiles  accepisset,  compulsos  in  oppida,  multatos  agris 
25  omnibus  ereptis  copiis,  imposito  stipendio,  obsidibus  summa  cum 
contumelia  extortis,  et  quam  in  fortunam  quamque  in  amplitu- 
dinem deduxisset,  ut  non  solum  in  pristinum  statum  redissent, 
sed  omnium  temporum  dignitatem  et  gratiam  antecessisse  vide- 
rentur. his  datis  mandatis,  eos  ab  se  dimisit. 


COMM.  VII.  55-56. 


269 


55.  Noviodunum  erat  oppidum  Haeduorum  ad  ripas  Ligeris 
opportuno  loco  positum.  huc  Caesar  omnes  obsides  Galliae, 
frumentum,  pecuniam  publicam,  suorum  atque  exercitus  impedi- 
mentorum magnam  partem  contulerat  ; huc  magnum  numerum 
equorum  huius  belli  causa  in  Italia  atque  Hispania  coemptum  5 
miserat.  eo  cum  Eporedorix  Viridotnarusque  venissent  et  de 
statu  civitatis  cognovissent,  Litavicum  Bibracti  ab  Haeduis 
receptum,  quod  est  oppidum  apud  eos  maximae  auctoritatis, 
Convictolitavim  magistratum  magnamque  partem  senatus  ad  eum 
convenisse,  legatos  ad  Vercingetorigem  de  pace  et  amicitia  con-  10 
cilianda  publice  missos,  non  praetermittendum  tantum  commo- 
dum existimaverunt.  itaque  interfectis  Novioduni  custodibus 
quique  eo  negotiandi  causa  convenerant,  pecuniam  atque  equos 
inter  se  partiti  sunt ; obsides  civitatum  Bibracte  ad  magistratum 
deducendos  curaverunt ; oppidum,  quod  a se  teneri  non  posse  15 
iudicabant,  ne  cui  esset  usui  Romanis,  incenderunt ; frumenti 
quod  subito  potuerunt  navibus  avexerunt,  reliquum  flumine 
atque  incendio  corruperunt ; ipsi  ex  finitimis  regionibus  copias 
cogere,  praesidia  custodiasque  ad  ripas  Ligeris  disponere  equita- 
tumque omnibus  locis  iniciendi  timoris  causa  ostentare  coeperunt,  20 
si  ab  re  frumentaria  Romanos  excludere  aut  adductos  inopia  in 
provinciam  expellere  possent,  quam  ad  spem  multum  eos  adiu- 
vabat,  quod  Liger  ex  nivibus  creverat,  ut  omnino  vado  non 
posse  transiri  videretur. 

56.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  maturandum  sibi  censuit,  si  25 
esset  in  perficiendis  pontibus  periclitandum,  ut  prius,  quam 
essent  maiores  eo  coactae  copiae,  dimicaret,  nam  ne  commutato 
consilio  iter  in  provinciam  converteret,  ut  nemo  non  tum  qui- 
dem necessario  faciundum  existimabat,  cum  infamia  atque  indi- 
gnitas rei  et  oppositus  mons  Cevenna  viarumque  difficultas  30 
impediebat,  tum  maxime,  quod  abiuncto  Labieno  atque  iis 
legionibus,  quas  una  miserat,  vehementer  timebat,  itaque  admo- 


270 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


dum  magnis  diurnis  nocturnisque  itineribus  confectis  contra 
omnium  opinionem  ad  Ligerim  venit  vadoque  per  equites  in- 
vento pro  rei  necessitate  opportuno,  ut  brachia  modo  atque 
humeri  ad  sustinenda  arma  liberi  ab  aqua  esse  possent,  disposito 
5 equitatu,  qui  vim  fluminis  refringeret,  atque  hostibus  primo 
aspectu  perturbatis  incolumem  exercitum  traduxit  frumentumque 
in  agris  et  pecoris  copiam  nanctus,  repleto  his  rebys  exercitu 
iter  in  Senonas  facere  instituit. 

57.  Dum  haec  apud  Caesarem  geruntur,  Labienus  eo  supple- 
lo  mento,  quod  nuper  ex  Italia  venerat,  relicto  Agedinci,  ut  esset 
impedimentis  praesidio,  cum  quattuor  legionibus  Lutetiam  pro- 
ficiscitur. id  est  oppidum  Parisiorum,  quod  positum  est  in  in- 
sula fiuminis  Sequanae,  cuius  adventu  ab  hostibus  cognito 
magnae  ex  finitimis  civitatibus  copiae  convenerunt,  summa  im- 
15  perii  traditur  Camulogeno  Aulerco,  qui  prope  confectus  aetate 
tamen  propter  singularem  scientiam  rei  militaris  ad  eum  est 
honorem  evocatus,  is  cum  animadvertisset  perpetuam  esse  palu- 
dem, quae  influeret  in  Sequanam  atque  illum  omnem  locum 
magnopere  impediret,  hic  consedit  nostrosque  transitu  prohibere 
20  instituit. 


The  successes  of  Labi  emis. 

58.  Labienus  primo  vineas  agere,  cratibus  atque  aggere  palu- 
dem explere  atque  iter  munire  conabatur,  postquam  id  difficilius 
confieri  animadvertit,  silentio  e castris  tertia  vigilia  egressus 
eodem,  quo  venerat,  itinere  Melodunum  pervenit,  id  est  oppi- 
25  dum  Senonum  in  insula  Sequanae  positum,  ut  paulo  ante  de 
Lutetia  diximus,  deprehensis  navibus  circiter  quinquaginta  cele- 
riterque  coniunctis  atque  eo  militibus  iniectis  et  rei  novitate 
perterritis  oppidanis,  quorum  magna  pars  erat  ad  bellum  evocata, 
sine  contentione  oppido  potitur,  refecto  ponte,  quem  superiori- 


COMM.  VII.  58-60. 


271 


bus  diebus  hostes  resciderant,  exercitum  traducit  et  secundo 
flumine  ad  Lutetiam  iter  facere  coepit,  hostes  re  cognita  ab  iis, 
qui  a Meloduno  fugerant,  Lutetiam  incendi  pontesque  eius  oppidi 
rescindi  iubent ; ipsi  profecti  a palude  ad  ripas  Sequanae  e re- 
gione Lutetiae  contra  Labieni  castra  considunt. 

59.  Iaifi  Caesar  a Gergovia  discessisse  audiebatur,  iam  de 
Haeduorum  defectione  et  secundo  Galliae  motu  rumores  affere- 
bantur, Gallique  in  colloquiis  interclusum  itinere  et  Ligeri 
Caesarem  inopia  frumenti  coactum  in  provinciam  contendisse 
confirmabant.  Bellovaci  autem  defectione  Haeduorum  cognita, 
qui  ante  erant  per  se  infideles,  manus  cogere  atque  aperte  bel- 
lum parare  coeperunt,  tum  Labienus  tanta  rerum  commutatione 
longe  aliud  sibi  capiendum  consilium,  atque  antea  senserat,  intel- 
legebat neque  iam,  ut  aliquid  acquireret  proelioque  hostes 
lacesseret,  sed  ut  incolumem  exercitum  Agedincum  reduceret, 
cogitabat.  namque  altera  ex  parte  Bellovaci,  quae  civitas  in 
Gallia  maximam  habet  opinionem  virtutis,  instabant,  alteram 
Camulogenus  parato  atque  instructo  exercitu  tenebat ; tum  le- 
giones a praesidio  atque  impedimentis  interclusas  maximum 
flumen  distinebat,  tantis  subito  difficultatibus  obiectis  ab  animi 
virtute  auxilium  petendum  videbat. 

60.  Itaque  sub  vesperum  consilio  convocato  cohortatus,  ut  ea, 
quae  imperasset,  diligenter  industrieque  administrarent,  naves,  quas 
Meloduno  deduxerat,  singulas  equitibus  Romanis  attribuit  et  prima 
confecta  vigilia  quattuor  milia  passuum  secundo  flumine  silentio 
progredi  ibique  se  exspectari  iubet.  quinque  cohortes,  quas 
minime  firmas  ad  dimicandum  esse  existimabat,  castris  praesidio 
relinquit  ; quinque  eiusdem  legionis  reliquas  de  media  nocte 
cum  omnibus  impedimentis  adverso  flumine  magno  tumultu  pro- 
ficisci imperat.  conquirit  etiam  lintres : has,  magno  sonitu 
remorum  incitatas  in  eandem  partem  mittit.  ipse  post  paulo 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


272 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


silentio  egressus  cum  tribus  legionibus  eum  locum  petit,  quo 
naves  appelli  iusserat. 

61.  Eo  cum  esset  ventum,  exploratores  hostium,  ut  omni 
fluminis  parte  erant  dispositi,  inopinantes,  quod  magna  subito 

5 erat  coorta  tempestas,  ab  nostris  opprimuntur  : exercitus  equita- 
tusque equitibus  Romanis  administrantibus,  quos  ei  negotio  prae- 
fecerat, celeriter  transmittitur.  uno  fere  tempore  sub  lucem 
hostibus  nuntiatur  in  castris  Romanorum  praeter  consuetudinem 
tumultuari  et  magnum  ire  agmen  adverso  flumine,  sonitumque 
io  remorum  in  eadem  parte  exaudiri  et  paulo  infra  milites  navibus 
transportari.  quibus  rebus  auditis,  quod  existimabant  tribus 
locis  transire  legiones  atque  omnes  perturbatos  defectione  Hae- 
duorum fugam  parare,  suas  quoque  copias  in  tres  partes  distri- 
buerunt. nam  praesidio  e regione  castrorum  relicto  et  parva 
15  manu  Melodunum  versus  missa,  quae  tantum  progrediatur, 
quantum  naves  processissent,  reliquas  copias  contra  Labienum 
duxerunt. 

62.  Prima  luce  et  nostri  omnes  erant  transportati,  et  hostium 
acies  cernebatur.  Labienus  milites  cohortatus,  ut  suae  pristinae 

20  virtutis  et  tot  secundissimorum  proeliorum  retinerent  memoriam 
atque  ipsum  Caesarem,  cuius  ductu  saepenumero  hostes  supe- 
rassent,  praesentem  adesse  existimarent,  dat  signum  proelii, 
primo  concursu  ab  dextro  cornu,  ubi  septima  legio  constiterat, 
hostes  pelluntur  atque  in  fugam  colliciuntur;  ab  sinistro,  quem 
25  locum  duodecima  legio  tenebat,  cum  primi  ordines  hostium 
transfixi  pilis  concidissent,  tamen  acerrime  reliqui  resistebant, 
nec  dabat  suspicionem  fugae  quisquam.  ipse  dux  hostium 
Camulogenus  suis  aderat  atque  eos  cohortabatur,  incerto  etiam 
nunc  exitu  victoriae,  cum  septimae  legionis  tribunis  esset  nun- 
30  tiatum,  quae  in  sinistro  cornu  gererentur,  post  tergum  hostium 
legionem  ostenderunt  signaque  intulerunt,  ne  eo  quidem  tempore 


CO  AIM.  VII.  62-63. 


273 


quisquam  loco  cessit,  sed  circumventi  omnes  iuterfectique  sunt, 
eandem  fortunam  tulit  Camulogenus.  at  ii,  qui  praesidio  contra 
castra  Labieni  erant  relicti,  cum  proelium  commissum  audissent, 
subsidio  suis  ierunt  collemque  ceperunt  neque  nostrorum  mili- 
tum victorum  impetum  sustinere  potuerunt,  sic  cum  suis  fugien- 
tibus permixti,  quos  non  silvae  montesque  texerunt,  ab  equitatu 
sunt  interfecti,  hoc  negotio  confecto  Labienus  revertitur  Age- 
dincum, ubi  impedimenta  totius  exercitus  relicta  erant : inde  cum 
omnibus  copiis  ad  Caesarem  pervenit. 

All  the  Gauls  join  the  Haedui.  Vercingetorix'  is  appointed  com- 
mander. The  Gauls  attack  Caesar,  but  are  put  to  flight  with, 
great  slaughter. 

63.  Defect  ione  Haeduorum  cognita  bellum  augetur,  legationes 
in  omnes  partes  circummittuntur : quantum  gratia,  auctoritate, 
pecunia  valent,  ad  sollicitandas  civitates  nituntur ; nancti  obsides, 
quos  Caesar  apud  eos  deposuerat,  horum  supplicio  dubitantes 
territant,  petunt  a Vercingetorige  Haedui,  ad  se  veniat  ration- 
esque belli  gerendi  communicet.  re  impetrata  contendunt,  ut 
ipsis  summa  imperii  tradatur,  et  re  in  controversiam  deducta 
totius  Galliae  concilium  Bibracte  indicitur,  eodem  conveniunt 
undique  frequentes.  multitudinis  suffragiis  res  permittitur : ad 
unum  omnes  Vercingetorigem  probant  imperatorem.  ab  hoc 
concilio  Remi,  Lingones,  Treveri  afuerunt  : illi,  quod  amicitiam 
Romanorum  sequebantur;  Treveri,  quod  aberant  longius  et  ab 
Germanis  premebantur : quae  fuit  causa,  quare  toto  abessent 
bello  et  neutris  auxilia  mitterent,  magno  dolore  Haedui  ferunt 
se  deiectos  principatu,  queruntur  fortunae  commutationem  et 
Caesaris  in  se  indulgentiam  requirunt ; neque  tamen  suscepto 
bello  suum  consilium  ab  reliquis  separare  audent,  inviti  sum- 
mae spei  adulescentes  Eporedorix  et  Viridomarus  Vercingetorigi 
parent. 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 


18 


274 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


64.  Ipse  imperat  reliquis  civitatibus  obsides  diemque  huic  rei 
constituit,  omnes  equites,  XV  milia  numero,  celeriter  convenire 
iubet : peditatu,  quem  ante  habuerat,  se  fore  contentum  dicit, 
neque  fortunam  temptaturum  aut  in  acie  dimicaturum  ; sed, 

5 quoniam  abundet  equitatu,  perfacile  esse  factu  frumentationibus 
pabulationibusque  Romanos  prohibere,  aequo  modo  animo  sua  ipsi 
frumenta  corrumpant  aedificiaque  incendant,  qua  rei  familiaris 
iactura  perpetuum  imperium  libertatemque  se  consequi  videant, 
his  constitutis  rebus  Haeduis  Segusiavisque,  qui  sunt  finitimi 
io  provinciae,  decem  milia  peditum  imperat:  huc  addit  equites  DCCC. 
his  praeficit  fratrem  Eporedorigis  bellumque  inferre  Allobrogibus 
iubet.  altera  ex  parte  Gabalos  proximosque  pagos  Arvernorum 
in  Helvios,  item  Rutenos  Cadurcosque  ad  fines  Volcarum  Are- 
comicorum  depopulandos  mittit,  nihilo  minus  clandestinis  min- 
is tiis  legationibusque  Allobrogas  sollicitat,  quorum  mentes  nondum 
ab  superiore  bello  resedisse  sperabat,  horum  principibus  pecunias, 
civitati  autem  imperium  totius  provinciae  pollicetur. 

65.  Ad  hos  omnes  casus  provisa  erant  praesidia  cohortium 
duarum  et  viginti,  quae  ex  ipsa  provincia  ab  Lucio  Caesare 

20  legato  ad  omnes  partes  opponebantur.  Helvii  sua  sponte  cum 
finitimis  proelio  congressi  pelluntur  et  Gaio  Valerio  Donnotauro, 
Caburi  filio,  principe  civitatis,  compluribusque  aliis  interfectis 
intra  oppida  murosque  compelluntur.  Allobroges  crebris  ad 
Rhodanum  dispositis  praesidiis  magna  cum  cura  et  diligentia 
25  suos  tuentur.  Caesar,  quod  hostes  equitatu  superiores  esse  in- 
tellegebat et  interclusis  omnibus  itineribus,  nulla  re  ex  provincia 
atque  Italia  sublevari  poterat,  trans  Rhenum  in  Germaniam  mittit 
ad  eas  civitates,  quas  superioribus  annis  pacaverat,  equitesque 
ab  his  arcessit  et  levis  armaturae  pedites,  qui  inter  eos  proeliari 
30  consuerant,  eorum  adventu,  quod  minus  idoneis  equis  uteban- 
tur, a tribunis  militum  reliquisque  equitibus  Romanis  atque 
evocatis  equos  sumit  Germanisque  distribuit. 


COMM.  VII.  66-67. 


275 

66.  Interea,  dura  haec  geruntur,  hostium  copiae  ex  Arvernis 
equitesque,  qui  toti  Galliae  erant  imperati,  conveniunt,  magno 
horum  coacto  numero,  cum  Caesar  in  Sequanos  per  extremos 
Lingonum  fines  iter  faceret,  quo  facilius  subsidium  provinciae 
ferri  posset,  circiter  milia  passuum  decem  ab  Romanis  trinis  cas- 
tris Yercingetorix  consedit  convocatisque  ad  concilium  praefectis 
equitum,  venisse  tempus  victoriae  demonstrat,  fugere  in  provin- 
ciam Romanos  Galliaque  excedere,  id  sibi  ad  praesentem  obti- 
nendam libertatem  satis  esse;  ad  reliqui  temporis  pacem  atque 
otium  parum  profici  : maioribus  enim  coactis  copiis  reversuros 
neque  finem  bellandi  facturos,  proinde  agmine  impeditos  adori- 
rentur. si  pedites  suis  auxilium  ferant  atque  in  eo  morentur, 
iter  facere  non  posse ; si,  id  quod  magis  futurum  confidat, 
relictis  impedimentis  suae  saluti  consulant,  et  usu  rerum  neces- 
sariarum et  dignitate  spoliatum  iri.  nam  de  equitibus  hostium, 
quin  nemo  eorum  progredi  modo  extra  agmen  audeat,  et  ipsos 
quidem  non  debere  dubitare.  id  quo  maiore  faciant  animo, 
copias  se  omnes  pro  castris  habiturum  et  terrori  hostibus  futu- 
rum. conclamant  equites,  sanctissimo  iureiurando  confirmari 
oportere,  ne  tecto  recipiatur,  ne  ad  liberos,  ne  ad  parentes,  ne 
ad  uxorem  aditum  habeat,  qui  non  bis  per  agmen  hostium 
perequitasset. 

67.  Probata  re  atque  omnibus  iureiurando  adactis  postero  die 
in  tres  partes  distributo  equitatu  duae  se  acies  ab  duobus  late- 
ribus ostendunt,  una  a primo  agmine  iter  impedire  coepit,  qua 
re  nuntiata  Caesar  suum  quoque  equitatum  tripartito  divisum 
contra  hostem  ire  iubet.  pugnatur  una  omnibus  in  partibus, 
consistit  agmen  ; impedimenta  intra  legiones  recipiuntur,  si  qua 
in  parte  nostri  laborare  aut  gravius  premi  videbantur,  eo  signa 
inferri  Caesar  aciemque  constitui  iubebat  ; quae  res  et  hostes 
ad  insequendum  tardabat  et  nostros  spe  auxilii  confirmabat, 
tandem  Germani  ab  dextro  latere  summum  iugum  nancti  hostes 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


276 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


loco  depellunt ; fugientes  usque  ad  flumen,  ubi  Vercingetorix 
cum  pedestribus  copiis  consederat,  persequuntur  compluresque 
interficiunt.  qua  re  animadversa  reliqui,  ne  circumvenirentur, 
veriti  se  fugae  mandant,  omnibus  locis  fit  caedes,  tres  nobil- 
5 issimi  Haedui  capti  ad  Caesarem  perducuntur : Cotus,  praefec- 
tus equitum,  qui  controversiam  cum  Convictolitavi  proximis 
comitiis  habuerat,  et  Cavarillus,  qui  post  defectionem  Litavici 
pedestribus  copiis  praefuerat,  et  Eporedorix,  quo  duce  ante  adven- 
tum Caesaris  Haedui  cum  Sequanis  bello  contenderant. 

Vercingetorix  withdraws  to  Alesia.  Caesar  lags  siege  to  the 

town. 

10  68.  Fugato  omni  equitatu  Vercingetorix  copias  suas,  ut  pro 

castris  collocaverat,  reduxit  protinusque  Alesiam,  quod  est  oppi- 
dum Mandubiorum,  iter  facere  coepit  celeriterque  impedimenta 


Alesia  a castris  a Vercassivellauno  oppressis  conspecta. 


ex  castris  educi  et  se  subsequi  iussit.  Caesar  impedimentis  in 
proximum  collem  deductis  duabus  legionibus  praesidio  relictis 
15  secutus,  quantum  diei  tempus  est  passum,  circiter  tribus  milibus 
hostium  ex  novissimo  agmine  interfectis  altero  die  ad  Alesiam 


COMM.  VII.  68-70. 


277 


castra  fecit,  perspecto  urbis  situ  perterritisque  hostibus,  quod  equi- 
tatu, qua  maxime  parte  exercitus  confidebant,  erant  pulsi,  adhortatus 
ad  laborem  milites  Alesiam  circumvallare  instituit. 

69.  Ipsum  erat  oppidum  in  colle  summo  admodum  edito  loco, 
ut  nisi  obsidione  expugnari  non  posse  videretur ; cuius  collis  5 
radices  duo  duabus  ex  partibus  flumina  subluebant.  ante  id 
oppidum  planities  circiter  milia  passuum  tria  in  longitudinem 
patebat : reliquis  ex  omnibus  partibus  colles  mediocri  interiecto 
spatio  pari  altitudinis  fastigio  oppidum  cingebant,  sub  muro, 
quae  pars  collis  ad  orientem  solem  spectabat,  hunc  omnem  locum  io 
copiae  Gallorum  compleverant  fossamque  et  maceriam  sex  in 
altitudinem  pedum  praeduxerant,  eius  munitionis,  quae  ab  Ro- 
manis instituebatur,  circuitus  XI  milium  passuum  tenebat,  cas- 
tra opportunis  locis  erant  posita  ibique  castella  XXIII  facta ; 
quibus  in  castellis  interdiu  stationes  ponebantur,  ne  qua  subito  15 
eruptio  fieret  : haec  eadem  noctu  excubitoribus  ac  firmis 
praesidiis  tenebantur. 

70.  Opere  instituto  fit  equestre  proelium  in  ea  planitie,  quam 
intermissam  collibus  tria  milia  passuum  in  longitudinem  patere 
supra  demonstravimus,  summa  vi  ab  utrisque  contenditur.  Ia-  20 
borantibus  nostris  Caesar  Germanos  summittit  legionesque  pro 
castris  constituit,  ne  qua  subito  irruptio  ab  hostium  peditatu 
fiat,  praesidio  legionum  addito  nostris  animus  augetur : hostes 

in  fugam  coniecti  se  ipsi  multitudine  impediunt  atque  angustio- 
ribus portis  relictis  coacervantur.  Germani  acrius  usque  ad  25 
munitiones  sequuntur,  fit  magna  caedes  : nonnulli  relictis  equis 
fossam  transire  et  maceriam  transcendere  conantur.  paulum 
legiones  Caesar,  quas  pro  vallo  constituerat,  promoveri  iubet. 
non  minus,  qui  intra  munitiones  erant,  perturbantur  Galli  : veniri 
ad  se  confestim  existimantes  ad  arma  conclamant  ; nonnulli  30 
perterriti  in  oppidum  irrumpunt.  Yercingetorix  iubet  portas 


278 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


claudi,  ne  castra  nudentur,  multis  interfectis,  compluribus  equis 
captis  Germani  sese  recipiunt. 

71.  Vercingetorix,  priusquam  munitiones  ab  Romanis  per- 
ficiantur, consilium  capit,  omnem  ab  se  equitatum  noctu  dimit- 
5 tere,  discedentibus  mandat,  ut  suam  quisque  eorum  civitatem 
adeat  omnesque,  qui  per  aetatem  arma  ferre  possint,  ad  bellum 
cogant ; sua  in  illos  merita  proponit  obtestaturque,  ut  suae  salu- 
tis rationem  habeant  neu  se  de  communi  libertate  optime  meri- 
tum hostibus  in  cruciatum  dedant.  quod  si  indiligentiores 
io  fuerint,  milia  hominum  delecta  LXXX  una  secum  interitura 
demonstrat,  ratione  inita  se  exigue  dierum  XXX  habere  fru- 
mentum, sed  paulo  etiam  longius  tolerari  posse  parcendo,  his 
datis  mandatis,  qua  opus  erat  intermissum,  secunda  vigilia  silen- 
tio equitatum  mittit.  frumentum  omne  ad  se  referri  iubet ; 
15  capitis  poenam  iis,  qui  non  paruerint,  constituit : pecus,  cuius 
magna  erat  copia  ab  Mandubiis  compulsa,  viritim  distribuit ; 
frumentum  parce  et  paulatim  metiri  instituit  ; copias  omnes, 
quas  pro  oppido  collocaverat,  in  oppidum  recipit,  his  rationibus 
auxilia  Galliae  exspectare  et  bellum  administrare  parat. 

20  72.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  ex  perfugis  et  captivis  Caesar  haec 

genera  munitionis  instituit,  fossam  pe- 
dum XX  directis  lateribus  duxit,  ut  eius 
fossae  solum  tantundem  pateret,  quan- 
tum summa  labra  distarent  ; reliquas 
omnes  munitiones  ab  ea  fossa  pedes 
CCCC  reduxit,  id  hoc  consilio,  quoniam 
tantum  esset  necessario  spatium  com- 
plexus, nec  facile  totum  corpus  corona 
militum  cingeretur,  ne  de  improviso  aut 
30  noctu  ad  munitiones  hostium  multitudo  advolaret,  aut  interdiu 
tela  in  nostros  operi  destinatos  conicere  possent,  hoc  intermisso 


COMM.  VII.  72-73. 


279 


spatio  duas  fossas  XV  pedes  latas  eadem  altitudine  perduxit : 
quarum  interiorem,  campestribus  ac  demissis  locis,  aqua  ex 
flumine  derivata  complevit,  post  eas  aggerem  ac  vallum  XII 
pedum  exstruxit ; huic  loricam  pinuasque  adiecit  grandibus  cer- 
vis eminentibus  ad  commissuras  pluteorum  atque  aggeris,  qui  5 
ascensum  hostium  tardarent,  et  turres  toto  opere  circumdedit, 
quae  pedes  LXXX  inter  se  distarent. 

73.  Erat  eodem  tempore  et  materiari  et  frumentari  et  tantas 
munitiones  fieri  necesse  deminutis  nostris  copiis,  quae  longius  ab 

castris  progrediebantur  ; ac  nonnum-  10 
quam  opera  nostra  Galli  tentare  atque 
eruptionem  ex  oppido  pluribus  portis 
summa  vi  facere  conabantur.  quare 
ad  haec  rursus  opera  addendum  Caesar 
putavit,  quo  minore  numero  militum  15 
munitiones  defendi  possent.  itaque 
truncis  arborum  admodum  firmis  ramis 
abscisis  atque  horum  delibratis  ac 
praeacutis  cacuminibus  perpetuae  fossae  quinos  pedes  altae 
ducebantur.  huc  illi  stipites  demissi  et  ab  infimo  revincti,  20 
ne  revelli  possent,  ab  ramis  eminebant.  quini  erant  ordines, 

coniuncti  inter  se  atque  implicati ; quo  qui  intraverant,  se  ipsi 
acutissimis  vallis  induebant,  hos  cippos  ap- 
pellabant. ante  quos  obliquis  ordinibus  in 
quincuncem  dispositis  scrobes  trium  in  alti-  25 
tudinem  pedum  fodiebantur  paulatim  angus- 
tiore ad  infimum  fastigio,  huc  teretes  stipites 
feminis  crassitudine  ab  summo  praeacuti  et 
praeusti  demittebantur,  ita  ut  non  amplius 
digitis  quattuor  ex  terra  eminerent ; simul  confirmandi  et  sta-  30 
biliendi  causa  singuli  ab  infimo  solo  pedes  terra  exculcaban- 
tur, reliqua  pars  scrobis  ad  occultandas  insidias  viminibus  ac 


280 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


5 


10 


virgultis  integebatur,  huius  generis  octoni  ordines  ducti  ternos 

inter  se  pedes  distabant, 
id  ex  similitudine  floris 
lilium  appellabant.  ante 
haec  taleae  pedem  longae 
ferreis  hamis  infixis  totae 
in  terram  infodiebantur 
mediocribusque  intermissis 
spatiis  omnibus  locis  dis- 
serebantur ; quos  stimulos 
lilium.  nominabant. 


74.  His  rebus  perfectis  regiones  secutus  quam  potuit  aequis- 
simas pro  loci  natura  quattuordecim  milia  passuum  complexus 


pares  eiusdem  generis  munitiones,  diversas  ab  his,  contra  exterio- 
15  rem  hostem  perfecit,  ut  ne  magna  quidem  multitudine,  si  ita 
accidat,  eius  discessu  munitionum  praesidia  circumfundi  possent, 
ac  ne  cum  periculo  ex  castris  egredi  cogantur,  dierum  XXX 
pabulum  frumentumque  habere  omnes  convectum  iubet. 


The  Gauls  try  to  relieve  the  besieged,  but  are  defeated. 

75.  Dum  haec  ad  Alesiam  geruntur,  Galli  concilio  principum 
20  indicto  non  omnes  eos,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  ut  censuit  Ver- 
cingetorix, convocandos  statuunt,  sed  certum  numerum  cuique 
ex  civitate  imperandum  ; ne  tanta  multitudine  confusa  nec 


COMM.  YU.  75-76. 


•281 


moderari  nec  discernere  suos  nec  frumentandi  rationem  habere 
possent,  imperant  Haeduis  atque  eorum  clientibus,  Segusiavis, 
Ambluaretis,  Aulercis  Brannovicibus,  Brannoviis,  milia  XXXV; 
parem  numerum  Arvernis,  adiunctis  Eleuteris,  Cadurcis,  Gabalis, 
Vellaviis,  qui  sub  imperio  xYrvernoruiu  esse  consuerunt ; Sequa- 
nis, Senonibus,  Biturigibus,  Santonis,  Rutenis,  Carnutibus  duo- 
dena milia ; Bellovacis  X ; totidem  Lemovicibus  ; octona 
Pictonibus  et  Turonis  et  Parisiis  et  Helvetiis  ; Senonibus, 
Ambianis,  Mediomatricis,  Petrocoriis,  Nerviis,  Morinis,  Nitio- 
brigibus  quina  milia ; Aulercis  Cenomanis  totidem ; Atrebati- 
bus IIII ; Yeliocassis,  Lexoviis  et  Aulercis  Eburovicibus  terna  ; 
Rauracis  et  Boiis  . . . ; XXX  universis  civitatibus,  quae  Oceanum 
attingunt,  quaeque  eorum  consuetudine  Aremoricae  appellantur, 
quo  sunt  in  numero  Curiosolites,  Redones,  Ambibarii,  Caletes, 
Osismi,  Lemovices,  Yeneti,  Venelli.  ex  his  Bellovaci  suum 
numerum  non  compleverunt,  quod  se  suo  nomine  atque  arbitrio 
cum  Romanis  bellum  gesturos  dicerent,  neque  cuiusquam  imperio 
obtemperaturos  : rogati  tamen  ab  Commio  pro  eius  hospitio  duo 
milia  una  miserunt. 

76.  Huius  opera  Commii,  ita  ut  antea  demonstravimus,  fideli 
atque  utili  superioribus  annis  erat  usus  in  Britannia  Caesar ; 
quibus  ille  pro  meritis  civitatem  eius  immunem  esse  iusserat, 
iura  legesque  reddiderat  atque  ipsi  Morinos  attribuerat,  tamen 
tanta  universae  Galliae  consensio  fuit  libertatis  vindicandae  et 
pristinae  belli  laudis  recuperandae,  ut  neque  beneficiis  neque 
amicitiae  memoria  moverentur,  omnesque  et  animo  et  opibus  in 
id  bcdlum  incumberent,  coactis  equitum  VIII  milibus  et  pedi- 
tum circiter  CCXL,  haec  in  Haeduorum  finibus  recensebantur, 
numerusque  inibatur,  praefecti  constituebantur  : Commio  Atre- 
bati,  Yiridomaro  et  Eporedorigi  Haeduis,  Vercassivellauno  Ar- 
verno,  consobrino  Vercingetorigis,  summa  imperii  traditur,  his 
delecti  ex  civitatibus  attribuuntur,  quorum  consilio  bellum 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


282 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


administraretur,  omnes  alacres  et  fiduciae  pleni  ad  Alesiam  pro- 
ficiscuntur, neque  erat  omnium  quisquam,  qui  aspectum  modo 
tantae  multitudinis  sustineri  posse  arbitraretur,  praesertim  anci- 
piti  proelio,  cum  ex  oppido  eruptione  pugnaretur,  foris  tantae 
5 copiae  equitatus  peditatusque  cernerentur. 


The  distress  in  the  town. 

77.  At  ii,  qui  Alesiae  obsidebantur,  praeterita  die,  qua  auxilia 
suorum  exspectaverant,  consumpto  omni  frumento  inscii,  quid  in 
Haeduis  gereretur,  concilio  coacto  de  exitu  fortunarum  suarum 
consultabant,  ac  variis  dictis  sententiis,  quarum  pars  deditio- 
10  nem,  pars,  dum  vires  suppeterent,  eruptionem  censebat,  non 
praetereunda  oratio  Critognati  videtur  propter  eius  singularem  ac 
nefariam  crudelitatem.  hic  summo  in  Arvernis  ortus  loco  et 
magnae  habitus  auctoritatis,  c nihil/  inquit,  ‘ de  eorum  sententia 
dicturus  sum,  qui  turpissimam  servitutem  deditionis  nomine  ap- 
15  pellant,  neque  bos  habendos  civium  loco  neque  ad  consilium 
adhibendos  censeo,  cum  his  mihi  res  sit,  qui  eruptionem  pro- 
bant : quorum  in  consilio  omnium  vestrum  consensu  pristinae 
residere  virtutis  memoria  videtur,  animi  est  ista  mollitia,  non 
virtus,  inopiam  paulisper  ferre  non  posse,  qui  se  ultro  morti 
20  offerant,  facilius  reperiuntur,  quam  qui  dolorem  patienter  ferant, 
atque  ego  hanc  sententiam  probarem  (tantum  apud  me  dignitas 
potest),  si  nullam  praeterquam  vitae  nostrae  iacturam  fieri  vide- 
rem ; sed  in  consilio  capiendo  omnem  Galliam  respiciamus,  quam 
ad  nostrum  auxilium  concitavimus.  quid  hominum  milibus 
25  LXXX  uno  loco  interfectis,  propinquis  consanguineisque  nostris 
animi  fore  existimatis,  si  paene  in  ipsis  cadaveribus  proelio  decer- 
tare cogentur  ? nolite  hos  vestro  auxilio  exspoliare,  qui  vestrae 
salutis  causa  suum  periculum  neglexerant,  nec  stultitia  ac 
temeritate  vestra  aut  animi  imbecillitate  omnem  Galliam  pro- 
30  sternere  et  perpetuae  servituti  subicere.  an,  quod  ad  diem  non 


COMM.  YU.  77-78. 


283 


venerunt,  de  eorum  fide  constantiaque  dubitatis?  quid  ergo? 
Bomanos  in  illis  ulterioribus  munitionibus  animine  causa  cotidie 
exerceri  putatis  ? si  illorum  nuntiis  confirmari  non  potestis 
omni  aditu  praesepto  ; his  utimini  testibus  appropinquare 
eorum  adventum  ; cuius  rei  timore  exterriti  diem  noctemque  5 
in  opere  versantur,  quid  ergo  mei  consilii  est  ? facere,  quod 
nostri  maiores  nequaquam  pari  bello  Cimbrorum  Teutonumque 
fecerunt ; qui  in  oppida  compulsi  ac  simili  inopia  subacti  eorum 
corporibus,  qui  aetate  inutiles  ad  bellum  videbantur,  vitam  tole- 
raverunt neque  se  hostibus  tradiderunt,  cuius  rei  si  exetn-  io 
plum  non  haberemus,  tamen  libertatis  causa  institui  et  posteris 
prodi  pulcherrimum  iudicarem.  nam  quid  illi  simile  bello 
fuit?  depopulata  Gallia  Cimbri  magnaque  illata  calamitate  fini- 
bus quidem  nostris  aliquando  excesserunt  atque  alias  terras 
petierunt  ; iura,  leges,  agros,  libertatem  nobis  reliquerunt.  15 
Bornani  vero  quid  petunt  aliud,  aut  quid  volunt,  nisi  invidia 
adducti,  quos  fama  nobiles  potentesque  bello  cognoverunt,  ho- 
rum in  agris  civitatibusque  considere  atque  his  aeternam 
iniungere  servitutem  ? neque  enim  umquam  alia  condicione 

bella  gesserunt.  quod  si  ea,  quae  in  longinquis  nationibus  20 
geruntur,  ignoratis,  respicite  finitimam  Galliam,  quae  in  provin- 
ciam redacta,  iure  et  legibus  commutatis,  securibus  subiecta 
perpetua  premitur  servitute."’ 


The  Mandubii  are  compelled  to  leave  their  oivn  city. 

78.  Sententiis  dictis  constituunt,  ut  ii,  qui  valetudine  aut 
aetate  inutiles  sunt  bello,  oppido  excedant,  atque  omnia  prius  25 
experiantur,  quam  ad  Critognati  sententiam  descendant  : illo 
tamen  potius  utendum  consilio,  si  res  cogat  atque  auxilia  moren- 
tur, quam  aut  deditionis  aut  pacis  subeundam  condicionem. 
Mandubii,  qui  eos  oppido  receperant,  cum  liberis  atque  uxoribus 
exire  coguntur.  hi,  cum  ad  munitiones  Bomanorum  accessis-  30 


284 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


sent,  flentes  omnibus  precibus  orabant,  ut  se  in  servitutem  receptos 
cibo  iuvarent.  at  Caesar  dispositis  in  vallo  custodiis  recipi 
prohibebat. 

The  Gauls  make  frequent  attacks  upon  the  Roman  lines,  but 
are  driven  back. 

79.  Interea  Commius  et  reliqui  duces,  quibus  summa  imperii 
5 permissa  erat,  cum  omnibus  copiis  ad  Alesiam  perveniunt  et 

colle  exteriore  occupato  non  longius  mille  passibus  ab  nostris 
munitionibus  considunt,  postero  die  equitatu  ex  castris  educto 
omnem  eam  planitiem,  quam  in  longitudinem  tria  milia  passuum 
patere  demonstravimus,  complent  pedestresque  copias  paulum  ab 
io  eo  loco  abditas  in  locis  superioribus  constituunt,  erat  ex  op- 
pido Alesia  despectus  in  campum,  concurrunt  his  auxiliis  visis; 
fit  gratulatio  inter  eos  atque  omnium  animi  ad  laetitiam  exci- 
tantur. itaque  productis  copiis  ante  oppidum  considunt  et  prox- 
imam fossam  cratibus  integunt  atque  aggere  explent  seque  ad 
15  eruptionem  atque  omnes  casus  comparant. 

80.  Caesar  omni  exercitu  ad  utramque  partem  munitionum 
disposito,  ut,  si  usus  veniat,  suum  quisque  locum  teneat  et  no- 
verit, equitatum  ex  castris  educi  et  proelium  committi  iubet. 
erat  ex  omnibus  castris,  quae  summum  undique  iugum  tenebant, 

20  despectus,  atque  omnes  milites  intenti  pugnae  proventum  exspec- 
tabant. Galli  inter  equites  raros  sagittarios  expeditosque  levis 
armaturae  interiecerant,  qui  suis  cedentibus  auxilio  succurrerent 
et  nostrorum  equitum  impetus  sustinerent,  ab  his  complures  de 
improviso  vulnerati  proelio  excedebant,  cum  suos  pugna  supe- 
25  riores  esse  Galli  confiderent  et  nostros  multitudine  premi  viderent, 
ex  omnibus  partibus  et  ii,  qui  munitionibus  continebantur,  et 
hi,  qui  ad  auxilium  convenerant,  clamore  et  ululatu  suorum 
animos  confirmabant,  quod  in  conspectu  omnium  res  gerebatur 
neque  recte  ac  turpiter  factum  celari  poterat,  utrosque  et  laudis 


COMM.  VII.  80-82. 


285 


cupiditas  et  timor  ignominiae  ad  virtutem  excitabat.  cum  a 
meridie  prope  ad  solis  occasum  dubia  victoria  pugnaretur.  Ger- 
mani una  in  parte  confertis  turmis  in  hostes  impetum  fecerunt 
eosque  propulerunt,  quibus  in  fugam  coniectis  sagittarii  circum- 
venti interfectique  sunt,  item  ex  reliquis  partibus  nostri  cedentes 
usque  ad  castra  insecuti  sui  colligendi  facultatem  non  dederunt, 
at  ii,  qui  ab  Alesia  processerant,  maesti  prope  victoria  desperata 
se  in  oppidum  receperunt. 

81.  Uno  die  intermisso  Galli  atque  hoc  spatio  magno  cratium, 
scalarum,  harpagonum  numero  effecto,  media  nocte  silentio  ex 
castris  egressi  ad  campestres  munitiones  accedunt.  subito  cla- 
more sublato,  qua  significatione  qui  in  oppido  obsidebantur  de 
suo  adventu  cognoscere  possent,  crates  proicere,  fundis,  sagittis, 
lapidibus  nostros  de  vallo  proturbare  reliquaque,  quae  ad  oppug- 
nationem pertinent,  parant  administrare,  eodem  tempore  clamore 
exaudito  dat  tuba  signum  suis  Vercingetorix  atque  ex  oppido 
educit.  nostri  ut  superioribus  diebus,  ut  cuique  locus  erat 
attributus,  ad  munitiones  accedunt;  fundis,  librilibus  sudibusque, 
quas  in  opere  disposuerant,  ac  glandibus  Gallos  proterrent, 
prospectu  tenebris  adempto  multa  utrimque  vulnera  accipiuntur; 
complura  tormentis  tela  coniciuntur.  at  Marcus  Antonius  et 
Gaius  Trebonius  legati,  quibus  eae  partes  ad  defendendum  obve- 
nerant, qua  ex  parte  nostros  premi  intellexerant,  bis  auxilio  ex 
ulterioribus  castellis  deductos  summittebant. 

82.  Dum  longius  ab  munitione  aberant  Galli,  plus  multitudine 
telorum  proficiebant  ; posteaquam  propius  successerunt,  aut  se 
stimulis  inopinantes  induebant  aut  in  scrobes  delati  transfodie- 
bantur aut  ex  vallo  ac  turribus  traiecti  pilis  muralibus  interi- 
bant. multis  undique  vulneribus  acceptis  nulla  munitione 
perrupta,  cum  lux  appeteret,  veriti,  ne  ab  latere  aperto  ex  supe- 
rioribus castris  eruptione  circumvenirentur,  se  ad  suos  recepe- 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


286 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


ruut.  at  interiores,  dum  ea,  quae  a Vercingetorige  ad  emp- 
tionem praeparata  erant,  proferunt,  priores  fossas  explent,  diutius 
in  his  rebus  administrandis  morati  prius  suos  discessisse  cogno- 
verunt, quam  munitionibus  appropinquarent,  ita  re  infecta  in 
5 oppidum  reverterunt. 

83.  Bis  magno  cum  detrimento  repulsi  Galli,  quid  agant, 
consulunt ; locorum  peritos  adhibent : ex  his  superiorum  cas- 
trorum situs  munitionesque  cognoscunt,  erat  a septentrionibus 
collis,  quem  propter  magnitudinem  circuitus  opere  circumplecti 
io  non  potuerant  nostri : necessario  paene  iniquo  loco  et  leniter 
declivi  castra  fecerunt,  haec  Gaius  Antistius  Reginus  et  Gaius 
Caninius  Rebilus  legati  cum  duabus  legionibus  obtinebant, 
cognitis  per  exploratores  regionibus  duces  hostium  LX  milia  ex 
omni  numero  deligunt  earum  civitatum,  quae  maximam  virtutis 
15  opinionem  habebant  ; quid  quoque  pacto  agi  placeat,  occulte 
inter  se  constituunt;  adeundi  tempus  definiunt,  cum  meridies 
esse  videatur,  his  copiis  Vercassivellaunum  Arvernuin,  unum  ex 
quattuor  ducibus,  propinquum  Vercingetorigis,  praeficiunt.  ille 
ex  castris  prima  vigilia  egressus  prope  confecto  sub  lucem  iti- 
20  nere,  post  montem  se  occultavit  militesque  ex  nocturno  labore 
sese  reficere  iussit.  cum  iam  meridies  appropinquare  videretur, 
ad  ea  castra,  quae  supra  demonstravimus,  contendit ; eodemque 
tempore  equitatus  ad  campestres  munitiones  accedere  et  reliquae 
copias  pro  castris  sese  ostendere  coeperunt. 

25  84.  Vercingetorix  ex  arce  Alesiae  suos  conspicatus  ex  oppido 

egreditur ; cratis,  longurios,  musculos,  falces  reliquaque,  quae 
eruptionis  causa  paraverat,  profert.  pugnatur  uno  tempore 
omnibus  locis  acriter  atque  omnia  temptantur : quae  minime 
visa  pars  firma  est,  huc  concurritur.  Romanorum  manus  tantis 
30  munitionibus  distinetur  nec  facile  pluribus  locis  occurrit.  mul- 
tum ad  terrendos  nostros  valuit  clamor,  qui  post  tergum  pug- 


COMM.  VTL  84-87. 


287 


nantibus  exstitit,  quod  suum  periculum  in  aliena  vident  salute 
constare  : omnia  enim  plerumque,  quae  absunt,  vehementius 
hominum  mentes  perturbant. 

85.  Caesar  idoneum  locum  nanctus,  quid  quaque  in  parte 
geratur,  cognoscit,  laborantibus  summittit.  utrisque  ad  animum 
occurrit,  unum  illud  esse  tempus,  quo  maxime  coutendi  con- 
veniat : Galli,  nisi  perfregerint  munitiones,  de  omni  salute  despe- 
rant ; Romani,  si  rem  obtinuerint,  tinem  laborum  omnium 
exspectant.  maxime  ad  superiores  munitiones  laboratur,  quo 
Vercassivellaunum  missum  demonstravimus.  iniquum  loci  ad 
declivitatem  fastigium  magnum  habet  momentum.  alii  tela 
coniciunt,  alii  testudine  facta  subeunt ; defatigatis  in  vicem  in- 
tegri succedunt.  agger  ab  universis  in  munitionem  couiectus 
et  ascensum  dat  Gallis,  et  ea,  quae  in  terra  occultaverant  Ro- 
mani, contegit ; nec  iam  arma  nostris,  nec  vires  suppetunt. 

86.  His  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  Labienum  cum  cohortibus  sex 
subsidio  laborantibus  mittit : imperat,  si  sustinere  non  posset, 
deductis  cohortibus  eruptione  pugnaret ; id  nisi  necessario  ne 
faciat.  ipse  adit  reliquos,  cohortatur,  ne  labori  succumbant ; 
omnium  superiorum  dimicationum  fructum  in  eo  die  atque  hora 
docet  consistere,  interiores  desperatis  campestribus  locis  propter 
magnitudinem  munitionum  loca  praerupta  ex  ascensu  temptant  : 
huc  ea,  quae  paraverant,  conferunt  : multitudine  telorum  ex 
turribus  propugnantes  deturbant,  aggere  et  cratibus  fossas  explent, 
[aditus  expediunt]  ; falcibus  vallum  ac  loricam  rescindunt. 

87.  Mittit  primo  Brutum  adulescentem  cum  cohortibus  Caesar, 
post  cum  aliL  Gaium  Fabium  legatum  ; postremo  ipse,  cum 
vehementius  pugnarent,  integros  subsidio  adducit,  restituto  proe- 
lio ac  repulsis  hostibus  eo,  quo  Labienum  miserat,  contendit ; 
cohortes  quattuor  ex  proximo  castello  deducit,  equitum  partem 


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DE  BELLO  GALLTCO 


se  sequi,  partem  circumire  exteriores  munitiones  et  ao  tergo 
hostes  adoriri  iubet.  Labienus,  postquam  neque  aggeres  neque 
fossae  vim  hostium  sustinere  poterant,  coactis  una  XL  cohorti- 
bus, quas  ex  proximis  praesidiis  deductas  fors  obtulit,  Caesarem 
5 per  nuntios  tacit  certiorem,  quid  faciendum  existimet. 


The  great  slaughter  of  the  Gauls.  Alesia  anci  Vercingetorix 
surrender.  The  Haedui  and  Arverni  submit.  The  winter- 
quarters. 

88.  Accelerat  Caesar,  ut  proelio  intersit,  eius  adventu  ex 
colore  vestitus  cognito,  quo  insigni  in  proeliis  uti  consueverat, 
turmisque  equitum  et  cohortibus  visis,  quae  se  sequi  iusserat,  ut 
de  locis  superioribus  haec  declivia  et  devexa  cernebantur,  nostri 
io  proelium  committunt,  utrimque  clamore  sublato  excipit  rursus 
ex  vallo  atque  omnibus  munitionibus  clamor.  nostri  emissis 
pilis  gladiis  rem  gerunt.  repente  post  tergum  equitatus  cerni- 
tur ; cohortes  aliae  appropinquant,  hostes  terga  vertunt ; fugien- 
tibus equites  occurrunt  : fit  magna  caedes.  Sedulius,  dux  et 
15  princeps  Lemovicum,  occiditur ; Vercassivellaunus  Arvernus  vivus 
in  fuga  comprehenditur ; signa  militaria  LXXIIII  ad  Caesarem 
referuntur  : pauci  ex  tanto  numero  se  incolumes  in  castra  reci- 
piunt. conspicati  ex  oppido  caedem  et  fugam  suorum  desperata 
salute  copias  a munitionibus  reducunt,  fit  protinus  hac  re 
20  audita  ex  castris  Gallorum  fuga,  quod  nisi  crebris  subsidiis  ac 
totius  diei  labore  milites  essent  defessi,  omnes  hostium  copiae 
deleri  potuissent,  de  media  nocte  missus  equitatus  novissimum 
agmen  consequitur  : magnus  numerus  capitur  atque  interficitur, 
reliqui  ex  fuga  in  civitates  discedunt. 

25  89.  Postero  die  Vercingetorix  concilio  convocato  id  se  bellum 

suscepisse  non  suarum  necessitatum,  sed  communis  libertatis 
causa  demonstrat,  et  quoniam  sit  fortunae  cedendum,  ad  utramque 


COMM.  VII.  89-90. 


289 


rem  se  illis  offerre,  seu  morte  sua  Romanis  satisfacere  seu  vivum 
tradere  velint,  mittuntur  de  his  rebus  ad  Caesarem  legati,  iubet 
arma  tradi,  principes  produci,  ipse  in  munitione  pro  castris  con- 
sedit : eo  duces  producuntur.  Vercingetorix  deditur,  arma  proi- 
ciuntur.  reservatis  Haeduis  atque  Arvernis,  si  per  eos  civitates 
recuperare  posset,  ex  reliquis  captivis  toto  exercitui  capita  singula 
praedae  nomine  distribuit. 

90.  His  rebus  confectis  in  Haeduos  proficiscitur ; civitatem 
recipit,  eo  legati  ab  Arvernis  missi,  quae  imperaret  se  facturos 
pollicentur,  imperat  magnum  numerum  obsidum.  legiones  in 
hiberna  mittit,  captivorum  circiter  viginti  milia  Haeduis  Arver- 
nisque  reddit.  Titum  Labienum  duabus  cum  legionibus  et  equi- 
tatu in  Sequanos  proficisci  iubet  : huic  Marcum  Sempronium 
Rutilum  attribuit : Gaium  Fabium  et  Lucium  Minucium  Basilum 
cum  duabus  legionibus  in  Remis  collocat,  ne  quam  ab  finitimis 
Bellovacis  calamitatem  accipiant.  Gaium  Antistium  Reginum  in 
Ambilaretos,  Titum  Sextium  in  Bituriges,  Gaium  Caninium  Rebi- 
lum in  Rutenos  cum  singulis  legionibus  mittit.  Quintum  Tul- 
lium Ciceronem  et  Publium  Sulpicium  Cabilloni  et  Matiscone 
in  Haeduis  ad  Ararim  rei  frumentariae  causa  collocat,  ipse 
Bibracte  hiemare  constituit,  his  Mitteris*  cognitis  Romae  dierum 
viginti  supplicatio  redditur. 


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A.  HIRTII 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

COMMENTARIUS  OCTAVUS. 


Letter  of  Hirtius  to  Balbus. 

Coactus  assiduis  tuis  vocibus,  Balbe,  cum 
cotidiana  mea  recusatio  non  difficultatis  excu- 
sationem, sed  inertiae  videretur  deprecationem 
habere,  rem  difficillimam  suscepi.  Caesaris 
nostri  commentarios  rerum  gestarum  Galliae 
non  cohaerentibus  superioribus  atque  inse- 
quentibus  eius  scriptis  contexui  novissimumque 
imperfectum  ab  rebus  gestis  Alexandriae  con- 
feci usque  ad  exitum  non  quidem  civilis 
10  dissensionis,  cuius  finem  nullum  videmus,  sed  vitae  Caesaris, 
quos  utinam  qui  legent  scire  possint  quam  invitus  susceperim 
scribendos,  quo  facilius  caream  stultitiae  atque  arrogantiae 
crimine,  qui  me  mediis  interposuerim  Caesaris  scriptis,  constat 
enim  inter  omnes  nihil  tam  operose  ab  aliis  esse  perfectum, 
15  quod  non  horum  elegantia  commentariorum  superetur,  equi  sunt, 
editi,  ne  scientia  tantarum  rerum  scriptoribus  deesset,  adeoque 
probantur  omnium  iudicio,  ut  praerepta,  non  praebita  facultas 
scriptoribus  videatur,  cuius  tamen  rei  maior  nostra  quam  reli- 
quorum est  admiratio  : ceteri  enim,  quam  bene  atque  emendate, 
20  nos  etiam,  quam  facile  atque  celeriter  eos  perfecerit,  scimus, 
erat  autem  in  Caesare  cum  facultas  atque  elegantia  summa 


COMM.  VIII.  1-2. 


291 


scribendi,  tum  verissima  scientia  suorum  consiliorum  explicando- 
rum. mihi  ne  illud  quidem  accidit,  ut  Alexandrino  atque 
Africano  bello  mteressem  ; quae  bella  quamquam  ex  parte  nobis 
Caesaris  sermone  sunt  nota,  tamen  aliter  audimus  ea,  quae  rerum 
novitate  aut  admiratione  nos  capiunt,  aliter,  quae  pro  testimonio 
sumus  dicturi,  sed  ego  nimirum,  dum  omnes  excusationis  causas 
colligo,  ne  cum  Caesare  conferar,  hoc  ipsum  crimen  arrogantiae 
subeo,  quod  me  iudicio  cuiusquam  existimem  posse  cum  Caesare 
comparari,  vale. 

Commotions  in  Gaul. 

1.  Omni  Gallia  devicta  Caesar  cum  a superiore  aestate  nullum 
bellandi  tempus  intermisisset  militesque  hibernorum  quiete  re- 
ficere a tantis  laboribus  vellet,  complures  eodem  tempore  civi- 
tates renovare  belli  consilia  nuntiabantur  coniurationesque  facere, 
cuius  rei  verisimilis  causa  afferebatur,  quod  Gallis  omnibus 
cognitum  esset  neque  ulla  multitudine  in  unum  locum  coacta 
resisti  posse  Eomanis,  nec,  si  diversa  bella  complures  eodem 
tempore  intulissent  civitates,  satis  auxilii  aut  spatii  aut  copiarum 
habiturum  exercitum  populi  Romani  ad  omnia  persequenda ; non 
esse  autem  alicui  civitati  sortem  incommodi  recusandam,  si  tali 
mora  reliquae  possent  se  vindicare  in  libertatem. 

2.  Quae  ne  opinio  Gallorum  confirmaretur,  Caesar  Marcum 
Antonium  ' quaestorem  suis  praefecit  hibernis  ; ipse  equitum 
praesidio  pridie  Kal.  Ianuarias  ab  oppido  Bibracte  proficiscitur 
ad  legionem  XIII,  quam  non  longe  a finibus  Haeduorum  col- 
locaverat in  finibus  Biturigum,  eique  adiungit  legionem  XI, 
quae  proxima  fuerat,  binis  cohortibus  ad  impedimenta  tuenda 
relictis  reliquum  exercitum  in  copiosissimos  agros  Biturigum 
inducit,  qui,  cum  latos  fines  et  complura  oppida  haberent,  unius 
legionis  hibernis  non  potuerint  contineri,  quin  bellum  pararent 
coniurationesque  facereut. 


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Caesar  receives  hostages  from  the  Bituriges  and  proceeds  against 
the  Canutes. 

3.  Repentino  adventu  Caesaris  accidit,  quod  imparatis  disiec- 
tisque  accidere  fuit  necesse,  ut  sine  timore  ullo  rura  colentes 
prius  ab  equitatu  opprimerentur,  quam  confugere  in  oppida 
possent,  namque  etiam  illud  vulgare  incursionis  hostium  sig- 

5 num,  quod  incendiis  aediliciorum  intellegi  consuevit,  Caesaris 
erat  interdicto  sublatum,  ne  aut  copia  pabuli  frumentique,  si 
longius  progredi  vellet,  deficeretur,  aut  hostes  incendiis  terreren- 
tur. multis  hominum  milibus  captis  perterriti  Bituriges,  qui 
primum  adventum  potuerant  effugere  Romanorum,  in  finitimas 
io  civitates  aut  privatis  hospitiis  confisi  aut  societate  consiliorum 
confugerant,  frustra : nam  Caesar  magnis  itineribus  omnibus 
locis  occurrit  nec  dat  ulli  civitati  spatium  de  aliena  potius  quam 
de  domestica  salute  cogitandi ; qua  celeritate  et  fideles  amicos 
retinebat  et  dubitantes  terrore  ad  condiciones  pacis  adducebat. 
15  tali  condicione  proposita  Bituriges,  cum  sibi  viderent  clementia 
Caesaris  reditum  patere  in  eius  amicitiam  finitimasque  civitates 
sine  ulla  poena  dedisse  obsides  atque  in  fidem  receptas  esse, 
idem  fecerunt. 

4.  Caesar  militibus  pro  tanto  labore  ac  patientia,  qui  brumali- 
2o  bus  diebus  itineribus  difficillimis,  frigoribus  intolerandis  studio- 
sissime permanserant  in  labore,  ducenos  sestertios,  centurionibus 
*tot  milia*  nummum  praedae  nomine  condonanda  pollicetur 
legionibusque  in  hiberna  remissis  ipse  se  recipit  die  XXXX  Bi- 
bracte. ibi  cum  ius  diceret,  Bituriges  ad  eum  legatos  mittunt 

25  auxilium  petitum  contra  Carnutes,  quos  intulisse  bellum  sibi 
querebantur,  qua  re  cognita,  cum  dies  non  amplius  decem  et 
octo  in  hibernis  esset  moratus,  legiones  XIIII  et  VI  ex  hibernis 
ab  Arare  educit,  quas  ibi  collocatas  explicandae  rei  frumentariae 


COMM.  VIII.  4-6. 


293 


causa  superiore  commentario  demonstratum  est : ita  cum  duabus 
legionibus  ad  persequendos  Carnutes  proficiscitur. 

5.  Cum  fama  exercitus  ad  hostes  esset  perlata,  calamitate 
ceterorum  ducti  Carnutes  desertis  vicis  oppidisque,  quae  tole- 
randae hiemis  causa  constitutis  repente  exiguis  ad  necessitatem  5 
aedificiis  incolebant  (nuper  enim  devicti  complura  oppida  dimise- 
rant), dispersi  profugiunt.  Caesar  erumpentes  eo  maxime  tempore 
acerrimas  tempestates  cum  subire  milites  nollet,  in  oppido  Car- 
nutum Cenabo  castra  ponit  atque  in  tecta  partim  Gallorum,  par- 
tior quae  coniectis  celeriter  stramentis  tentoriorum  integendorum  io 
gratia  erant  inaedificata,  milites  compegit.  equites  tamen  et 
auxiliarios  pedites  in  omnes  partes  mittit,  quascumque  petisse 
dicebantur  hostes ; nec  frustra : nam  plerumque  magna  praeda 
potiti  nostri  revertuntur,  oppressi  Carnutes  hiemis  difficultate, 
terrore  periculi,  cum  tectis  expulsi  nullo  loco  diutius  consistere  15 
auderent  nec  silvarum  praesidio  tempestatibus  durissimis  tegi 
possent,  dispersi  magna  parte  amissa  suorum  dissipantur  in 
finitimas  civitates. 

6.  Caesar  tempore  anni  difficillimo,  cum  satis  haberet  convenien- 
tes manus  dissipare,  ne  quod  initium  belli  nasceretur,  quantumque  20 
in  ratione  esset,  exploratum  haberet  sub  tempus  aestivorum 
nullum  summum  bellum  posse  conflari,  Gaium  Trebonium  cum 
duabus  legionibus,  quas  secum  habebat,  in  hibernis  Cenabi  col- 
locavit ; ipse,  cum  crebris  legationibus  Remorum  certior  fieret 
Bellovacos,  qui  belli  gloria  Gallos  omnes  Belgasque  praestabant,  25 
finitiinasque  his  civitates  duce  Correo  Bellovaco  et  Commio  Atre- 
bate  exercitus  comparare  atque  in  unum  locum  cogere,  ut  omni 
multitudine  in  fines  Suessionum,  qui  Remis  erant  attributi,  face- 
rent impressionem,  pertinere  autem  non  tantum  ad  dignitatem, 
sed  etiam  ad  salutem  suam  iudicaret  nullam  calamitatem  socios  30 
optime  de  republica  meritos  accipere,  legionem  ex  hibernis  evocat 


294 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


rursus  undecimam,  litteras  autem  ad  Gaium  Fabium  mittit,  ut 
in  fines  Suessionum  legiones  duas,  quas  habebat,  adduceret,  alte- 
ramque  ex  duabus  ab  Labieno  arcessit,  ita,  quantum  hiberno- 
rum opportunitas  bellique  ratio  postulabat,  perpetuo  suo  labore 
5 in  vicem  legionibus  expeditionum  onus  iniungebat. 

Caesar  marches  against  the  Bellovaci,  who  are  compelled  to 

retreat. 

7.  His  copiis  coactis  ad  Bellovacos  proficiscitur  castrisque  in 
eorum  finibus  positis  equitum  turmas  dimittit  in  omnes  partes 
ad  aliquos  excipiendos,  ex  quibus  hostium  consilia  cognosceret, 
equites  officio  functi  renuntiant  paucos  in  aedificiis  esse  inven- 
io tos,  atque  hos,  non  qui  agrorum  colendorum  causa  remansissent 
(namque  esse  undique  diligenter  demigratum),  sed  qui  speculandi 
causa  essent  remissi,  a quibus  cum  quaereret  Caesar,  quo  loco 
multitudo  esset  Bellovacorum  quodve  esset  consilium  eorum, 
inveniebat : Bellovacos  omnes,  qui  arma  ferre  possent,  in  unum 
15  locum  convenisse,  itemque  Ambianos,  Aulercos,  Caletos,  A7ellio- 
cassis,  Atrebatas  ; locum  castris  excelsum  in  silva  circumdata 
palude  delegisse,  impedimenta  omnia  in  ulteriores  silvas  con- 
tulisse. complures  esse  principes  belli  auctores,  sed  multitudi- 
nem maxime  Correo  obtemperare,  quod  ei  summo  esse  odio 
20  nomen  populi  Romani  intellexissent,  paucis  ante  diebus  ex  his 
castris  Atrebatem  Commium  diseessisse  ad  auxilia  Germanorum 
adducenda;  quorum  et  vicinitas  propinqua  et  multitudo  esset 
infinita,  constituisse  autem  Bellovacos  omnium  principum  con- 
sensu, summa  plebis  cupiditate,  si,  ut  diceretur,  Caesar  cum 
25  tribus  legionibus  veniret,  offerre  se  ad  dimicandum,  ne  miseriore 
ac  duriore  postea  condicione  cum  toto  exercitu  decertare  coge- 
rentur ; si  maiores  copias  adduceret,  in  eo  loco  permanere,  quem 
delegissent,  pabulatione  autem,  quae  propter  anni  tempus  cum 
exigua  tum  disiecta  esset,  et  frumentatione  et  reliquo  commeatu 
30  ex  insidiis  prohibere  Romanos. 


COMM.  VIII.  8-9. 


295 


8.  Quae  Caesar  consentientibus  pluribus  cum  cognosset  atque 
ea,  quae  proponerentur,  consilia  plena  prudentiae  longeque  a 
temeritate  barbarorum  remota  isse  iudicaret,  omnibus  rebus 
inserviendum  statuit,  quo  celerius  hostis  contempta  sua  pauci- 
tate prodiret  in  aciem.  singularis  enim  virtutis  veterrimas 
legiones  YII,  VIII,  VIIII  habebat,  summae  spei  delectaeque 
iuventutis  XI,  quae  octavo  iam  stipendio  tamen  in  collatione 
reliquarum  nondum  eandem  vetustatis  ac  virtutis  ceperat  opin- 
ionem. itaque  concilio  advocato  rebus  iis,  quae  ad  se  essent 
delatae,  omnibus  expositis  animos  multitudinis  confirmat,  si 
forte  hostes  trium  legionum  numero  posset  elicere  ad  dimican- 
dum, agminis  ordinem  ita  constituit,  ut  legio  septima,  octava, 
nona  ante  omnia  irent  impedimenta,  deinde  omnium  impedimen- 
torum agmen,  quod  tamen  erat  mediocre,  ut  in  expeditionibus 
esse  consuevit,  cogeret  undecima,  ne  maioris  multitudinis  species 
accidere  hostibus  posset,  quam  ipsi  depoposcissent,  hac  ratione 
paene  quadrato  agmine  instructo  iti  conspectum  hostium  celerius 
opinione  eorum  exercitum  adducit. 

9.  Cum  repente  instructas  velut  in  acie  certo  gradu  legiones 
accedere  Galli  viderent,  quorum  erant  ad  Caesarem  plena  fiduciae 
consilia  perlata,  sive  certaminis  periculo  sive  subito  adventu  sive 
expectations  nostri  consilii  copias  instruunt  pro  castris  nec 
loco  superiore  decedunt.  Caesar,  etsi  dimicare  optaverat,  tamen 
admiratus'  tantam  multitudinem  hostium  valle  intermissa  magis 
in  altitudinem  depressa  quam  late  patente  castra  castris  hostium 
confert,  haec  imperat  vallo  pedum  XII  muniri,  loriculam  per 
aggerationem  eius  altitudini  inaedificari ; fossam  duplicem  pedum 
denum  quinum  lateribus  deprimi  directis ; turris  excitari  crebras 
in  altitudinem  trium  tabulatorum,  pontibus  traiectis  constratis- 
que coniungi,  quorum  frontes  viminea  loricula  munirentur : ut 
ab  hostibus  duplici  fossa,  duplici  propugnatorum  ordine  defen- 
derentur, quorum  alter  ex  pontibus,  quo  tutior  altitudine  esset. 


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296  DE  BELLO  GALLICO 

hoc  audacius  longi'usque  permitteret  tela,  alter,  qui  propior  hos- 
tern  in  ipso  vallo  collocatus  esset,  ponte  ab  incidentibus  telis 
tegeretur,  portis  fores  altioresque  turres  imposuit. 


a. vallum  ped.XII.  b. loricula,  c. fossa  duplex.d.turres.e.pontes.f.porta 


10.  Huius  munitionis  duplex  erat  consilium.  namque  et 
5 operum  magnitudinem  et  timorem  suum  sperabat  fiduciam  bar- 
baris allaturum,  et  cum  pabulatum  frumentatumque  longius 
esset  proficiscendum,  parvis  copiis  castra  munitione  ipsa  videbat 
posse  defendi,  interim  crebro  paucis  utrimque  procurrentibus 
inter  bina  castra  palude  interiecta  contendebatur  ; quam  tamen 
io  paludem  nonnumquam  aut  nostra  auxilia  Gallorum  Germano- 
rumque transibant  acriusque  hostes  insequebantur,  aut  vicissim 
hostes  eadem  transgressi  nostros  longius  submovebant,  accide- 
bat autem  cotidianis  pabulationibus  (id  quod  accidere  erat  necesse, 
cum  raris  disiectisque  ex  aedificiis  pabulum  conquireretur),  ut 
15  impeditis  locis  dispersi  pabulatores  circumvenirentur;  quae  res, 
etsi  mediocre  detrimentum  iuraentorum  ac  servorum  nostris 


COMM.  VIII.  10-12. 


297 


afferebat,  tamen  stultas  cogitationes  incitabat  barbarorum,  atque 
eo  magis,  quod  Comimus,  quem  profectum  ad  auxilia  Germano- 
rum arcessenda  docui,  cum  equitibus  venerat  ; qui  tametsi 
numero  non  amplius  erant  quingenti,  tamen  Germanorum 
adventu  barbari  nitebantur. 

11.  Caesar,  cum  animadverteret  hostem  complures  dies  castris 
palude  et  loci  natura  munitis  se  tenere  neque  oppugnari  castra 
eorum  sine  dimicatione  perniciosa  nec  locum  munitionibus 
claudi  nisi  a maiore  exercitu  posse,  litteras  ad  Trebonium  mittit, 
ut  quam  celerrime  posset  legionem  XIII,  quae  cum  T.  Sextio 
legato  in  Biturigibus  hiemabat,  arcesseret  atque  ita  cum  tribus 
legionibus  magnis  itineribus  ad  se  veniret ; ipse  equites  in  vicem 
Remorum  ac  Lingonum  reliquarumque  civitatum,  quorum  mag- 
num numerum  evocaverat,  praesidio  pabulationibus  mittit,  qui 
subitas  hostium  incursiones  sustinerent. 

12.  Quod  cum  cotidie  fieret,  ac  iam  consuetudine  diligentia 
minueretur,  quod  plerumque  accidit  diuturnitate,  Bellovaci  delecta 
manu  peditum  cognitis  stationibus  cotidianis  equitum  nostrorum 
silvestribus  locis  insidias  disponunt  eodemque  equites  postero  die 
mittunt,  qui  primum  elicerent  nostros,  deinde  circumventos  aggre- 
derentur. cuius  mali  sors  incidit  Remis,  quibus  ille  dies  fun- 
gendi muneris  obvenerat.  namque  hi,  cum  repente  hostium 
equites  animadvertissent  ac  numero  superiores  paucitatem  con- 
tempsissent, cupidius  insecuti  peditibus  undique  sunt  circumdati, 
quo  facto  perturbati  celerius,  quam  consuetudo  fert  equestris 
proelii,  se  receperunt  amisso  Vertisco,  principe  civitatis,  prae- 
fecto equitum ; qui  cum  vix  equo  propter  aetatem  posset  uti, 
tamen  consuetudine  Gallorum  neque  aetatis  excusatione  in  susci- 
pienda praefectura  usus  erat  neque  dimicari  sine  se  voluerat, 
inflantur  atque  incitantur  hostium  animi  secundo  proelio,  principe 
et  praefecto  Remorum  interfecto,  nostrique  detrimento  admonentur 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 


298 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


diligentius  exploratis  locis  stationes  disponere  ac  moderatius 
cedentem  insequi  hostem. 

13.  Non  intermittunt  interim  cotidiana  proelia  m conspectu 
utrorumque  castrorum,  quae  ad  vada  transitusque  fiebant  paludis. 

5 qua  contentione  Germani,  quos  propterea  Caesar  traduxerat 
Rhenum,  ut  equitibus  interpositi  proeliarentur,  cum  constantius 
universi  paludem  transissent  paucisque  resistentibus  interfectis 
pertinacius  reliquam  multitudinem  essent  insecuti,  perterriti  non 
solum  ii,  qui  aut  comminus  opprimebantur  aut  eminus  vulnera- 
io  bantur,  sed  etiam,  qui  longius  subsidiari  consuerant,  turpiter 
refugerunt  nec  prius  finem  fugae  fecerunt  saepe  amissis  supe- 
rioribus locis,  quam  se  aut  in  castra  suorum  reciperent,  aut 
nonnulli  pudore  coacti  longius  profugerent.  quorum  periculo 
sic  omnes  copiae  sunt  perturbatae,  ut  vix  indicari  posset,  utrum 
15  secundis  minimisque  rebus  insolentiores,  an  adverso  mediocri 
casu  timidiores  essent. 

14.  Compl  uri  bus  diebus  iisdem  in  castris  consumptis,  cum 
propius  accessisse  legiones  et  Gaium  Trebonium  legatum  cognos- 
sent,  duces  Bellovacorum  veriti  similem  obsessionem  Alesiae  noctu 

20  dimittunt  eos,  quos  aut  aetate  aut  viribus  inferiores  aut  inermes 
habebant,  unaque  reliqua  impedimenta,  quorum  perturbatum  et 
confusum  dum  explicant  agmen  (magna  enim  multitudo  carrorum 
etiam  expeditos  sequi  Gallos  consuevit),  oppressi  luce  copias 
armatorum  pro  suis  instruunt  castris,  ne  prius  Romani  per- 
25  sequi  se  inciperent,  quam  longius  agmen  impedimentorum 
suorum  processisset,  at  Caesar  neque  resistentes  aggrediundos 
tanto  collis  ascensu  iudicabat,  neque  non  usque  eo  legiones  ad- 
movendas, ut  discedere  ex  eo  loco  sine  periculo  barbari  militi- 
bus instantibus  non  possent,  ita,  cum  palude  impedita  a castris 
30  castra  dividi  videret,  quae  transeundi  difficultas  celeritatem  inse- 
quendi tardare  posset,  atque  id  iugum,  quod  trans  paludem  paene 


COMM.  VIII.  14-16. 


299 


ad  hostium  castra  pertineret,  mediocri  valle  a castris  eorum 
intercisum  animum  adverteret,  pontibus  palude  constrata  legiones 
traducit  celent  erque  in  summam  planitiem  iugi  pervenit,  quae 
declivi  fastigio  duobus  ab  lateribus  muniebatur.  ibi  legionibus 
instructis  ad  ultimum  iugum  pervenit  aciemque  eo  loco  con- 
stituit, unde  tormento  missa  tela  in  hostium  cuneos  conici 
possent. 

15.  Barbari  confisi  loci  natura,  cum  dimicare  non  recusarent, 
si  forte  Romani  subire  collem  conarentur,  paulatim  copias  distri- 
butas dimittere  non  possent,  ne  dispersi  perturbarentur,  in  acie 
permanserunt,  quorum  pertinacia  cognita  Caesar  XX  cohortibus 
instructis  castrisque  eo  loco  metatis  muniri  iubet  castra,  abso- 
lutis operibus  pro  vallo  legiones  instructas  collocat,  equites 
frenatis  equis  in  statione  disponit.  Bellovaci,  cum  Romanos  ad 
insequendum  paratos  viderent  neque  pernoctare  aut  diutius  per- 
manere sine  periculo  eodem  loco  possent,  tale  consilium  sui 
recipiendi  ceperunt.  fasces,  ut  consueverant  [namque  in  acie 
sedere  Gallos  consuesse  superioribus  commentariis  Caesaris  de- 
claratum est],  per  manus  stramentorum  ac  virgultorum,  quorum 
summa  erat  in  castris  copia,  inter  se  traditos  ante  aciem  colloca- 
runt extremoque  tempore  diei  signo  pronuntiato  uno  tempore 
incenderunt.  ita  continens  flamma  copias  omnes  repente  a 
conspectu  texit  Bomanorum. 

16.  Quod  ubi  accidit,  barbari  vehementissimo  cursu  refuge- 
runt. Caesar,  etsi  discessum  hostium  animadvertere  non  poterat 
incendiis  oppositis,  tamen  id  consilium  cum  fugae  causa  initum 
suspicaretur,  legiones  promovet,  turmas  mittit  ad  insequendum ; 
ipse  veritus  insidias,  ne  forte  in  eodem  loco  subsistere  hostis 
atque  elicere  nostros  in  locum  conaretur  iniquum,  tardius  pro- 
cedit. equites  cum  intrare  summum  iugum  et  flammam  densis- 
simam timerent  ac,  si  qui  cupidius  intraverant,  vix  suorum  ipsi 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


300 


DE  P.ELLO  GALLICO 


priores  partes  animadverterent  equorum,  insidias  veriti  liberam 
facultatem  sui  recipiendi  Bellovacis  dederunt,  ita  fuga  timoris 
simul  calliditatisque  plena  sine  ullo  detrimento  milia  non  am- 
plius decem  progressi  hostes  loco  munitissimo  castra  posuerunt. 

5 inde  cum  saepe  in  insidiis  equites  peditesque  disponerent,  magna 
detrimenta  Romanis  in  pabulationibus  inferebant. 

17.  Quod  cum  crebrius  accideret,  ex  captivo  quodam  comperit 
Caesar  Correum,  Bellovacorum  ducem,  fortissimorum  milia  sex 
peditum  delegisse  equitesque  ex  omni  numero  mille,  quos  in 

io  insidiis  eo  loco  collocaret,  quem  in  locum  propter  copiam  fru- 
menti ac  pabuli  Romanos  missuros  suspicaretur,  quo  cognito 
consilio  legiones  plures,  quam  solebat,  educit  equitatumque,  qua 
consuetudine  pabulatoribus  mittere  praesidio  consuerat,  praemit- 
tit : huic  interponit  auxilia  levis  armaturae  ; ipse  cum  legionibus 

15  quam  potest  maxime . appropinquat. 

The  Gauls  are  placeri  in  ambush.  Their  defeat.  Commius 
sought  by  treachery. 

18.  Hostes  in  insidiis  dispositi,  cum  sibi  delegissent  campum 
ad  rem  gerendam  non  amplius  patentem  in  omnes  partes  passi- 
bus mille,  silvis  undique  aut  impeditissimo  flumine  munitum, 
velut  indagine  hunc  insidiis  circumdederunt,  explorato  hostium 

20  consilio  nostri  ad  proeliandum  animo  atque  armis  parati,  cum 
subsequ entibus  legionibus  nullam  dimicationem  recusarent,  turma- 
tim  in  eum  locum  devenerunt.  quorum  adventu  cum  sibi  Cor- 
reus oblatam  occasionem  rei  gerendae  existimaret,  primum  cum 
paucis  se  ostendit  atque  in  proximas  turmas  impetum  fecit. 

25  nostri  constanter  incursum  sustinent  insidiatorum  neque  plures  in 
unum  locum  conveniunt ; quod  plerumque  equestribus  proeliis 
cum  propter  aliquem  timorem  accidit,  tum  multitudine  ipsorum 
detrimentum  accipitur. 


COMM.  VIII.  19-20. 


301 


19.  Cum  dispositis  turmis  in  vicem  rari  proeliarentur  neque 
ab  lateribus  circumveniri  suos  paterentur,  erumpunt  ceteri  Correo 
proeliante  ex  silvis,  iit  magna  contentione  diversum  proelium, 
quod  cum  diutius  pari  Marte  iniretur,  paulatiin  ex:  silvis  in- 
structa multitudo  procedit  peditum,  quae  nostros  coegit  cedere 
equites,  quibus  celeriter  subveniunt  levis  armaturae  pedites,  quos 
ante  legiones  missos  docui,  turmisque  nostrorum  interpositi  con- 
stanter proeliantur.  pugnatur  aliquamdiu  pari  contentione ; 
deinde,  ut  ratio  postulabat  proelii,  qui  sustinuerant  primos  im- 
petus insidiarum,  hoc  ipso  fiunt  superiores,  quod  nullum  ab  insi- 
diantibus  imprudentes  acceperant  detrimentum,  accedunt  propius 
interim  legiones,  crebrique  eodem  tempore  et  nostris  et  hostibus 
nuntii  afferuntur,  imperatorem  instructis  copiis  adesse,  qua  re 
cognita  praesidio  cohortium  confisi  nostri  acerrime  proeliantur, 
ne,  si  tardius  rem  gessissent,  victoriae  gloriam  communicasse 
cum  legionibus  viderentur ; hostes  concidunt  animis  atque  itine- 
ribus diversis  fugam  quaerunt,  nequiquam  : nam  quibus  diffi- 
cultatibus locorum  Romanos  claudere  voluerant,  iis  ipsi  tenebantur, 
victi  tamen  perculsiqne  maiore  parte  amissa  consternati  profu- 
giunt partim  silvis  petitis,  partim  flumine  (qui  tamen  iu  fuga  a 
nostris  acriter  insequentibus  conficiuntur),  cum  interim  nulla 
calamitate  victus  Correus  excedere  proelio  silvasque  petere  aut 
invitantibus  nostris  ad  deditionem  potuit  adduci,  quin  fortissime 
proeliando  compluresque  vulnerando  cogeret  elatos  iracundia  vic- 
tores in  'se  tela  conicere. 

20.  Tali  modo  re  gesta  recentibus  proelii  vestigiis  ingressus 
Caesar,  cum  victos  tanta  calamitate  existimaret  hostes  nuntio 
accepto  locum  castrorum  relicturos,  quae  non  longius  ab  ea 
caede  abesse  plus  minus  octo  milibus  dicebantur,  tametsi  flumine 
impeditum  transitum  videbat,  tamen  exercitu  traducto  progre- 
ditur. at  Bellovaci  reliquaeque  civitates  repente  ex  fuga  paucis 
atque  his  vulneratis  receptis,  qui  silvarum  beneficio  casum 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


802 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


evitaverant,  omnibus  adversis,  * cognita  calamitate,*  interfecto 
Correo,  amisso  equitatu  et  fortissimis  peditibus,  cum  adventare 
Romanos  existimarent,  concilio  repente  cantu  turbarum  convocato 
conclamant,  legati  obsidesque  ad  Caesarem  mittantur. 

5 21.  Hoc  omnibus  probato  consilio  Commius  Atrebas  ad  eos 

confugit  Germanos,  a quibus  ad  id  bellum  auxilia  mutuatus  erat, 
ceteri  e vestigio  mittunt  ad  Caesarem  legatos  petuntque,  ut  ea 
poena  sit  contentus  hostium,  quam  si  sine  dimicatione  inferre 
integris  posset,  pro  sua  clementia  atque  humanitate  numquam 
io  profecto  esset  illaturus,  afflictas  opes  equestri  proelio  Bellovaco- 
rum esse  ; delectorum  peditum  multa  milia  interisse,  vix  refugisse 
nuntios  caedis.  tamen  magnum  ut  in  tanta  calamitate  Bellova- 
cos eo  proelio  commodum  esse  consecutos,  quod  Correus,  auctor 
belli,  concitator  multitudinis,  esset  interfectus,  numquam  enim 
15  senatum  tantum  iu  civitate  illo  vivo  quantum  imperitam  plebem 
potuisse. 

22.  Haec  orantibus  legatis  commemorat  Caesar  : eodem  tem- 
pore superiore  anno  Bellovacos  ceterasque  Galliae  civitates  sus- 
cepisse bellum ; pertinacissime  hos  ex  omnibus  in  sententia 

20  permanisse  neque  ad  sanitatem  reliquorum  deditione  esse  perduc- 
tos. scire  atque  intellegere  se  causam  peccati  facillime  mortuis 
delegari,  neminem  vero  tantum  pollere,  ut  invitis  principibus, 
resistente  senatu,  omnibus  bonis  repugnantibus  infirma  manu 
plebis  bellum  concitare  et  gerere  posset,  sed  tamen  se  contentum 
25  fore  ea  poena,  quam  sibi  ipsi  contraxissent. 

23.  Nocte  insequenti  legati  responsa  ad  suos  referunt,  obsides 
conficiunt,  concurrunt  reliquarum  civitatium  legati,  quae  Bello- 
vacorum speculabantur  eventum  ; obsides  dant,  imperata  faciunt 
excepto  Commio,  quem  timor  prohibebat  cuiusquam  fidei  suam 

30  committere  salutem,  nam  superiore  anno  Titus  Labienus  Caesare 


COMM.  YII1.  23-24. 


303 


in  Gallia  citeriore  ius  dicente,  cum  Commium  comperisset  solli- 
citare civitates  et  coniurationem  contra  Caesarem  facere,  infideli- 
tatem eius  sine  ulla  perfidia  indicavit  comprimi  posse,  quem 
quia  non  arbitrabatur  vocatum  in  castra  venturum,  ne  tentando 
cautiorem  faceret,  Gaium  Voluseuum  Quadratum  misit,  qui  eum  5 
per  simulationem  colloqui  curaret  interficiendum.  ad  eam  rem 
delectos  idoneos  ei  tradit  centuriones,  cum  in  colloquium  ven- 
tum esset,  et,  ut  convenerat,  manum  Commii  Voluseuus  arripuis- 
set, centurio  vel  insueta  re  permotus  vel  celeriter  a familiaribus 
prohibitus  Commii  conficere  hominem  non  potuit ; graviter  tamen  10 
primo  ictu  gladio  caput  percussit,  cum  utrimque  gladii  destricti 
essent,  non  tam  pugnandi  quam  diffugiendi  fuit  utrorumque  con- 
silium : nostrorum,  quod  mortifero  vulnere  Commium  credebant 
affectum  ; Gallorum,  quod  insidiis  cognitis  plura,  quam  videbant, 
extimescebant,  quo  facto  statuisse  Commius  dicebatur  numquam  15 
in  conspectum  cuiusquam  Romani  venire. 


Caesar  lays  ivaste  the  country  of  Ambiorix.  Labienus  is  sent 
against  the  Treveri. 

24.  Bellicosissimis  gentibus  devictis  Caesar,  cum  videret  nullam 
iam  esse  civitatem,  quae  bellum  pararet,  quo  sibi  resisteret,  sed 
nonnullos  ex  oppidis  demigrare,  ex  agris  diffugere  ad  praesens 
imperium  evitandum,  pluris  in  partes  exercitum  dimittere  con-  20 
stituit.  M.  Antonium  quaestorem  cum  legione  duodecima  sibi 
coniungit.  C.  Fabium  legatum  cum  cohortibus  XXV  mittit  in 
diversissimam  partem  Galliae,  quod  ibi  quasdam  civitates  in  armis 
esse  audiebat  neque  C.  Caninium  Rebilum  legatum,  qui  in  illis 
regionibus  erat,  satis  firmas  duas  legiones  habere  existimabat.  25 
Titum  Labienum  ad  se  evocat ; legionem  autem  XV,  quae  cum 
eo  fuerat  in  hibernis,  in  togatam  Galliam  mittit  ad  colonias 
civium  Romanorum  tuendas,  ne  quod  simile  incommodum  acci- 
deret decursione  barbarorum,  ac  superiore  aestate  Tergestinis 


304 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


acciderat,  qui  repentino  latrocinio  atque  impetu  illorum  erant 
oppressi,  ipse  ad  vastandos  depopulandosque  fines  Ambiorigis 
proficiscitur;  quem  perterritum  ac  fugientem  cum  redigi  posse 
in  suam  potestatem  desperasset,  proximum  suae  dignitatis  esse 
5 ducebat,  adeo  fines  eius  vastare  civibus,  aedificiis,  pecore,  ut  odio 
suorum  Ambiorix,  si  quos  fortuna  reliquos  fecisset,  nullum 
reditum  propter  tantas  calamitates  haberet  in  civitatem. 

25.  Cum  in  omnes  partes  finium  Ambiorigis  aut  legiones  aut 
auxilia  dimisisset  atque  omnia  caedibus,  incendiis,  rapinis  vas- 
io  tasset,  magno  numero  hominum  interfecto  aut  capto  Labienum 
cum  duabus  legionibus  in  Treveros  mittit  ; quorum  civitas 
propter  Germaniae  vicinitatem  cotidianis  exercitata  bellis  cultu 
et  feritate  non  multum  a Germanis  differebat  neque  imperata 
u inquam  nisi  exercitu  coacta  faciebat. 

Dumnacns  while  attacking  Lemonum  is  defeated. 

15  26.  Interim  Gains  Caninius  legatus,  cum  magnam  multitudinem 

convenisse  hostium  in  fines  Pictonum  litteris  nuntiisque  Durati 
cognosceret,  qui  perpetuo  in  amicitia  manserat  Romanorum,  cum 
pars  quaedam  civitatis  eius  defecisset,  ad  oppidum  Lemonum 
contendit,  quo  cum  adventaret  atque  ex  captivis  certius  cognos- 
20  ceret  multis  hominum  milibus  a Dumnaco,  duce  Andium,  Dura- 
tium  clausum  Lemoni  oppugnari  neque  infirmas  legiones  hostibus 
committere  auderet,  castra  posuit  loco  munito.  Dumnacus,  cum 
appropinquare  Caninium  cognosset,  copiis  omnibus  ad  legiones 
conversis  castra  Romanorum  oppugnare  instituit,  cum  complures 
25  dies  in  oppugnatione  consumpsisset  et  magno  suorum  detrimento 
nullam  partem  munitionum  convellere  potuisset,  rursus  ad  obsi- 
dendum Lemonum  redit, 

27.  Eodem  tempore  C.  Fabius  legatus  complures  civitates  in 
fidem  recipit,  obsidibus  firmat  litterisque  Gai  Canini  Rebili  fit 


COMM.  VIII.  27-28. 


305 


certior,  quae  in  Pictonibus  gerantur,  quibus  rebus  cognitis  pro- 
ficiscitur ad  auxilium  Duratio  ferendum,  at  Dumuacus  adventu 
Fabii  cognito  desperata  salute,  si  tempore  eodem  coactus  esset  et 
Romanum  externum  sustinere  liostem  et  respicere  ac  timere 
oppidanos,  repente  ex  eo  loco  cum  copiis  recedit  nec  se  satis 
tutum  fore  arbitratur,  nisi  flumine  Ligeri,  quod  erat  ponte 
propter  magnitudinem  transeundum,  copias  traduxisset.  Fabius, 
etsi  nondum  in  conspectum  venerat  hostibus  neque  se  Caninio 
coniunxerat,  tamen  doctus  ab  iis,  qui  locorum  noverant  naturam, 
potissimum  credidit  hostes  perterritos  eum  locum,  quem  pete- 
bant, petituros,  itaque  cum  copiis  ad  eundem  pontem  contendit 
equitatuque  tantum  procedere  ante  agmen  imperat  legionum, 
quantum  cum  processisset,  sine  defetigatione  equorum  in 
eadem  se  reciperet  castra.  consequuntur  equites  nostri,  ut 
erat  praeceptum,  invaduntque  Dumnaci  agmen  et  fugientes 
perterritosque  sub  sarcinis  in  itinere  aggressi  magna  praeda 
multis  interfectis  potiuntur,  ita  re  bene  gesta  se  recipiunt  in 
castra. 

28.  Insequenti  nocte  Fabius  equites  praemittit  sic  paratos,  ut 
confligerent  atque  omne  agmen  morarentur,  dum  consequeretur 
ipse,  cuius  praeceptis  ut  res  gereretur,  Quintus  Atius  Varus, 
praefectus  equitum,  singularis  et  animi  et  prudentiae  vir,  suos 
hortatur  agmenque  hostium  consecutus  turmas  partim  idoneis 
locis  disponit,  parte  equitum  proelium  committit,  confligit  au- 
dacius  equitatus  hostium  succedentibus  sibi  peditibus ; qui  toto 
agmine  subsistentes  equitibus  suis  contra  nostros  ferunt  auxilium, 
fit  proelium  acri  certamine.  namque  nostri  contemptis  pridie 
superatis  hostibus,  cum  subsequi  legiones  meminissent,  et  pudore 
cedendi  et  cupiditate  per  se  conficiendi  proelii  fortissime  contra 
pedites  proeliantur,  hostesque  nihil  amplius  copiarum  accessurum 
credentes,  ut  pridie  cognoverant,  delendi  equitatus  nostri  nacti 
occasionem  videbantur. 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


20 


306 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


29.  Cum  aliquamdiu  summa  contentione  dimicaretur,  Dumna- 
cus  instruit  aciem,  quae  suis  esset  equitibus  in  vicem  praesidio  : 
cum  repente  confertae  legiones  in  conspectum  hostium  veniunt, 
quibus  visis  perculsae  barbarorum  turmae  ac  perterritae  acies 
5 hostium  perturbato  impedimentorum  agmine  magno  clamore 
discursuque  passim  fugae  se  mandant,  at  nostri  equites,  qui 
paulo  ante  cum  resistentibus  fortissime  conflixerant,  laetitia  vic- 
toriae elati  magno  undique  clamore  sublato  cedentibus  circum- 
fusi, quantum  equorum  vires  ad  persequendum  dextraeque  ad 
io  caedendum  valent,  tantum  eo  proelio  interficiunt,  itaque  amplius 
milibus  XII  aut  armatorum  aut  eorum,  qui  eo  timore  arma  pro- 
iecerant,  interfectis  omnis  multitudo  capitur  impedimentorum. 


Fabius  subdues  the  Carnutes.  Caninius  besieges  Uxellodunum. 

30.  Qua  ex  fuga  cum  constaret  Drappetem  Senonem,  qui,  ut 
primum  defecerat  Gallia,  collectis  undique  perditis  hominibus, 

15  servis  ad  libertatem  vocatis,  exulibus  omnium  civitatum  ascitis, 
receptis  latronibus  impedimenta  et  commeatus  Romanorum  inter- 
ceperat, non  amplius  hominum  milibus  ex  fuga  quinque  collectis 
provinciam  petere  unaque  consilium  cum  eo  Lucterium  Cadurcum 
cepisse,  quem  superiore  commentario  prima  defectione  Galliae 
20  facere  in  provinciam  voluisse  impetum  cognitum  est,  Caninius 
legatus  cum  legionibus  duabus  ad  eos  persequendos  contendit, 
ne  detrimento  aut  timore  provinciae  magna  infamia  perditorum 
hominum  latrociniis  caperetur. 

31.  Gains  Fabius  cum  reliquo  exercitu  in  Carnutes  ceterasque 
25  proficiscitur  civitates,  quarum  eo  proelio,  quod  cum  Dumnaco 

fecerat,  copias  esse  accisas  sciebat,  non  enim  dubitabat,  quin 
recenti  calamitate  summissiores  essent  futurae,  dato  vero  spatio 
ac  tempore  eodem  instigante  Dumnaco  possent  concitari,  qua  in 
re  summa  felicitas  celeritasque  in  recipiendis  civitatibus  Fabium 


COMM.  VIII.  31-33. 


307 


consequitur,  nam  Carnutes,  qui  saepe  vexati  uumquam  pacis 
fecerant  mentionem,  datis  obsidibus  veniunt  in  deditionem, 
ceteraeque  civitates  positae  in  ultimis  Galliae  finibus,  Oceano 
coniunctae,  quae  Aremoricae  appellantur,  auctoritate  adductae 
Carnutum  adventu  Fabii  legionumque  imperata  sine  mora  fa- 
ciunt. Dumnacus  suis  finibus  expulsus  errans  latitansque  solus 
extremas  Galliae  regiones  petere  est  coactus. 

32.  At  Drappes  unaque  Lucterius,  cum  legiones  Caniniumque 
adesse  cognoscerent  nec  se  sine  certa  pernicie  persequente  exer- 
citu putarent  provinciae  fines  intrare  posse  nec  iam  libere  vagandi 


UXELLODUNUM  AD  OCCIDENTEM  SPECTANS. 


latrociniorumque  faciendorum  facultatem  haberent,  in  finibus 
consistunt  Cadurcorum.  ibi  cum  Lucterius  apud  suos  cives 
quondam  integris  rebus  multum  potuisset,  semperque  auctor 
novorum  consiliorum  magnam  apud  barbaros  auctoritatem  habe- 
ret, oppidum  Uxellodunum,  quod  in  clientela  fuerat  eius,  egregie 
natura  loci  munitum,  occupat  suis  et  Drappetis  copiis  oppida- 
nosque sibi  coniungit. 

33.  Quo  cum  confestim  Gains  Caninius  venisset  animadver- 
teretque  omnes  oppidi  partes  praeruptissimis  saxis  esse  munitas, 
quo  defendente  nullo  tamen  armatis  ascendere  esset  difficile, 
magna  autem  impedimenta  oppidanorum  videret,  quae  si  clan- 
destina fuga  subtrahere  conarentur,  effugere  non  modo  equitatum, 
sed  ne  legiones  quidem  possent,  tripartito  cohortibus  divisis  trina 


5 

10 

15 

20 


308 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


excelsissimo  loco  castra  fecit ; a quibus  paulatim,  quantum  copiae 
patiebantur,  vallum  in  oppidi  circuitum  ducere  instituit. 

34.  Qu  od  cum  animadverterent  oppidani  miserrimaque  Alesiae 
memoria  solliciti  similem  casum  obsessionis  vererentur,  inaxime- 

5 que  ex  omnibus  Lucterius,  qui  fortunae  illius  periculum  fecerat, 
moneret  frumenti  rationem  esse  habendam,  constituunt  omnium 
consensu  parte  ibi  relicta  copiarum  ipsi  cum  expeditis  ad  impor- 
tandum frumentum  proficisci,  eo  consilio  probato  proxima  nocte 
duobus  milibus  armatorum  relictis  reliquos  ex  oppido  Drappes 
io  et  Lucterius  educunt,  hi  paucos  dies  morati  ex  finibus  Cadur- 
corum, qui  partim  re  frumentaria  sublevare  eos  cupiebant,  partim 
prohibere,  quo  minus  sumerent,  non  poterant,  magnum  nume- 
rum frumenti  comparant,  nonnumquam  autem  expeditionibus 
nocturnis  castella  nostrorum  adoriuntur,  quam  ob  causam  Gaius 
15  Caninius  toto  oppido  munitiones  circumdare  moratur,  ne  aut 
opus  effectum  tueri  non  possit  aut  plurimis  in  locis  infirma 
disponat  praesidia. 

35.  Magna  copia  frumenti  comparata  considunt  Drappes  et 
Lucterius  non  longius  ab  oppido  X milibus,  unde  paulatim  fru- 

20  mentum  in  oppidum  supportarent,  ipsi  inter  se  provincias  par- 
tiuntur : Drappes  castris  praesidio  cum  parte  copiarum  restitit ; 
Lucterius  agmen  i umento  rum  ad  oppidum  ducit,  dispositis  ibi 
praesidiis  hora  noctis  circiter  decima  silvestribus  angustisque 
itineribus  frumentum  importare  in  oppidum  instituit,  quorum 
25  strepitum  vigiles  castrorum  cum  sensissent,  exploratoresque  missi, 
quae  gererentur,  renuntiassent,  Caninius  celeriter  cum  cohortibus 
armatis  ex  proximis  castellis  in  frumentarios  sub  ipsam  lucem 
impetum  fecit,  ii  repentino  malo  perterriti  diffugiunt  ad  sua 
praesidia ; quae  nostri  ut  viderunt,  acrius  contra  armatos  incitati 
30  neminem  ex  eo  numero  vivum  capi  patiuntur,  profugit  inde 
cum  paucis  Lucterius  nec  se  recipit  in  castra. 


COMM.  VIII.  36-38. 


309 


Drappes  is  taken  prisoner. 

36.  Re  bene  gesta  Caninius  ex  captivis  comperit  partem  copia- 
rum cum  Drappete  esse  in  castris  a milibus  longe  non  amplius 
XII.  qua  re  ex  compluribus  cognita,  cum  intellegeret  fugato 
duce  altero  perterritos  reliquos  facile  opprimi  posse,  magnae 
felicitatis  esse  arbitrabatur  neminem  ex  caede  refugisse  in  castra, 
qui  de  accepta  calamitate  nuntium  Drappeti  perferret,  sed  in 
experiuudo  cum  periculum  nullum  videret,  equitatum  omnem 
Germanosque  pedites,  summae  velocitatis  homines,  ad  castra  hos- 
tium praemittit ; ipse  legionem  unam  in  trina  castra  distribuit, 
alteram  secum  expeditam  ducit,  cum  propius  hostis  accessisset, 
ab  exploratoribus,  quos  praemiserat,  cognoscit  castra  eorum,  ut 
barbarorum  fere  consuetudo  est,  relictis  locis  superioribus  ad 
ripas  fluminis  esse  demissa;  at  Germanos  equitesque  impruden- 
tibus omnibus  de  improviso  advolasse  proeliumque  commisisse, 
qua  re  cognita  legionem  armatam  instructamque  adducit,  ita 
repente  omnibus  ex  partibus  signo  dato  loca  superiora  capiun- 
tur. quod  ubi  accidit,  Germani  equitesque  signis  legionis  visis 
vehementissime  proeliantur,  confestim  cohortes  undique  impetum 
faciunt  omuibusque  aut  interfectis  aut  captis  magna  praeda 
potiuntur,  capitur  ipse  eo  proelio  Drappes. 

37.  Caninius  felicissime  re  gesta  sine  ullo  paene  militis  vul- 
nere ad  obsidendos  oppidanos  revertitur  externoque  hoste  deleto, 
cuius  timore  antea  dividere  praesidia  et  munitione  oppidanos 
circumdare  prohibitus  erat,  opera  undique  imperat  administrari, 
venit  eodem  cum  suis  copiis  postero  die  Gaius  Fabius  partemque 
oppidi  sumit  ad  obsidendum. 

Caesar  puts  to  death  Gutruatus. 

38.  Caesar  interim  M.  Antonium  quaestorem  cum  cohortibus 
XV  in  Bellovacis  relinquit,  ne  qua  rursus  novorum  consiliorum 


5 

10 

15 

20 

: 25 


310 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


capiendorum  Belgis  facultas  daretur,  ipse  reliquas  civitates  adit, 
obsides  plures  imperat,  timentes  omnium  animos  consolatione 
sanat,  cum  in  Carnutes  venisset,  quorum  in  civitate  superiore 
commentario  Caesar  exposuit  initium  belli  esse  ortum,  quod 
5 praecipue  eos  propter  conscientiam  facti  timere  animadvertebat, 
quo  celerius  civitatem  timore  liberaret,  principem  sceleris  illius 
et  concitatorem  belli,  Gutruatum,  ad  supplicium  depoposcit,  qui 
etsi  ne  civibus  quidem  suis  se  committebat,  tamen  celeriter  om- 
nium cura  quaesitus  in  castra  perducitur,  cogitur  in  eius  sup- 
10  plicium  Caesar  contra  suam  naturam  concursu  maximo  militum, 
qui  omnia  pericula  et  detrimenta  belli  Gutruato  accepta  referebant, 
adeo  ut  verberibus  exanimatum  corpus  securi  feriretur. 


Uxellodunum.  The  capture  of  the  town. 

39.  Ibi  crebris  litteris  Caninii  fit  certior,  quae  de  Drappete  et 
Lucterio  gesta  essent,  quoque  in  consilio  permanerent  oppidani. 

15  quorum  etsi  paucitatem  contemnebat,  tamen  pertinaciam  magna 
poena  esse  afficiendam  indicabat,  ne  universa  Gallia  non  sibi  vires 
defuisse  ad  resistendum  Bomanis,  sed  constantiam  putaret,  neve 
hoc  exemplo  ceterae  civitates  locorum  opportunitate  fretae  se  vin- 
dicarent in  libertatem,  cum  omnibus  Gallis  notum  esse  sciret 

20  reliquam  esse  unam  aestatem  suae  provinciae,  quam  si  sustinere 
potuissent,  nullum  ultra  periculum  vererentur,  itaque  Q.  Cale- 
num legatum  cum  legionibus  reliquit,  qui  iustis  itineribus  subse- 
queretur ; ipse  cum  omni  equitatu  quam  potest  celerrime  ad 
Caninium  contendit. 

25  40.  Cum  contra  exspectationem  omnium  Caesar  Uxellodunum 

venisset  oppidumque  operibus  clausum  animadverteret  neque  ab 
oppugatione  recedi  videret  ulla  condicione  posse,  magna  autem 
copia  frumenti  abundare  oppidanos  ex  perfugis  cognosset,  aqua 
prohibere  hostem  temptare  coepit.  flumen  infimam  vallem 


COMM.  VIII.  40-41. 


311 


dividebat,  quae  totum  paene  montem  cingebat,  in  quo  positum 
erat  praeruptum  undique  oppidum  Ux- 
ellodunum. hoc  avertere  loci  natura 
prohibebat : in  infimis  enim  sic  radici- 
bus montis  ferebatur,  ut  nullam  in  5 
partem  depressis  fossis  derivari  pos- 
set. erat  autem  oppidanis  difficilis  et 
praeruptus  eo  descensus,  ut  prohiben- 
tibus nostris  sine  vulneribus  ac  peri- 
culo vitae  neque  adire  flumen  neque  io 
arduo  se  recipere  possent  ascensu,  qua 
difficultate  eorum  cognita  Caesar  sagit- 
tariis funditoribusque  dispositis,  tormentis 
etiam  quibusdam  locis  contra  facillimos 
descensus  collocatis  aqua  fluminis  prohibebat  oppidanos.  • 15 

41.  Quorum  omnis  postea  multitudo  aquatorum  unum  in 
locum  conveniebat  sub  ipsius  oppidi  murum,  ubi  magnus 

fons  aquae  prorumpe- 
bat ab  ea  parte,  quae 
fere  pedum  CCC  in-  20 
tervallo  fluminis  cir- 
cuitu vacabat,  hoc  fonte 
prohiberi  posse  oppida- 
nos cum  optarent  reliqui, 
Caesar  unus  videret,  e 25 
regione  eius  vineas  agere  adversus  montem  et  aggerem  instruere 
coepit  magno  cum  labore  et  continua  dimicatione,  oppidani  enim 
loco  superiore  decurrunt  et  eminus  sine  periculo  proeliantur  mul- 
tosque  pertinaciter  succedentes  vulnerant ; non  deterrentur  tamen 
milites  nostri  vineas  proferre  et  labore  atque  operibus  locorum  30 
vincere  difficultates,  eodem  tempore  cuniculos  tectos  ab  vineis 
agunt  ad  caput  fontis ; quod  genus  operis  sine  ullo  periculo. 


312 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


sine  suspicione  hostium  facere  licebat,  exstruitur  agger  in  alti- 
tudinem pedum  sexaginfa,  collocatur  in  eo  turris  decem  tabula- 
torum, non  quidem  quae  moenibus  aequaret  (id  enim  nullis 
operibus  effici  poterat),  sed  quae  superare  fontis  fastigium  posset. 

5 ex  ea  cum  tela  tormentis  iacerentur  ad  fontis  aditum,  nec  sine 
periculo  possent  aquari  oppidani,  non  tantum  pecora  atque 
iumenta,  sed  etiam  magna  hostium  multitudo  siti  consumebatur. 

42.  Quo  malo  perterriti  oppidani  cupas  sevo,  pice,  scandulis 
complent ; eas  ardentes  in  opera  provolvunt  eodemque  tempore 

io  acerrime  proeliantur,  ut  ab  incendio  restinguendo  dimicationis 
periculo  deterreant  Romanos,  magna  repente  in  ipsis  operibus 
flamma  exstitit,  quaecumque  enim  per  locum  praecipitem  missa 
erant,  ea  vineis  et  aggere  suppressa  comprehendebant  id  ipsum, 
quod  morabatur.  milites  contra  nostri,  quamquam  periculoso 
15  genere  proelii  locoque  iniquo  premebantur,  tamen  omnia  fortis- 
simo sustinebant  animo,  res  enim  gerebatur  et  excelso  loco  et 
in  conspectu  exercitus  nostri,  magn  usque  utrimque  clamor 
oriebatur.  ita  quisque,  ut  erat  maxime  insignis,  quo  notior 
testatiorque  virtus  esset  eius,  telis  hostium  flammaeque  se 
20  offerebat. 

43.  Caesar  cum  complures  suos  vulnerari  videret,  ex  omnibus 
oppidi  partibus  cohortes  montem  ascendere  et  simulatione  moe- 
nium occupandorum  clamorem  undique  iubet  tollere,  quo  facto 
perterriti  oppidani,  cum,  quid  ageretur  in  locis  reliquis,  essent 

25  suspensi,  revocant  ab  impugnandis  operibus  armatos  in  muris- 
que disponunt.  ita  nostri  fine  proelii  facto  celeriter  opera 
flamma  comprehensa  partim  restinguunt,  partim  interscindunt, 
cum  pertinaciter  resisterent  oppidani,  magna  etiam  parte  amissa 
siti  suorum  in  sententia  permanerent,  ad  postremum  cuniculis 
,30  venae  fontis  intercisae  sunt  atque  aversae,  quo  facto  repente 
perennis  exaruit  fons  tantamque  attulit  oppidanis  salutis  despe- 


COMM.  VIII.  43-46. 


313 


rationem,  ut  id  non  hominum  consilio,  sed  deorum  voluntate 
factum  putarent,  itaque  se  necessitate  coacti  tradiderunt. 

44.  Caesar,  cum  suam  lenitatem  cognitam  omnibus  sciret 
n?que  vereretur,  ne  quid  crudelitate  naturae  videretur  asperius 
fecisse,  neque  exitum  consiliorum  suorum  animadverteret,  si  tali  5 
ratione  diversis  iu  locis  plures  consilia  inissent,  exemplo  supplicii 
deterrendos  reliquos  existimavit,  itaque  omnibus,  qui  arma  tule- 
rant, manus  praecidit  vitamque  concessit,  quo  testatior  esset 
poena  improborum.  Drappes,  quem  captum  esse  a Caninio  docui, 
sive  indignitate  et  dolore  vinculorum  sive  timore  gravioris  sup-  io 
plicii  paucis  diebus  cibo  se  abstinuit  atque  ita  interiit,  eodem 
tempore  Lucterius,  quem  profugisse  ex  proelio  scripsi,  cum  in 
potestatem  venisset  Epasnacti  Arverni  (crebro  enim  mutandis 
locis  multorum  fidei  se  committebat,  quod  nusquam  diutius  sine 
periculo  commoraturus  videbatur,  cum  sibi  conscius  esset,  quam  15 
inimicum  deberet  Caesarem  habere),  hunc  Epasnactus  Arvernus, 
amicissimus  populi  Eomani,  sine  dubitatione  ulla  vinctum  ad 
Caesarem  deduxit. 

The  Treveri  subdued  by  Labienus.  Commius  surrenders  to 
M.  Antonius. 

45.  Labienus  interim  in  Treveris  equestre  proelium  facit  secun- 
dum compluribusque  Treveris  interfectis  et  Germanis,  qui  nullis  20 
adversus  Komanos  auxilia  denegabant,  principes  eorum  vivos 
redigit  in  suam  potestatem  atque  in  his  Surum  Haeduum,  qui  et 
virtutis  et  generis  summam  nobilitatem  habebat  solusque  ex 
Haeduis  ad  id  tempus  permanserat  in  armis. 

46.  Ea  re  cognita  Caesar,  cum  in  omnibus  partibus  Galliae  25 
bene  res  geri  videret  iudicaretque  superioribus  aestivis  Galliam 
devictam  subactamque  esse,  Aquitaniam  numquam  adisset,  per 
Publium  Crassum  quadam  ex  parte  devicisset,  cum  duabus 


314 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


legionibus  in  eam  partem  Galliae  est  profectus,  ut  ibi  extremum 
tempus  consumeret  aestivorum,  quam  rem  sicuti  cetera  celeriter 
feliciterque  confecit,  namque  omnes  Aquitaniae  civitates  legatos 
ad  Caesarem  miserunt  obsidesque  ei  dederunt.  quibus  rebus 
5 gestis  ipse  equitum  praesidio  Narbonem  profectus  est,  exercitum 
per  legatos  in  hiberna  deduxit : quattuor  legiones  in  Belgio 
collocavit  cum  M.  Antonio  et  C.  Trebonio  et  P.  Vatinio  legatis, 
duas  legiones  in  Haeduos  deduxit,  quorum  in  omni  Gallia  sum- 
mam esse  auctoritatem  sciebat,  duas  in  Turonis  ad  fines  Car- 
lo nutnm  posuit,  quae  omnem  illam  regionem  coniunctam  Oceano 
continerent,  duas  reliquas  in  Lemovicum  finibus  non  longe  ab 
Arvernis,  ne  qua  pars  Galliae  vacua  ab  exercitu  esset,  paucos 
dies  ipse  in  provincia  moratus,  cum  celeriter  omnes  conventus 
percucurrisset,  publicas  controversias  cognosset,  bene  meritis  prae- 
is mia  tribuisset  (cognoscendi  enim  maximam  facultatem  habebat, 
quali  quisque  fuisset  animo  in  totius  Galliae  defectione,  quam 
sustinuerat  fidelitate  atque  auxiliis  provinciae  illius),  his  con- 
fectis rebns  ad  legiones  in  Belgium  se  recipit  hibernatque 
Nemetocennae. 

20  47.  Ibi  cognoscit  Commium  Atrebatem  proelio  cum  equitatu 

suo  contendisse,  nam  cum  Antonius  in  hiberna  venisset,  civi- 
tasque Atrebatum  in  officio  esset,  Commius,  qui  post  illam 
vulnerationem,  quam  supra  commemoravi,  semper  ad  omnes 
motus  paratus  suis  civibus  esse  consuesset,  ne  consilia  belli  quae- 
25  rentibus  auctor  armorum  duxque  deesset,  parente  Romanis  civitate 
cum  suis  equitibus  latrociniis  se  suosque  alebat  infestisque  itine- 
ribus commeatus  complures,  qui  comportabantur  in  hiberna 
Romanorum,  intercipiebat. 

48.  Erat  attributus  Antonio  praefectus  equitum  C.  Yolusenus 
30  Quadratus,  qui  cum  eo  hibernaret,  hunc  Antonius  ad  perse- 
quendum equitatum  hostium  mittit.  Yolusenus  ad  eam  virtutem, 


COMM.  VII  r.  48. 


315 


quae  singularis  erat  in  eo,  magnum  odium  Commii  adiungebat, 
quo  libentius  id  faceret,  quod  imperabatur,  itaque  dispositis  in- 
sidiis saepius  equites  eius  aggressus  secunda  proelia  faciebat, 
novissime,  cum  vehementius  contenderetur,  ac  Yolusenus  ipsius 
intercipiendi  Commii  cupiditate  pertinacius  eum  cum  paucis  in- 
secutus esset,  ille  autem  fuga  vehementi  Yolusenum  produxisset 
longius,  inimicus  homini  suorum  invocat  fidem  atque  auxilium, 
ne  sua  vulnera  per  fidem  imposita  paterentur  impunita,  conver- 
soque  equo  se  a ceteris  incautius  permittit  in  praefectum,  faciunt 
hoc  idem  omnes  eius  equites  paucosque  nostros  convertunt  atque 
insequuntur.  Commius  incensum  calcaribus  equum  coniungit 
equo  Quadrati  lanceaque  infesta  magnis  viribus  medium  femur 
traicit  Yoluseni.  praefecto  vulnerato  non  dubitant  nostri  resistere 
et  conversis  equis  hostem  pellere,  quod  ubi  accidit,  complures 
hostium  magno  nostrorum  impetu  perculsi  vulnerantur  ac  partim 
in  fuga  proteruntur,  partim  intercipiuntur;  quod  malum  dux 
equi  velocitate  evitavit : ac  sic  proelio  secundo  graviter  ab  eo 
vulneratus  praefectus,  ut  vitae  periculum  aditurus  videretur,  refer- 
tur in  castra.  Commius  autem  sive  expiato  suo  dolore  sive 
magna  parte  amissa  suorum  legatos  ad  Antonium  mittit  seque 
et  ibi  futurum,  ubi  praescripserit,  et  ea  facturum,  quae  imperarit, 
obsidibus  firmat ; unum  illud  orat,  ut  timori  suo  concedatur,  ne 
in  conspectum  veniat  cuiusquam  Romani.  cuius  postulationem 
Antonius  cum  indicaret  ab  iusto  nasci  timore,  veniam  petenti 
dedit,  obsides  accepit. 

Preface  of  Hirtius. 

Scio  Caesarem  singulorum  annorum  singulos  commentarios 
confecisse  ; quod  ego  non  existimavi  mihi  esse  faciendum,  prop- 
tera  quod  insequens  annus,  L.  Paulo,  C.  Marcello  consulibus, 
nullas  habet  magnopere  Galliae  res  gestas,  ne  quis  tamen  igno- 
raret, quibus  in  locis  Caesar  exercitusque  eo  tempore  fuissent, 
pauca  esse  scribenda  coniungendaque  huic  commentario  statui. 


5 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 


316 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesar  treats  the  Gauls  with  clemency.  His  honors  in  Italy. 

49.  Caesar  in  Belgio  cum  hiemaret,  unum  illud  propositum 
habebat,  continere  in  amicitia  civitates,  nulli  spem  aut  causam 
dare  armorum,  nihil  enim  minus  volebat,  quam  sub  decessu 
suo  necessitatem  sibi  aliquam  imponi  belli  gerendi,  ne,  cum  exer- 
5 citum  deducturus  esset,  bellum  aliquod  relinqueretur,  quod  omnis 
Gallia  libenter  sine  praesenti  periculo  susciperet.  itaque  hono- 
rifice civitates  appellando,  principes  maximis  praemiis  afficiendo, 
nulla  onera  iniungendo  defessam  tot  adversis  proeliis  Galliam 
condicione  parendi  meliore  facile  in  pace  continuit. 

io  50.  Ip  se  hibernis  peractis  contra  consuetudinem  in  Italiam  quam 
maximis  itineribus  est  profectus,  ut  municipia  et  colonias  appel- 
laret, quibus  M.  Antonii,  quaestoris  sui,  commendaverat  sacerdotii 
petitionem,  contendebat  enim  gratia  cum  libenter  pro  homine 
sibi  coniunctissimo,  quem  paulo  ante  praemiserat  ad  petitionem, 
15  tum  acriter  contra  factionem  et  potentiam  paucorum,  qui  M. 
Antoni  repulsa  Caesaris  decedentis  gratiam  convellere  cupiebant, 
hunc  etsi  augurem  prius  factum,  quam  Italiam  attingeret,  in 
itinere  audierat,  tamen  non  minus  iustam  sibi  causam  municipia 
et  colonias  adeundi  existimavit,  ut  iis  gratias  ageret,  quod  fre- 
20  quentiam  atque  officium  suum  Antonio  praestitissent,  simulque 
se  et  honorem  suum  sequentis  anni  commendaret,  propterea  quod 
insolenter  adversarii  sui  gloriarentur  L.  Lentulum  et  0.  Marcel- 
lum consules  creatos,  qui  omnem  honorem  et  dignitatem  Caesaris 
spoliarent,  ereptum  Ser.  Galbae  consulatum,  cum  is  multo  plus 
25  gratia  suffragiisque  valuisset,  quod  sibi  coniunctus  et  familiaritate 
et  consuetudine  legationis  esset. 

51.  Exceptus  est  Caesaris  adventus  ab  omnibus  municipiis  et 
coloniis  incredibili  honore  atque  amore,  tum  primum  enim  venie- 
bat ab  illo  universae  Galliae  bello,  nihil  relinquebatur,  quod  ad 


comm.  yin.  5i-52. 


317 


ornatu  in  portarum,  itinerum,  locorum  omnium,  qua  Caesar  iturus 
erat,  excogitari  poterat,  cum  liberis  omnis  multitudo  obviam 
procedebat,  hostiae  omnibus  locis  immolabantur,  tricliniis  stratis 
fora  templaque  occupabantur,  ut  vel  spectatissimi  triumphi 
laetitia  praecipi  posset,  tanta  erat  magnificentia  apud  opulen- 
tiores, cupiditas  apud  humiliores. 

Labienus  is  made  Governor  of  Gaul. 

52.  Cum  omnes  regiones  Galliae  togatae  Caesar  percucurrisset, 
summa  celeritate  ad  exercitum  Nemectocennam  rediit  legioni- 
busque ex  omnibus  hibernis  ad  fines  Treverorum  evocatis  eo 
profectus  est  ibique  exercitum  lustravit.  T.  Labienum  Galliae 
togatae  praefecit,  quo  maiore  commendatione  conciliaretur  ad 
consulatus  petitionem,  ipse  tantum  itinerum  faciebat,  quantum 
satis  esse  ad  mutationem  locorum  propter  salubritatem  existima- 
bat, ibi  quamquam  crebro  audiebat  Labienum  ab  inimicis  suis 
sollicitari  certiorque  fiebat  id  agi  paucorum  consiliis,  ut  inter- 
posita senatus  auctoritate  aliqua  parte  exercitus  spoliaretur,  tamen 
neque  de  Labieno  credidit  quicquam  neque,  contra  senatus  auc- 
toritatem ut  aliquid  faceret,  potuit  adduci.  indicabat  enim 
liberis  sententiis  patrum  conscriptorum  causam  suam  facile  obti- 
neri. nam  0.  Curio,  tribunus  plebis,  cum  Caesaris  causam  dig- 
nitatemque defendendam  suscepisset,  saepe  erat  senatui  pollicitus, 
si  quem  timor  armorum  Caesaris  laederet,  quoniam  Pompei 
dominatio  atque  arma  non  minimum  terrorem  foro  inferrent, 
discederet  uterque  ab  armis  exercitusque  dimitteret  : fore  eo 
facto  liberam  et  sui  iuris  civitatem,  neque  hoc  tantum  pollici- 
tus est,  sed  etiam  per  se  discessionem  facere  coepit ; quod  ne 
fieret,  consules  amicique  Pompei  iusserunt,  at  reliqui  tamen 
omnes  eo  discesserunt. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


318 


DE  BELLO  GALLICO 


Caesar  suspects  the  design  of  his  enemies.  The  beginnings  of 
the  civil  war. 

53.  Magnum  hoc  testimonium  senatus  erat  universi  conve- 
niensque  superiori  facto.  nam  Marcellus  proximo  anno,  cum 
impugnaret  Caesaris  dignitatem,  contra  legem  Pompei  et  Crassi 
retulerat  ante  tempus  ad  senatum  de  Caesaris  provinciis,  senten- 
5 tiisque  dictis  discessionem  faciente  Marcello,  qui  sibi  omnem 
dignitatem  ex  Caesaris  invidia  quaerebat,  senatus  frequens  in  alia 
omnia  transiit.  quibus  non  frangebantur  animi  inimicorum 
Caesaris,  sed  admonebantur,  quo  maiores  pararent  necessitates, 
quibus  cogi  posset  senatus  id  probare,  quod  ipsi  constituissent. 

io  54.  Fit  deinde  senatusconsultum,  ut  ad  bellum  Parthicum  legio 
una  a Cn.  Pompeio,  altera  a C.  Caesare  mitteretur  ; neque 
obscure  duae  legiones  uni  detrahuntur.  nam  Cn.  Pompeius 
legionem  primam,  quam  ad  Caesarem  miserat,  confectam  ex 
delectu  provinciae  Caesaris,  eam  tamquam  ex  suo  numero  dedit. 
15  Caesar  tamen,  cum  de  voluntate  minime  dubium  esset  adversa- 
riorum suorum,  Pompeio  legionem  remisit  et  suo  nomine  quin- 
tam decimam,  quam  in  Gallia  citeriore  habuerat,  ex  senatusconsulto 
iubet  tradi,  in  eius  locum  tertiam  decimam  legionem  in  Italiam 
mittit,  quae  praesidia  tueretur,  ex  quibus  praesidiis  quinta  decima 
20  deducebatur.  ipse  exercitui  distribuit  hiberna  : C.  Trebonium 
cum  legionibus  quattuor  in  Belgio  collocat,  C.  Fabium  cum 
totidem  in  Haeduos  deducit.  sic  enim  existimabat  tutissimam 
fore  Galliam,  si  Belgae,  quorum  maxima  virtus,  Haedui,  quorum 
auctoritas  summa  esset,  exercitibus  continerentur,  ipse  in  Italiam 
25  profectus  est. 

55.  Quo  cum  venisset,  cognoscit  per  C.  Marcellum  consulem 
legiones  duas  ab  se  remissas,  quae  ex  senatusconsulto  deberent 


COMM.  VIII.  55. 


319 


ad  Parthicum  bellum  duci,  Cn.  Pompeio  traditas  atque  in  Italia 
retentas  esse,  hoc  facto  quamquam  nulli  erat  dubium,  quidnam 
coutra  Caesarem  pararetur,  tameu  Caesar  omnia  patienda  esse 
statuit,  quoad  sibi  spes  aliqua  relinqueretur  iure  potius  disceptandi 
quam  belli  gerundi.  contendit  ...  5 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


CAESAR. 

Trollope;  the  Commentaries  of  Caesar.  Phil.,  1880. 

Mommsen,  History  of  Rome,  Vol.  IV 
Duruy;  History  of  Rome,  Vol.  III. 

Merivale ; Roman  Empire,  Vols.  I.,  II. 

Arnold  ; Later  Roman  Commonwealth. 

Cruttwell ; Roman  Literature. 

Napoleon  III. ; Histoire  de  Jules  Ce'sar. 

Shakspeare  ; Julius  Caesar 

Macmillan’s  Magazine  (F.  I).  Maurice);  Vol.  12,  p.  23. 

Blackwood’s  Magazine  (T.  l)e  Quincey) ; Vol.  32,  p.  531. 

Fraser’s  Magazine;  Vol.  76,  p.  1 

Character  of  Caesar.  Dublin  Review;  Vol.  80,  p.  127. 

Fall  of  Caesar.  American  Monthly  Magazine;  Vol.  4,  p.  347. 

Caesar  and  Cicero.  Dublin  University  Magazine;  Vol.  94,  p 202. 

A Sketch  of  Caesar  (.1.  A.  Fronde).  Edinburgh  Review;  Vol.  150,  p.  498. 
Fronde  on  Caesar  (IV.  F.  Allen).  Nation;  Vol.  29,  p.  161. 

Caesar  in  Gaul.  Westminster  Review ; Vol.  77,  p.  399. 

Lauding  in  Britain  Archaeologia ; Vol.  34,  p.  230. 

Passage  over  the  Thames  (S.  Gale)  Archaeologia;  Vol.  1,  p 183. 

Recent  Histories  of  Caesar  (G.  F Holmes). 

Warfare  and  Writings  of  Caesar.  Atlantic  Monthly;  Vol.  44,  p.  273. 

THE  GALLIC  WAR. 

Kraner.  Berlin.  Nipperdey.  Leipzig. 

Doberenz.  Leipzig.  Reinhard ; with  plans.  Stuttgart. 

Holder.  Tubingen.  Long.  London. 

Meusel;  Lexicon  Caesarianum.  Completed  as  far  as  hostis. 

Goler ; Caesars  gallischer  Krieg,  2 Aufl  . 2 Bde.  Tubingen. 

Kerviler;  Caesar  et  les  Venetes  ; Questions  controversies  de  l’histoire.  Par 
Socie'te  bibliographiqne,  p.  21. 

Maissiat;  Jules  Cesar  en  Gaule.  Paris,  Didot,  p 377. 

Braumann  ; die  Principes  d.  Gallier  u.  Germanen.  Berlin  (Weber). 
Ranchenstien  ; der  Feldzug  Ciisars  gegen  die  Helvetier. 

Zeus ; Grammatica  Celtica.  Leipzig. 

Wagler;  Hilfsbiichlein  zu  Caesars  Bellum  Gallicum.  Berlin. 

Riistow  ; Ileerwesen  und  Kriegfiihrung  Caesars.  Nordhauseu 


I D I 0 M S. 


PREPOSITIONAL 


a dextro  cornu,  on  the  right  wing. 
a fronte,  in  front. 
a pueris,  from  boyhood. 
a sinistro  cornu,  on  the  left  wing. 
ab  armis  discedere,  to  lay  down  the 
arms. 

ab  signis  discedere,  to  leave  the  ranis. 
ab  officio  discedere,  to  fail  in  one’s  duty 
ab  cohortatione,  after  exhorting. 
ab  eis  defendere,  to  defend  against 
them. 

ab  milibu»  passuum  octo,  eight  miles  off. 
ab  re  frumentaria  laborare,  to  suffer 
in  respect  to  provisions. 
ad  equum  rescribere,  to  enroll  in  the 
cavalry. 

ad  Caesarem  deferre,  to  lay  before 
Caesar. 

ad  extremum,  at  last. 
ad  hunc  modum,  in  this  way. 
ad  milia  decim,  about  ten  thousand. 
ad  speciem,  for  show. 
ad  unum,  to  a man. 
ad  urbem,  near  the  city. 
ad  urbem  pervenit,  he  arrived  at  the 
city. 

ad  Alpes  pertinent,  extend  as  far  as 
the  Alps. 

apud  Caesarem,  in  the  presence  of 
Caesar. 

de  ea  causa,  for  this  reason. 
de  improviso,  suddenly. 

9 


ex  aqua  mensurae,  measures  by  the 
ivater-clocks . 

ex  itinere,  on  the  march. 
ex  navi  egredi,  to  disembark. 
ex  usu  Galliae,  of  advantage  to  Gaul. 
ex  vestigio,  on  the  spot. 
e vinculis,  in  chains. 
soror  ex  matre,  sister  on  the  mother’s 
side. 

unus  e filiis,  one  of  the  sons. 
in  Caesaris  fidem  venire,  to  put  one’s 
self  under  the  protection  of  Caesar 
in  dies,  daily. 

in  flumine  pontem  facere,  to  build  a 
bridge  across  the  river. 
in  fugam  dare,  to  put  to  flight. 
in  itinere,  on  the  march 
in  perpetuum,  forever. 
in  praesentia,  for  the  present. 
in  reliquum  tempus,  for  the  future. 
in  vicem,  in  turn. 
habere  in  animo,  to  intend. 
inter  se  cohortati,  exhorting  one  an- 
other 

inter  se  dare,  to  exchange. 
inter  se  differunt,  they  differ  from  one 
another. 

pro  beneficiis,  in  return  for  favors 
pro  multitudine,  in  proportion  to  the 
large  body. 

pro  perfuga,  as  a deserter. 

sub  corona  vendere,  to  sell  as  slaves. 


322 


IDIOMS. 


ADJECTIVAL. 


ad  extremum,  at  last. 
adverso  colle,  up  the  hill. 
adverso  flumine,  up-stream. 
aequo  animo,  with  contented  mind. 
alienum  aes,  debt. 

alienum  tempus,  an  unfavorable  time. 
alii  aliam  in  partem,  some  in  one  direc- 
tion, others  in  another 
aversi  ab  hosti  circumventi,  surround 
ed  bp  the  enemy  on  the  rear. 
certiorem  eum  facere,  to  inform  him. 
certior  fieri,  to  be  informed. 
de  improviso,  suddenly. 


extremo  oppido,  at  the  end  of  the  town. 
in  arido,  on  dry  land. 
in  perpetuum,  forever. 
loco  suo,  in  a favorable  place. 
medio  in  colie,  on  the  middle  of  the  hill 
multa  lingua  Gallica  uti,  to  speak  the 
Gallic  lanyuaye  fluently. 
multa  nocte,  late  at  night. 
multo  die,  late  in  the  day. 
primo  vere,  at  the  beginning  of  spring. 
quisque  nobilissimus,  all  the  nobles. 
rari  pugnabant,  here  and  there  men 
were  fighting. 


ADVERBIAL. 


alias  — alias,  at  one  time  — at  another. 
contra  atque,  different  than. 
cum  prunum,  as  soon  as. 
graviter  ferre,  to  be  annoyed. 


largiter  posse,  to  have  great  influence. 
multum  valere,  to  have  great  power. 
quam  maximus,  the  greatest  possible. 
quam  primum,  as  soon  as. 


PARTICIPIAL. 

ante  exactam  hiemem,  before  the  win-  \ confectus  vulneribus,  weakened  by 
ter  had  passed.  I sol  oriens,  the  East.  \wounds. 

VERBAL. 


accedit  ut,  moreover. 
afficere  supplicio,  to  punish. 
affici  beneficio,  to  receive  favors. 
agere  gratias,  to  thank. 
capere  consilium,  to  form  a plan. 
capere  portum,  to  reach  a harbor. 
castra  movere,  to  break  camp. 
castra  ponere,  to  pitch  camp. 
causam  dicere,  to  plead  a case. 
causam  inferre,  to  allege  a reason. 
collocare  nuptum,  to  give  in  marriage. 
consciscere  sibi  mortem,  to  commit 
suicide. 

consilium  inire,  to  form  a plan. 
convertere  signa,  to  face  about. 


dare  manus,  to  yield. 
dare  operam,  to  take  pains. 
defendere  bellum,  to  ward  off  war. 
ducere  bellum,  to  prolong  a war. 
ducere  uxorem,  to  marry. 
facere  iter,  to  march. 
ferre  signa,  to  advance. 
gerere  bellum,  to  wage  war. 
gratiam  habere,  to  be  grateful. 
gratias  referre,  to  requite. 
habere  eodem  loco,  to  consider  in  the 
same  light. 

habere  id  compertum,  to  have  learned. 
habere  sibi  persuasum,  to  be  per- 
suaded. 


IDIOMS. 


823 


inferre  bellum,  to  make  war 
inferre  signa  conversa,  to  face  about 
and  charge. 

laxare  manipulos,  to  open  the  ranks. 
memoriam  deponere,  to  forget. 
naves  armare,  to  ft  out  ships. 
naves  deducere,  to  launch  ships. 
naves  solvere,  to  weigh  anchor 
naves  subducere,  to  beach,  to  draw  up 
ships. 


praestare  virtutem,  to  show  courage. 
recusare  mortem,  to  shrink  from  death. 
referre  pedem,  to  retreat. 
repetere  poenas,  to  inflict  punishment. 
sententia  desistere,  to  give  up  a plan. 
sumere  supplicium  de  eo,  to  punish 
him. 

vertere  terga,  to  flee. 
vim  facere,  to  use  violence. 


NOMINAL. 


aliquid  consilii,  some  new  plan. 

Caesare  consule,  in  the  consulship  of 
Caesar. 

celerius  opinione,  sooner  than  any  one 
supposed. 

inita  aestate,  at  the  beginning  of  sum 
mer. 


minus  dubitationis,  less  doubt. 
nihil  reliqui,  nothing  left. 
nihil  vini,  no  wine. 
plus  doloris,  more  pain. 
quantum  boni,  how  much  advantage. 
quid  negotii,  what  business. 
quod  navium,  what  ships. 


NOTES. 


BOOK  I. 


CHAPTER  I. 

omnis,  except  the  Roman  province.  See  Geographical  Index.  Gaul  as  a whole 
is  divided  into  three  parts. 

aliam,  another. 

tertiam,  qui  — appellantur,  (those  inhabit)  the  third,  who  in  their  own  language 
are  called  Celts  : in  ours,  Gauls.  The  full  expression  would  be,  (ii)  qui  appellan- 
tur Celtae  ipsorum  lingua,  Galli  nostra  (lingua,  incolunt)  tertiam  (partem). 

lingua,  institutis,  legibus.  Observe  the  Latin  usage  in  regard  to  the  conjunc- 
tion. The  conjunction  is  either  omitted  entirely,  as  here,  or  connects  each  individual 
word  ; e.  g.  lingua  et  institutis  et  legibus. 

inter  se,  from  one  another ; literally,  among  themselves. 

flumen.  Supply  dividit.  Matrona  et  Sequana  take  the  singular  verb  dividit, 
since  the  two  rivers  make  only  one  boundary. 

cultu,  civilization,  as  shown  by  manner  of  life,  humanitate,  refinement,  i.  e., 
mental  culture. 

minime  saepe  commeant,  very  seldom  penetrate ; literally,  least  often  go 
back  and  forth. 

ad  effeminandos  animos,  toward  the  weakening  of  their  minds. 

qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt.  The  verb  is  here  used  intransitively.  Com- 
pare chap.  5,  Boiosque,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incoluerunt  , also  chap.  5-1,  qui 
proximi  Rhenum  incolunt.  Usually  the  verb  governs  a direct  object  ; e.  g., 
unam  incolunt  above. 

quoque,  also,  always  follows  the  emphatic  word,  because  they  (just  as  the  Bel- 
gians) dwell  near  the  Germans. 

reliquos,  the  rest  of.  Observe  the  Latin  idiom  ; cf.  i 2-1,  in  colie  medio,  on  the 
middle  of  the  hill.  It  was  not  until  a later  period  that  the  adjective,  becoming 
hardened  into  a neuter  substantive,  admitted  of  a partitive  genitive,  e.  g , in 
medio  urbis  (Tac.  An  ).  The  adjectival  construction  is  the  classical  one  , and  the 
student  must  bear  this  in  mind,  especially  in  translating  English  into  Latin. 


326 


NOTES. 


qua  de  causa,  and  for  this  reason.  The  relative  in  both  English  and  Latin  is 
equivalent  to  a conjunction  and  a demonstrative.  The  Romans,  being  fond  of  con- 
necting their  sentences  together  like  the  links  of  a chain,  often  used  a relative  at  the 
beginning  of  a sentence  where  in  English  we  usually  have  the  demonstrative  alone. 

fere  cotidianis  proeliis  cum  Germanis  contendunt,  then  contend  in 
almost  daily  battles  with  the  Germans.  The  ablative  of  accompanimeut  regularly 
takes  the  preposition  cum,  both  in  a friendly  and  in  a hostile  seuse. 

eorum  refers  back  to  hi  omnes,  the  people  being  put  for  the  country,  — one 
•part  of  these,  which  it  has  been  said  the  Gauls  occupy.  What  word  is  translated 
occupy  ? Note  that  this  word  is  not  translated  by  its  English  derivative, 
continetur,  it  is  bounded ; literally,  it  is  held  together. 
ab  Sequanis,  on  the  side  of  the  Sequani  and  Helvetii. 
vergit,  it  tends,  inclines,  or  slopes  toward  the  north. 

ab  extremis  Galliae  finibus,  from  the  extreme  frontier  of  Gaul  (i.  e.  Celtic 
Gaul). 

spectat  inter,  etc.  Translate  by  one  compound  English  word  all  that  follows 
spectat  in  this  sentence. 


CHAPTER  II. 

perfacile  esse,  (saying)  that  it  was  very  easy,  since  they  excelled  all  in  valor,  to 
get  the  power  of  the  whole  of  Gaul.  What  is  the  subject  of  esse  1 

id  hoc  facilius  eis  persuasit,,  he  persuaded  them  the  more  easily  to  this  : lite- 
rally, he  persuaded  this  to  them,  — hoc,  ablative  of  cause,  referring  to  the  clause 
beginning  with  quod. 

loci  natura  Helvetii  continentur,  are  confined  by  the  character  of  the 
country. 

flumine  Rheno,  qui.  The  relative  is  in  agreement  with  Rheno, 
his  rebus  fiebat,  from  these  circumstances  it  happened . The  subject  of  fiebat 
is  the  clause  ut  — possent. 

pro  multitudine,  considering  the  number  of  inhabitants  ; literally,  in  propor- 
tion to.  Cf.  chap.  29,  where  the  estimate  of  the  Helvetians  is  given. 

milia  passuum.  The  passus  was  4 feet  10  inches  ; hence  a thousand  paces  or 
the  Roman  mile  was  4,854  feet.  How  many  feet  less  than  our  mile  1 The  English 
word  “ mile  ” is  derived  from  this  expression,  the  passuum  having  dropped  out. 


CHAPTER  III 

his  rebus  adducti,  induced  by  these  considerations. 

comparare  — confirmare,  infinitives  after  constituerunt,  to  buy  as  great  a 
number  as  possible  of  beasts  of  burden  and  wagons,  to  make  as  extensive  soivings  as 
possible. 


NOTES. 


327 


in  tertium  annum,  etc  , they  Jix  their  departure  by  decree  for  the  third  year 
is  — suscepit,  he  took  on  himself  the  embassy. 
amicos.  Distinguished  honor  given  by  the  Roman  Senate, 
ut  — occuparet.  A secondary  tense,  because  persuadet  is  historical  present, 
perfacile  factu  esse,  he  proves  to  them  that  to  accomplish  their  attempts  was  a 
tery  easy  thing  to  do.  The  student  meets  for  the  first  time  the  so-called  supine. 
This  term  is  a comparatively  recent  one  to  apply  to  this  formation  alone.  In  the 
Latin  grammarians  the  word  included  both  “gerunds”  and  “supines.”  The 
student  should  bear  in  mind  that  the  supine  is  nothing  more  than  a verbal  noun. 
The  work  done  by  this  can  be  done  by  verbal  nouns  of  any  declension.  The  cases 
in  common  use  are  the  accusative  and  ablative,  although  the  dative  appears  rarely  ; 
e.  g.  istaec  lepida  sunt  memoratui  (Plautus,  Bacchides,  1.  60).  Like  other  verbal 
nouns,  it  may  have  an  active. or  passive  notion;  e.  g.  faetu,  to  do  or  be  done.  To 
say  that  the  form  in  u is  passive  only  is  erroneous,  as  shown  from  Varro,  De  Re 
Rustica,  2,  2,  cum  redierunt  ad  stabula  a pastu  , and  Cato,  R.  R.  v,  primus 
cubitu  surgat. 

Galliae  potiri,  to  obtain  possession  of  Gaul.  The  genitive  after  this  verb  is 
best  explained  as  a genitive  depending  on  the  noun  idea  contained  in  potior  ; 
potior  = dominus  sum.  In  the  same  way  $am\evu>  in  Greek  admits  of  the  geni- 
tive construction.  This  genitive  is  called  adnominal  genitive. 


CHAPTER  IV 

ea  res  — enuntiata,  when  this  design  was  disclosed . No  word  in  Latin  admits 
of  such  a variety  of  meanings  as  res.  The  student  must  always  determine  bv  the 
context  the  most  suitable  word  to  employ  in  translating.  By  what  words  has  it 
already  been  translated  in  these  notes  ? Why  is  design  more  appropriate  in  this 
place  than  either  of  the  other  words  would  have  been  ? 

vinculis  causam  elicere,  to  plead  Ins  cause  m chains  ; literally,  out  of  his 
chains.  A Latin  idiom  suggesting  the  direction  from  which  the  action  proceeds. 
Cf.  chap.  43,  ex  equis  ut  colloquerentur. 

damnatum  — cremaretur,  poenam  is  the  subject  of  sequi,  and  Orgetori 
gem,  supplied  from  the  preceding  sentence,  its  object;  the  whole  clause  of  which 
sequi  is  the  verb,  is  the  subject  of  the  impersonal  verb  oportebat  (cf.  fiebat  ut  — 
possent,  chap.  3),  and  the  clause  ut  — cremaretur  is  in  apposition  with  poenam. 
With  what  must  damnatum  agree1  Give  the  exact  literal  translation  of  the  sen- 
tence, following  the  above  suggestions.  Now  express  the  idea  of  this  awkward 
literal  sentence  in  good  English.  The  English  sentence  United,  we  stand  more 
fully  stated  means  If  united  or  if  we  are  united,  we  stand.  Use  this  hint  in  trans- 
lating damnatum  What  idea  is.  then,  often  conveyed  by  a participle  both  in  Enff- 
lish  and  Latin  1 This  was  the  usual  method  of  punishing  traitors  among  the  Gauls 
and  other  barbarous  people's. 


328 


NOTES. 


omnem  suam  familiam,  all  his  vassals,  i.  e , all  employed  in  his  private 
affairs. 

ad  — decem,  ad  with  numerals  denotes  an  approach  to  the  number,  to  the 
number  of;  hence  about.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a preposition  in  this  way,  and 
sometimes  as  an  adverb.  Here  one  cannot  tell,  for  milia  may  he  either  the  accusa- 
tive after  ad,  or  in  apposition  with  familiam.  A good  example,  however,  of  ad 
having  the  noun  independent  is  in  ii  33,  occisis  ad  millibus  quattuor. 

quin  ipse  — consciverit,  that  he  determined  on  death  for  himself.  Observe 
that  ipse  is  in  agreement  with  the  subject. 


CHATTER  V. 

eius  — Orgetorigis.  The  clause  ut  — exeant  is  in  apposition  with  id.  facere, 
cf.  eos  — conari,  chap.  7. 

oppida  sua  omnia.  Plutarch  refers  to  this  incident  (Vit.  Caes.,  c.  18).  The 
oppida  are  strongholds,  while  the  vici  are  groups  of  houses,  vicus  is  the  word 
for  the  street  of  a city,  referring  to  the  rows  of  houses  on  either  side, 
ad  duodecim.  See  chap.  4,  ad  milia. 
numero,  ablative  of  specification 
reliqua  aedificia.  See  chap.  1,  reliquos  Gallos, 
incendunt,  set  fire  to.  comburunt,  burn 

domum  reditionis,  hope  of  a return  home,  domum  is  the  accusative  of  limit 
of  motion  after  the  verbal  noun  reditionis.  These  nouns  in  tio  in  early  Latin 
governed  a direct  object  through  the  influence  of  the  verbal  notion  ; e.g.  quid  tibi 
hunc  receptio  ad  test  meum  virum  ? (PI.  Asia.  919) ; manus  (probably  accusative) 
infectio  esto.  ( Laws  of  Twelve  Tables,  III.)  The  “gerund”  and  “supine”  are 
simple  verbal  nouns.  There  is  no  difference  between  reditionis  spe  and  re- 
deundi spe. 

vicisque  exustis.  The  Latin  language  was  deficient  in  a perfect  active  parti- 
ciple. The  means  employed  to  compensate  for  this  part  of  the  verb  are  : ( 1 ) The 

perfect  participle  of  a deponent  verb ; e g.  eodem  usi  concilio.  (2)  The  ablative 
absolute,  as  here  (3)  A temporal  clause 

Boios.  This  tribe  gave  its  name  to  the  modern  Bohemia  and  Bavaria.  See 
Geographical  Index  Of  what  is  this  word  the  object,  and  what  words  limit  it  i 


CHAPTER  YI. 

omnino,  in  all  quibus  itineribus,  bi/  which  ways.  The  antecedent  is  re- 
peated for  the  sake  of  clearness.  What  part  of  speech  is  quibus  7 
unum  and  alterum  are  in  partitive  apposition  with  itinera. 

singuli  carri,  wagons  one  by  one,  in  single  file. 


NOTES. 


329 


ducerentur.  Relative  clause  of  characteristic,  the  relative  adverb  qua  being 
equivalent  to  the  conjunction  ut  and  the  demonstrative  adverb  ibi ; cf.  note  on 
qua  de  causa,  chap.  1. 

transitur  — transiri  potest,  it  can  be  crossed  by  means  of  a ford. 

Allobrogum.  They  had  been  subdued  by  C.  Pomptinus,  61  b.  c.  See 
Geographical  Index. 

Allobrogibus  — viderentur,  vel  — paterentur.  Indirect  discourse  after 
existimabant.  Observe  the  omission  of  the  object  after  coacturos.  Cf.  vii.  81, 
dat  tuba  signum  suis  atque  ex  oppido  educit  , v.  17,  nostri,  in  eos  impetu 
facto,  repulerunt. 

bono  animo,  of  a friendly  mind,  i.  e.  well  disposed. 

a.  d.  v.  Kal.  Apr.,  = die  quinto  ante  Kalendas  Apriles,  on  the  fifth  day  before 
the  Kalends  of  April.  The  Kalends  being  the  first  day  of  the  month,  this  date  would 
correspond  to  the  28th  of  March.  The  stereotyped  expression,  ante  diem 
quintum  Kalendas  Apriles,  arose  from  the  conversion  of  die  into  the 
accusative  through  the  influence  of  the  preposition.  The  phrase  perhaps  originally 
was  as  given  above,  die  quinto  ante,  etc.;  and  when  ante  was  put  first, — 
ante  die  quinto  K a 1 en  d a s,  — the  fact  that  it  governed  Kalendas  was 
lost  sight  of.  Its  influence  was  then  extended  to  die,  which  became  the  accusa- 
tive, thus  leaving  Kalendas  with  no  grammatical  construction.  What  part  of 
speech  is  Apriles  i 


CHAPTER  VII. 

eos  — conari,  in  apposition  with  id.  What  other  clauses  have  been  already 
used  as  nouns  in  the  text  ? 

ab  urbe,  i e.  Rome,  which  was  called  by  way  of  distinction  “ the  city.”  So  the 
Athenians  often  designated  their  city,  Athens,  by  drrrv  alone. 

quam  — itineribus,  by  as  long  marches  as  possible.  For  the  force  of  quam,  see 
on  quam  maximum,  chap.  3.  The  Greek  paraphrast  has  us  ghvvaro  Tayir rra. 

in  Galliam  ulteriorem,  into  farther  Gaul.  For  the  location  of  Farther  Gaul, 
see  map.  Remember  that  the  Alps  form  a great  natural  boundary  line,  and  that 
a Roman  is  here  writing.  To  him  the  Gaul  here  referred  to  is  farther  than  what  ? 
Nearer  Gaul  or  Gallia  citerior  is  nearer  than  what  1 In  what  modern  country  is 
the  latter  1 

ad  Genavam  pervenit,  into  the  vicinity  of  Geneva  Cf.  vii.  41,  castra  ad 
Gergoviam  movit.  According  to  Plutarch,  Caes  , c.  17,  he  reached  the  Rhone  in 
eight  days. 

provinciae  toti,  etc.,  he  orders  as  great  a number  of  soldiers  as  possible  from  the 
whole  province;  literally,  he  imposes  upon  the  whole  province  a demand  for  as  great  a 
number,  etc. 

pontem  — iubet  rescind!  Observe  the  omission  of  the  conjunction  For 
a like  case  of  asyndeton,  cf  i 20,  Dumnorigem  ad  se  vocat,  fratrem  adhibet. 


330 


NOTES. 


pontem.  The  bridge  across  the  l!hone. 
ad  Genavam.  For  meaning,  cf.  ad  Hispaniam,  chap.  1. 
certiores  facti  sunt,  were  informed.  What  is  the  literal  meaning  \ 
cuius  legationis  = quorum.  The  legatio,  comprehends  the  legatos  pro 
ceding. 

qui  dicerent,  a relative  clause  of  purpose,  literally,  who  should  say,  i.  e , to  say. 
sibi  esse  in  animo,  that  they  intended  : literally,  it  ivas  to  them  in  mind. 
quod  — nullum.  Observe  the  emphatic  position  of  nullum.  Cf.  i.  18,  quod 
illo  licente  contra  liceri  audeat  nemo. 

rogare.  The  subject  se  is  omitted ; in  same  construction  with  esse  above, 
occisum,  sc.  esse  ; and  so  also  after  pulsum,  missum,  and  concedendum 
This  defeat  occurred  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Geneva,  107  b.c. 

sub  iugum.  Under  this  yoke  the  conquered  were  compelled  to  pass  without 
arms,  as  a sign  of  complete  submission.  The  iugum  consisted  of  two  spears  set 
upright  in  the  ground,  and  a third  one  placed  across  them  at  the  top  (Livy,  3,  28, 
tribus  hastis  iugum  fit,  humi  fixis  duabus,  superque  eas  transversa  una 
deligata). 

concedendum,  sc.  id,  referring  to  iter  per  provinciam  facere. 

data  facultate,  if  an  opportunity  were  to  he  given  them. 
temperaturos,  sc.  esse,  would  refrain  from  injury  and  mischief. 
dum  — convenirent,  until  the  soldiers,  whom  he  had  ordered,  should  assemble. 
dum  (until)  with  the  subjunctive  refers  to  an  event  expected  and  purposed, 
imperaverat.  Cf.  provinciae  toti  — imperat, 
ad  Id.  Apr.  See  on  a.  d.  v Kal  Apr.,  chap  6 

reverterentur.  In  the  direct  discourse  the  imperative  was  used;  what  was  the 
form  of  the  conditional  sentence,  si  quid  vellent  1 


CHAPTER  Till, 
ea  legione  militibusque.  Ablative  of  means. 

qui  — influit.  Caesar  imagined  that  the  lake  flowed  into  the  river  He  had  in 
view  the  point  at  which  the  river  made  its  egress  from  the  lake,  and  where  a por 
tion  of  the  waters  would  flow  into  the  river  Some  editors  have  changed  the  text  to 
quern  in  flumen  Rhodanus  influit,  “into  which  the  river  Rhone  flows,”  but 
this  is  unsatisfactory  and  artificial.  Cf.  vii.  57,  perpetuam  esse  paludem,  quae 
influeret  in  Sequanam. 

in  altitudinem.  For  translation,  cf.  in  latitudinem,  chap.  2. 
pedum.  Partitive  genitive. 

castella  communit,  he  strongly  fortifies  the  redoubts.  The  force  of  com  is 
intensive,  he  fortifies  completely. 

se  invito,  against  his  will ; literally,  he  (being)  unwilling. 


NOTES. 


331 


si  conarentur  — possit.  The  historical  present  is  here  followed  by  both 
the  imperfect  and  present.  Cf.  chap.  7,  quod  aliud  iter  haberent  nullum 
rogare,  ut  eius  voluntate  id  sibi  facere  liceat. 

negat  se  more  — dare,  he  says  that  he  cannot ; literally,  he  denies  that  he  can 
give,  etc. 

prohibiturum,  sc.  se.  Notice  the  omission  of  the  object  eos.  Cf.  chap.  6, 
vel  vi  coacturos 

ea  spe  deiecti,  disappointed  in  this  hope;  literally,  cast  down  from  this  hope. 
si  — possent.  Indirect  question  introduced  by  si.  Cf  ii.  9,  si  nostri  trans- 
irent, expectabant. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

una  — via,  only  the  way.  qua,  cf.  chap.  6,  vix  qua  singuli, 
sua  sponte,  by  their  own  means,  = per  se.  Cf.  v.  28,  sua  sponte  populo 
Romano  bellum  facere. 

eo  deprecatore,  by  his  mediation  ; literally,  he  (being)  an  intercessor. 
gratia  — plurimum  poterat,  on  account  of  his  popularity  and  liberality,  had 
very  great  influence  with  the  Sequani ; literally,  was  able  very  much. 

novis  — studebat,  was  aiming  at  a revolution  ; literally,  was  eager  for  new 
things. 

in  matrimonium  duxerat,  had  married.  The  husband  conducted  his  wife  to 
his  own  house  as  a part  of  the  marriage  ceremony ; hence  the  phrase  uxorem 
ducere.  The  expression  nubere  viro,  (for  nubere  se  viro),  “ to  veil  herself  for 
a husband,”  is  used  in  speaking  of  the  woman. 

suo  beneficio  habere  obstrictas,  to  have  attached  to  him  by  reason  of  his 
kindness.  This  use  of  habere  is  an  anticipation  of  the  part  the  verb  “to  have”  was 
to  hold  in  verbal  conjugation.  The  student  will  observe  that  habere  obstrictas 
differs  from  obstrinxisse  in  the  fact  that  the  notion  contained  in  the  participle  is 
looked  upon  as  a possession  The  transition  is  shown  more  clearly  in  chap  15, 
quem  ex  omni  provincia  — coactum  habebat  (nearly  = coegerat). 


CHAPTER  X. 

renuntiatur,  word  is  brought  back,  i e.  messengers  who  had  been  sent  returned 
with  the  tidings. 

Helvetiis  esse  in  animo.  See  note  on  sibi  esse  in  animo,  chap.  7. 
quae  civitas,  which  state  ; referring  to  the  Tolosates  The  antecedent  is 
inserted  in  the  relative  clause,  — a common  Latin  idiom. 

id  si  fieret  — futurum,  if  this  be  done,  he  saw  that  it  would  be  attended  with 
great  danger  to  the  province  that  it  should  have,  etc.  The  subject  of  futurum  is 
the  clause  ut  haberet,  and  the  subject  of  haberet  is  provincia,  to  be  supplied. 


332 


NOTES. 


locis  patentibus,  in  open  places. 

maximeque  frumentariis.  Adjectives  in  us  preceded  by  a vowel  form  their 
comparison  by  means  of  the  adverbs  magis  and  maxime.  Violations  of  this  rule 
were  undoubtedly  common  iu  the  popular  language.  ( )u  one  (sepulchral)  inscription 
from  Home  we  read,  alvmno  : pientissimorvm  : piissimo  . et  : dvlcissimo. 
Cicero  in  one  of  his  Philippics  speaks  of  the  superlative  of  pius. 

Titum  Labienum.  See  Historical  Index. 

in  Italiam,  into  It  alp,  i e.  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

magnis  itineribus,  by  forced  marches ; literally,  by  great  journei/s.  Cf.  chap.  7, 
quam  maximis  potest  itineribus. 

Aquileiam.  See  Geographical  Index. 

qua  proximum  iter,  where  the  route  was  shortest ; literally,  where  the  route  icas 
nearest. 

compluribus  — pulsis.  In  these  four  words  the  student  has  an  ablative  abso- 
lute and  an  ablative  of  means  limited  by  an  adjective.  In  translating  remember  the 
context. 

extremum,  sc.  oppidum. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

per  angustias.  Cf.  chap.  6,  angustum  et  difficile,  inter  montem  luram 
et  flumen  Rhodanum ; and  chap.  9,  propter  angustias. 

se  suaque,  literally,  themselves  and  their  possessions ; sua  being  the  neuter  plural, 
rogatum.  This  so-called  supine  is  a simple  verbal  noun  in  the  accusative,  to 
express  limit  of  motion ; cf.  factu,  chap.  3.  The  future  passive  infinitive  is  built 
up  by  means  of  this  verbal  noun  ; e.  g.  milites  occisum  iri  dicit  iri  is  the  im- 
personal use  of  eo,  “to  go;”  occisum,  the  limit  of  motion;  milites,  the  object 
of  occisum,  which  can  govern  an  accusative  as  other  verbal  nouns.  Cf.  note  on 
reditionis,  chap.  5. 

ita  se  — meritos  esse,  that  they  had  at  all  times  so  deserved  of  the  Roman  people 
that,  etc.  Indirect  discourse  after  the  idea  of  saying  contained  in  rogatum. 

agri  debuerint,  their  fields  ought  not  to  have  been  laid  waste,  etc.  Since  the 
English  verb  ought  has  no  past  tense  while  the  Latin  debeo  has,  the  force  of  the 
tense  in  debuerint  is  thus  brought  out.  debeo  implies  a legal  or  moral  obligation. 
In  Lucretius,  however,  the  word  often  is  synonymous  with  oportet  and  necesse 
est ; e.  g.  De  Re  Nat.,  i.  133,  esse  aliquid  debebit  id  ipsum, 
solum.  Noun  ; except  the  soil  of  their  land, 
reliqui.  Depends  on  nihil. 

non  expectandum  esse,  he  must  not  wait;  literally,  it  must  not  be  waited. 
sibi  is  the  so-called  dative  of  agent.  This  dative  is  nothing  more  than  the  simple 
dative  of  possession.  The  gerund  being  a verbal  noun,  the  origin  of  this  construc- 
tion may  have  been  as  follows  : legendum  mihi  est,  “ a reading  is  to  me,” 
legendum  being  subject  of  est  (cf.  Lucretius,  De  Re  Nat,  i.  110,  poenas  in 


NOTES. 


333 


morte  timendum  est),  i.  e.  “I  have  a reading;”  hence  “I  must  read.”  The 
gerundive  construction  is  perhaps  a conversion  of  the  verbal  noun  into  a verbal 
adjective ; e.  g.  librum  legendum  mihi  est,  “ reading  a book  is  to  me,”  becoming 
liber  legendus  mihi  est,  “ a book  to  which  the  quality  of  reading  belongs  is  to 
me;  ” hence  “ I must  read  a book.”  (Cf.  the  influence  of  ante  in  Roman  Calendar, 
note  on  a.  d.  v.  Kal.,  chap.  6.)  Whether  the  gerundive  originally  had  a passive 
signification  is  uncertain.  Cf.  secundus,  = “ following hence  “second.” 


CHAPTER  XII. 

quod.  The  antecedent  is  flumen. 

incredibili  lenitate,  with  wonderful  smoothness. 

partes  — flumen  — traduxisse,  partes  is  object  of  duxisse,  and  the  prepo- 
sition governs  flumen. 

cum  legionibus.  Ablative  of  accompaniment.  For  cum  in  hostile  sense,  see 
cum  Germanis,  chap.  1. 

eos  — aggressus  — partem  eorum  concidit.  An  object  used  with  both 
participle  and  verb.  Cf.  chap.  5-1,  hos  adorti,  magnum  eorum  numerum  inter- 
ficiunt ; also  ii.  10,  hostes  — nostri  — aggressi  magnum  eorum  numerum 
occiderunt.  On  use  of  these  participles,  cf.  note  on  vicis  exustis,  chap.  5 

mandarunt  = mandaverunt.  This  contract  form  shows  that  there  must  have 
been  a time  in  Latin  when  the  accent  went  farther  back  than  the  penult,  even  i f 
that  was  long.  If  the  word  had  always  been  accented  mandaverunt,  the  contrac- 
tion would  never  have  taken  place,  since  it  is  the  accented  syllable  of  a word  that  is 
permanent. 

hic  pagus  unus.  Cf.  chap.  13,  unum  pagum  adortus  esset. 

quae  pars  — ea  — persolvit  = ea  pars  — quae  — intulerat  — persolvit. 

princeps  persolvit,  was  the  first  to  pay  the  penalty. 

quod  — interfecerant,  because  in  the  same  battle  in  irhich  they  had  slain  Cassius, 
they  had  slain  also  his  lieutenant  Lucius.  Cassium,  object  of  interfecerant,  to  be 
supplied. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

pontem  — faciendum  curat,  literally,  cares  for  a bridge  to  be  built,  cares  for 
the  building  of  a bridge.  Cf.  note  on  gerundive,  chap.  11.  Observe  the  idiom  in 
Arare,  “ over  the  Arar ; ” trans  could  not  be  used. 

cum  — intelligerent,  when  they  perceived  that  he  had  done  in  one  day  that  which 
they  themselves  had  accomplished  with  the  greatest  difficulty  in  twenty  days,  namely , 
the  crossing  of  the  river,  ut  flumen  transirent  is  in  apposition  with  id,  the  object 
of  fecisse  Cf  chap.  5,  id  facere  — ut  — exeant. 

bello  Cassiano,  in  the  Cassian  war.  i e.,  in  the  war  with  Cassius 


334 


NOTES. 


si  pacem,  etc.  Indirect  discourse  to  end  of  chapter.  In  the  direct  narra- 
tive faceret  would  be  future  ; ituros,  future  ; constituisset,  future  perfect. 
Cf.  A.  & G.  339,  for  the  direct  form  of  the  whole  chapter, 
sin  perseveraret,  sc.  Caesar. 

reminisceretur.  Subjunctive  for  the  imperative.  Cf.  tribueret, 
despiceret,  committeret.  Why  in  the  imperfect  tense  1 

ne  ob  eam  rem  — tribueret,  on  that  account;  literally,  on  account  oj  that  thing, 
he  should  not  ascribe  it  (i.  e.  the  victor}7)  too  much  to  his  own  valor. 
didicisse,  they  had  so  learned,  i.  e.,  been  trained. 

CHAPTER  XIV 

his,  to  them,  i.  e.,  the  legati.  Cf.  chap.  34,  ei  legationi  respondit.  For  the 
neuter  see  chap.  36,  ad  haec  Ariovistus  respondit. 

eo  sibi  minus  dubitationis  dari,  less  doubt  was  given  him  on  this  account 
The  clause  quod  teneret  gives  the  reason. 

eo  gravius  ferre  — accidissent,  and  he  felt  the  more  indignant  in  proportion 
as  it  had  happened  without  the  desert  of  the  Roman  people. 

qui  si  — fuisset  (the  antecedent  of  qui  is  populus  Romanus),  if  they  had 
been  conscious  to  themselves  of  having  done  any  injury,  etc. 
cavere.  Subject  of  fuisse, 
deceptum,  sc.  se  esse. 

quare  timeret,  quare  = propter  quod,  the  antecedent  of  the  quod  being 
the  omitted  subject  of  commissum. 

quod  — vellet,  but  if  lie  should  consent  to  forget  their  former  insult. 

eo  invito.  Cf.  se  invito,  chap.  8. 

quod  — gloriarentur,  the  fact  that  they  boasted  so  insolently  of  their  victory. 
eodem  pertinere,  amount  to  the  same  thing;  literally,  tend  to  the  same  place. 
The  subject  of  pertinere  is  the  preceding  clauses. 

quo  — doleant,  that  men  may  grieve  the  more  heavily  from  a change  of  circum- 
stances. 

quos  velint.  The  relative  clause  is  put  first.  The  antecedent  of  quos  is  his 
in  line  below. 

facturos  (esse),  sc.  eos  as  subject. 

Haeduis  (dative  after  satisfaciant),  literally,  do  enough  for  them,  i.  e.,  satisfy, 
eius  rei.  See  note  on  ea  res  — enuntiata,  chap.  4. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

movent,  sc.  Helvetii. 

quem  — coactum  habebat.  See  note  on  habere  obstrictas,  chap.  9 
qui  videant.  The  antecedent  of  qui  is  the  collective  idea  contained  in  equi- 
tatum, as  if  equites  had  been  used.  Cf.  chap.  2,  civitati  persuasit,  ut  — 
exirent. 


NOTES. 


835 


quas  — faciant.  Indirect  question. 

cupidius,  too  eagerly,  novissimum  agmen,  the  part  of  the  line  that  is  “ newest,” 
i.  e.  the  rear. 

alieno  loco  = iniquo  loco,  in  an  unfavorable  place ; literally,  in  a place  belong- 
ing to  another ; in  contrast  with  suo  loco,  in  a favorable  place. 

pauci  de  nostris,  few  of  our  soldiers,  de  nostris,  = nostrorum.  This  use  of 
the  preposition  is  an  anticipation  of  the  part  de  was  to  play  in  noun  inflection  in 
the  Romance  languages.  This  preposition,  we  may  say,  exerted  the  strongest 
influence  for  the  breakdown  of  the  inflectional  system, 
in  praesentia,  for  the  present. 

nostrum  primum,  sc.  agmen,  our  first  line,  i.  e.,  van. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

flagitare.  The  historical  infinitive.  In  what  case  is  its  subject  1 flagito  is  to 
demand  with  earnestness  and  importunity. 

essent  polliciti.  Subjunctive.  The  clause  is  represented  as  being  the  state- 
ment of  another,  — which  (as  Caesar  said)  they  had  promised,  hence  it  is  a subor- 
dinate clause  in  indirect  discourse.  Or  the  subjunctive  may  be  used  because  the 
clause  is  used  to  describe  or  characterize  frumentum  as  well  as  to  state  that  they 
had  promised  it.  (Subjunctive  of  characteristic.) 
frigora,  the  cold  weather. 
ut  ante  dictum  est.  Chap.  1 . 

diem  ex  die  ducere  Haedui,  the  Haedui  were  putting  him  off  from  day  to  dag , 
and  were  saying,  etc.  For  omission  of  the  object,  cf.  chap.  6,  coacturos,  ducere 
and  dicere  are  historical  infinitives;  cf.  flagitare.  These  infinitives  are  as  if  the 
writer  did  not  stop  to  concern  himself  about  the  proper  mood  and  tense,  but  hurried 
on,  leaving  the  verb  indefinite. 

metiri.  See  Introduction ; Roman  Art  of  War. 

qui  summo  magistratui  praeerat,  who  held  the  chief  magistracy. 

necessario  tempore,  at  so  critical  a time. 

quod  — sublevetur.  The  cause  on  the  authority  of  another ; i.  e.  the  subject 
of  accusat.  Cf.  quod  sit  destitutus. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

privatim  plus  possint,  have  more  influence  in  a private  capacity. 
ne  conferant.  Plural,  because  of  the  collective  idea  in  multitudinem, 
si  iam  — praeferre,  if  they  cannot  any  longer  hold  the  leadership  of  Gaul,  they 
prefer  the  dominion  of  the  Gauls  to  that  of  the  Romans. 

superaverint.  For  the  future  perfect  of  the  direct  discourse. 


336 


NOTES. 


Haeduis.  The  dative  for  the  ablative  of  separation.  This  dative,  which  occurs 
with  certain  compounds  of  ab,  de,  ex,  is  best  explained  as  the  dative  of  disadvan- 
tage, going  with  the  whole  idea  of  the  sentence,  and  not  merely  with  the  verb ; i.  e., 
as  far  as  the  Haedui  were  concerned,  their  freedom  would  be  wrested  away  from  them. 
ab  iisdem,  by  these  same  persons,  i.  e , the  nonnullos  above, 
a se,  by  himself,  as  chief  magistrate, 
quill  etiam,  nay  even,  moreover. 
quam  diu  potuerit,  as  long  as  he  could. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

quod  — nolebat,  because  he  was  unwilling  that  these  matters  should  be  discussed 
in  the  presence  of  several,  iactari,  frequentative  of  iaeto. 

Liscum  retinet  (observe  the  asyndeton;  cf.  note  on  iubet  rescindi,  chap.  7), 
but  detains  Liscus. 

ex  solo,  from  him  in  private. 

summa  audacia,  sc.  virum,  a man  of  the  highest  daring,  or  better,  greatest 
daring. 

portoria  (porto,  “ to  carry”),  duties  on  exports  and  imports. 

vectigalia  (veho,  “to  bring”),  whatever  is  brought  in.  A name  for  taxes  in 
general;  revenues  from  any  source,  as  from  the  public  pastures,  products  of  the 
land,  etc. 

vectigalia  — redempta  habere,  he  had  the  purchased  revenues,  he  hcd  pur- 
chased the  revenues,  etc.  What  single  word  with  almost  the  same  meaning  as  re- 
dempta habere  might  have  been  used  1 Cf.  quem  coactum  habebat.  The 
publicani,  or  farmers  of  the  revenues,  bought  them  of  the  government  and  collected 
them. 

pretio,  at  a small  cost.  Ablative  of  price. 

audeat  nemo.  Cf.  note  on  nullum,  chap.  7. 

illo  licente,  (from  liceor),  ivhen  he  was  bidding.  This  is  the  first  present  parti- 
ciple which  has  been  used  in  the  text  with  its  proper  verbal  force.  About  how  many 
perfect  passive  participles  have  been  used  I In  the  English  sentence,  The  Centrones, 
seizing  the  higher  places,  try  to  keep  the  army  from  the  march,  how  is  the  English 
present  participle  seizing  translated  into  Latin  1 Cf.  the  Latin  for  this  sentence  in 
chap  10.  Why  is  the  tense  of  the  Latin  participle  occupatis  more  accurate  than 
that  of  the  English  seizing?  How  is  the  English  present  participle  crossing  trans- 
lated in  they  were  crossing?  Cf.  the  translation  in  cnap  12.  Give  two  reasons  why 
the  present  participle  is  more  common  in  English  than  in  Latin. 

comparasse,  for  comparavisse.  See  note  on  mandarunt,  chap.  12. 

domi,  at  home. 

ex  Helvetiis  uxorem  habere.  Cf.  chap.  3,  eique  filiam  suam  in  matri- 
monium dat. 


NOTES. 


337 


nuptum  collocasse,  had  given  in  marriage,  nuptum,  see  note  on  in  matri- 
monium duxerat,  chap.  9. 

favere  — Helvetiis,  he  favored  and  ivished  well  to  the  Helvetians. 
suo  nomine,  on  his  own  account;  literally,  in  his  own  name, — an  expression 
derived  from  mercantile  life. 

quod  proelium  equestre  adversum  — initium  eius  fugae  factum,  as 

to  the  fact  that  an  unsuccessful  engagement  of  cavalry  had  taken  place,  quod  may 
be  treated  as  a conjunction,  cf.  chap.  13,  quod  adortus  esset  ; or  it  can  be  re- 
garded as  a relative,  proelium  — adversum  being  attracted  into  the  relative 
clause,  and  its  place  being  taken  in  the  antecedent  clause  by  e i u s fugae,  — i.  e., 
the  beginning  of  the  fight  in  the  unsuccessful  cavalry  battle,  which  battle,  etc. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

certissimae  res  accederent,  most  undoubted  facts  were  added. 
quod  — traduxisset,  quod  — curasset,  quod  — fecisset.  These  clauses 
are  in  apposition  with  res.  Cf.  for  the  facts  here  stated  chap.  9,  ut  per  fines  suos 
Helvetios  ire  patiantur,  obsidesque  uti  dent,  perficit, 
dandos,  sc.  esse. 

iniussu  suo  et  civitatis,  without  his  authority  or  that  of  the  state.  What  in  the 
Latin  is  translated  without  ? 

inscientibus  ipsis,  even  without  their  knowledge,  ipsis  refers  to  the  Haedui, 
in  eum  animadverteret,  why  he  should  either  punish  him  himself;  literally, 
direct  his  attention  against  him. 

unum,  one  consideration.  Explained  by  quod. 

quod  — cognoverat.  The  present  cognosco  is  inceptive,  begin  to  know ; hence 
cognovi  = I have  learned,  i.  e.,  I know. 

voluntatem,  = good  will ; here  used  with  meaning  of  benevolentia, 
cotidianis  — remotis,  when  the  ordinary  interpreters  had  been  withdrawn. 
cui  — fidem  habebat,  m whom  he  was  accustomed  to  repose  the  highest  confidence 
m all  matters.  What  is  it  literally  1 
apud  se,  in  his  presence , i.  e.,  Caesar’s. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

multis  cum  lacrimis,  cum  with  the  ablative  of  manner  conveys  the  notion 
of  addition  or  unexpectedness.  Cf.  Introduction,  “ Inductive  Studies,”  under  the 
Ablative. 

obsecrare  coepit.  The  student  will  find  this  passage  discussed  in  the  “ Induc- 
tive Studies,”  under  Indirect  Discourse. 

quid  gravius,  anything  too  severe,  i.  e.  no  severe  measure. 

plus  doloris.  Be  careful  to  make  good  English  of  this  Latin  idiom. 


22 


338 


NOTES. 


opibus  ac  nervis,  and  this  power  and  strength  he  used,  nervis  = potentia. 
Cic.  Phil.,  15.  12,  experietur  senatus  nervos  atque  vires. 

si  quid  — accidisset,  J anything  very  severe  should  happen  to  him  from  Caesar. 
accidisset  = the  future  perfect  indicative  of  the  direct  discourse. 

futurum  uti  — averterentur,  it  would  happen  that,  etc.  The  periphrastic  form 
futurum  esse  with  the  subjunctive  is  used  for  the  future  infinitive  of  verbs  which 
have  no  “supiue  stem,”  also  for  the  future  passive  infinitive,  which  rarely  occurs; 
and  frequently  with  verbs  which  have  a future  infinitive. 

tanti  — ostendit,  shows  him  that  his  influence  with  him  [Caesar]  is  so  great. 
Illustrate  by  the  use  of  the  pronouns  eius  and  se  in  this  sentence  the  rule  for  the 
antecedents  of  these  pronouns. 

vocat,  adhibet.  For  the  asyndeton,  see  note  on  chap.  18,  Liscum  retinet, 
praeterita,  things  bygone , i.  e.,  the  past. 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

qualis  esset,  (indirect  question  after  cognoscerent),  what  was  the  nature  of  the 
mountain.  Part  of  speech  and  exact  meaning  of  qualis  ? 
qui  cognoscerent,  to  ascertain. 

pro  praetore,  in-place-of  a praetor,  with  praetorian  powers.  Cf.  primitive  meaning 
of  pro  in  chap.  48  and  its  meaning  in  chaps.  2 and  26. 

quid  consilii  sui  sit,  what  his  plan  is,  — quid  decreverit.  Cf.  vi.  7,  quid 

sui  sit  concilii  ; and  vii.  77,  quid  ergo  mei  consilii  est  ? 

CHAPTER  XXII. 
summus  mons.  See  note  on  reliquos,  chap.  1. 

equo  admisso,  (his)  horse  having  been  let  go  toward  (his  destination) , at  full  speed 
(with  loose  reins).  Mittere  often  means  to  let  go,  as  in  the  skipper’s  order  mitte 

rudentem,  let  go  the  rope,  and  the  colloquial  mitte  me,  let  me  alone.  The  Greek 

paraphrast  has  ISpoSm  rw  imrw. 

accurrit,  dicit.  Observe  the  omission  of  the  conjunction.  Cf.  chap.  20 
insignibus.  The  decorations  of  the  Gallic  armor  ; i.  e.,  devices  on  the  helmets,  etc. 
See  Introduction  ; Description  of  Gaul ; Illustrations  in  the  text, 
erat  ei  praeceptum.  The  subject  is  ne  — committeret,  etc. 
multo  die,  late  in  the  day.  What  literally  ? Cf.  prima  luce,  at  daybreak. 
quo  consuerat  intervallo.  Cf.  chap.  15,  uti  inter  novissimum  hos- 
tium agmen  et  nostrum  primum  non  amplius  quinis  aut  senis  milibus 
interesset. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

postridie  eius  diei,  on  the  next  day. 
metiri.  See  Introduction  ; Roman  Art  of  War. 


NOTES. 


339 


prospiciendum,  sc.  esse.  Cf.  note  on  expectandum,  chap.  II. 
fugitivos,  fugitive  slaves,  runaways.  The  word  is  used  in  contempt  for  trans- 
fugae, the  regular  word  for  deserters.  Cf.  chap.  27,  obsides,  arma,  servos,  qui 
ad  eos  profugissent 

quod  — confiderent  Romanos,  the  subject  of  discedere  preceding,  is  also 
the  subject  of  pose  (intercludi). 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

id  animum  advertit,  when  he  observes  this,  animum  advertit  = animad- 
vertit. 

in  colie  medio,  on  the  middle  of  the  kill.  See  note  on  reliquos,  chap.  1. 
triplicem  aciem.  See  Introduction ; Roman  Art  of  War. 
in  summo  iugo,  on  the  very  summit. 

confertissima  acie.  Cf.  Livy,  x.  29,  6,  cum  Galli  structis  ante  se  scutis 
conferti  starent. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

suo,  sc.  equo  remoto,  having  removed  first  his  own  horse,  then  those  of  all.  Pint. 
Caes.,  chap.  18  : ai;  ’Ittitos  avra  irpoa^X^V  tovtoj  piv,  erpy,  vucycras  irpbs  ryv 

Siai((r,  vvv  5’  fa tpev  eir 1 robs  i roAqulous,  /cal  ire£bs  opprjaas  ive&aAe. 

impedimento,  it  was  a great  hindrance  to  the  Gauls.  What  literally1  Cf.  ii. 
25,  ad  pugnam  esse  impedimento  vidit. 

multi  ut  praeoptarent,  so  that  not  a few  chose.  Notice  the  emphatic  position 
of  multi. 

nudo,  naked,  i.  e.,  without  a shield 

pedem  referre,  to  give  way.  What  literally  1 

agmen  hostium  claudebant,  closed  the  line  of  the  enemy,  i.  e.,  brought  up  the 
rear. 

Romani  conversa  signa  intulerunt,  the  Romans,  having  faced  about,  ad- 
vanced in  two  divisions ; literally,  bore  in  their  standards  reversed. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

ancipiti  proelio,  in  a doubtful  battle,  = dubio  marte  ; or  in  a double  battle, 
referring  to  the  two  different  fronts  on  which  the  battle  was  fought. 

ab  hora  septima,  from  the  seventh  hour , i.  e.,  about  one  o’clock.  The  Romans 
divided  the  day  into  twelve  hours,  beginning  at  sunrise. 

aversum  hostem,  the  back  of  an  enemy  : literally,  an  enemy  turned  away. 
ad  multam  noctem,  till  late  at  night.  Cf.  multo  die,  chap.  22. 


340 


NOTES. 


pro  vallo,  as  a rampart. 

captus  est.  Agrees  with  the  nearest  subject,  unus.  Plutarch  (Vit.  Caes., 
chap.  18)  says  that  ou  this  occasion  even  the  women  and  children  fought  till  they 
were  cut  down. 

qui  si  iuvissent,  for  if  they  should  aid  them. 

eodem  — habiturum,  ivould  regard  them  in  the  same  light  as  the  Helvetii. 
eodem  loco  — habere,  cf.  chap.  28,  in  hostium  numero  habuit. 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

qui  cum  — convenissent.  Note  that  qui  stands  first  in  its  sentence  because 
it  is  the  word  most  closely  connected  with  the  preceding  sentence.  Cf.  note  on  qua  de 
causa,  chap.  1 . convenissent  is  usually  intransitive  in  Caesar,  but  here  transitive, 
ad  pedes,  at  his  feet.  Observe  that  the  idiom  faithful  to  the  idea  of  motion, 
iussisset,  sc.  Caesar  as  subject. 

ea,  neuter.  This  includes  the  obsides  and  servos  as  well  as  the  arma. 
nocte  intermissa,  a night  having  intervened . 

occultari  — existimarent,  they  supposed  their  fight  could  either  he  concealed  or 
be  entirely  unnoticed. 

prima  nocte,  in  the  early  part  of  the  night.  How  does  the  context  show  that 
this  cannot  mean  in  the  first  night  ? 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

resciit,  discovered  Keseiscere,  according  to  Aulus  Gellius,  2,  19,  refers  to 
knowledge  in  regard  to  anything  which  is  unexpected  or  hidden, 
quorum.  The  antecedent  is  his  below. 

sibi  purgati,  blameless  in  his  sight.  Cf.  iv.  13,5,  sui  purgandi  causa;  Cic. 
Fam.,  12,  15,  quod  te  mihi  purgas.  Derivation  of  purgare  ? Cf.  “ Purge  me 
with  hyssop,  and  I shall  he  clean,”  Ps.  li.  7. 

reductos  — habuit,  he  treated  them , when  brought  back,  as  enemies ; i.  e.,  they 
were  put  to  death  or  sold  as  slaves. 

quos  incenderant,  i.  e.,  the  particular  towns  in  chap.  5 ; hence  the  indicative, 
expressing  a fact  stated  by  Caesar. 

vacare,  to  be  empty;  cf  patere,  to  lie  open,  chap.  2;  licere,  to  be  permitted, 
chap.  7 ; cavere,  to  be  on  one’s  guard,  chap.  14;  tacere,  to  be  silent,  chap.  17.  Do 
these  verbs  assert  action  or  state  1 Are  they  transitive  or  intransitive  ? How  many 
English  words  must  be  used  to  express  the  meaning  of  each  one  1 

Boios.  Object  of  collocarent,  petentibus  Haeduis,  dative  after  concessit, 
parem  atque  ipsi  erant,  same  terms  of  freedom  as  they  themselves  had ; liter- 
ally,  same  terms  and  they  themselves  were  (on  the  same  terms). 


NOTES. 


341 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

tabulae,  tablets.  The  word  is  applied  to  any  flat  suhstance  used  for  writing, 
usually  wood  covered  with  wax. 

litteris  Graecis  confectae,  made  out  in  Greek  characters.  Some  hold  that 
litteris  Graecis  implies  the  Greek  language,  although  such  an  interpretation  is 
not  necessary.  The  general  opinion  is  that  the  Helvetii  used  the  Greek  alphabet 
merely,  having  become  acquainted  with  it  from  the  Greek  colony  at  Marseilles,  in 
the  south  of  Gaul.  Cf.  v.  48,  hanc  Graecis  conscriptam  litteris  mittit  ; and 
vi.  14,  Graecis  litteris  utantur.  See  Introduction;  Description  of  Gaul, 
ratio.  Introducing  the  indirect  question, 
capitum,  souls,  i.  e.  Helvetii.  Cf.  English  “ head  of  cattle.” 
ad  milia.  See  note  on  ad  milia,  chap.  4,  near  end. 
fuerunt.  Agreeing  with  the  predicate  noun  milia. 

ad  is  an  adverb,  and  does  not  influence  the  construction.  Cf.  note  on  ad  milia. 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

totius  fere  Galliae,  i.  e.  Celtic  Gaul,  the  third  of  the  three  divisions.  See 
chap.  i.  Cf.  chap.  31,  Galliae  totius  factiones  esse  duas. 

Helvetiorum  iniuriis  populi  Romani  (two  genitives ; Helvetiorum  is 
subjective,  populi  Romani  objective),  injuries  of  the  Helvetians  toward  the  Romans. 
Cf.  vii.  26,  universae  Galliae  consensio  libertatis  vindicandae. 

ex  usu  terrae  Galliae,  to  the  advantage  of  the  land  of  Gaul,  terrae  takes 
Galliae  in  apposition  with  it  for  terrae  Gallicae.  Cf.  iii.  7,  mare  Oceanum  ; 
Bell.  Afr.,  chap.  3,  terrae  Africae  , Tac.  Annal.,  i.  9,  mari  Oceano  ; Livy,  35,  7, 
terra  Italia  ; Sallust,  Fragm.  Hist.,  4,  duae  Galliae  mulieres 
ex  magna  copia,  out  of  a great  abundance. 
ex  consensu,  in  accordance  with  the  common  consent. 

nisi  quibus,  i.  e.  nisi  ii  quibus,  unless  those  ( disclose  it)  to  ichom  this  duty  should 
be  assigned  by  the  common  council. 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

idem  = iidem. 

qui  ante  fuerant,  ad  Caesarem,  who  had  before  been  (to  him),  returned  to 
Caesar.  With  fuerant,  sc.  apud  eum. 

secreto  in  occulto,  apart  from  others  in  a secret  place.  This  is  the  reading  of 
the  common  text.  Some  regard  in  occulto  as  a gloss,  and  reject  it.  Oudendorp 
defends  the  text  by  making  secreto  mean  “ without  witnesses,”  and  occulto,  “ in  a 
secret  place.” 

Caesari  ad  pedes  proiecerunt,  threw  themselves  at  Caesar’s  feet.  The 
dative  taken  with  the  whole  idea  of  the  clause,  instead  of  the  genitive  in  close 
union  with  pedes. 


342 


NOTES. 


non  minus  — contendere,  they  no  less  strove  and  labored. 

Galliae  totius  factiones  esse  duas  (cf.  vi.  12,  alterius  factionis  princi- 
pes erant  Haedui,  alterius  Sequani),  there  were  two  parties  in  the  whole  of  Gaul. 
factiones  refers  to  the  two  political  parties  of  Gaul,  factio  originally  contained  no 
bad  notion  like  that  in  the  English  word  “ faction,”  but,  according  to  Festus,  is 
“ honestum  vocabulum.” 

principatum  tenere,  hold  the  leadership. 
factum  esse,  it  came  to  pass. 

adamassent,  for  adamavissent.  See  note  on  mandarunt,  chap.  12. 
clientes,  dependents,  i.  e.  the  subject  states.  G'f.  vi.  12,  summa  auctoritas  erat 
in  Haeduis  magnaeque  eorum  erant  clientelae. 

senatum.  Cf.  ii.  5,  omnem  senatum  ad  se  convenire 

populi  Romani  hospitio,  by  the  hospitality  of  the  Roman  people.  The  relation 
of  hospitality  existed  between  states  as  well  as  between  individuals.  It  was  this 
hospitium  on  the  part  of  the  Roman  people  that  gave  to  the  Haedui  their  power  in 
Gaul.  Cf.  vi.  5,  cum  his  esse  hospitium  Ambiorigi  sciebat;  also  vii.  75,  pro 
eius  hospitio  duo  milia  una  miserunt. 

ad  senatum  — postulatum,  had  gone  to  Rome  to  the  senate  to  ask  for  aid. 
Notice  that  after  a verb  of  motion  both  nouns  are  in  the  accusative.  This  should  be 
remembered,  especially  in  translating  English  into  Latin.  In  English  we  say  “ came 
to  the  senate  at  Rome.”  He  did  not  succeed  in  his  effort.  Cf.  vi.  12,  Romam  ad 
senatum  profectus  imperfecta  re  redierat. 

peius  accidisse.  So  far  as  form  is  concerned,  what  two  parts  of  speech  are 
possible  for  peius  ? 

paucis  mensibus  ante,  a few  months  before. 

quibus  — pararentur,  for  u-hom  a place  of  abode  was  to  be  provided.  Subjunctive 
of  purpose,  = that  a place  of  abode  might  be  provided  for  them. 

futurum  esse  uti,  it  would  result  that.  See  note  on  futurum  uti  — averte- 
rentur, chap.  20. 

conferendum  esse,  tvas  not  to  be  compared  (in  respect  to  fertility ) with  the 
German  land. 

in  eos  — edere,  inflicted  upon  them  all  kinds  of  torments  ; exempla  crucia- 
tusque, all  examples  and  torments,  being  put  by  hendiadys  for  all  kinds  of  tortures. 
hominem  — temerarium,  that  he  was  a savage,  quick-tempered,  and  rash  man. 
nisi  si.  With  same  force  as  nisi  alone.  Cf.  Cic.  ad  Fam.,  14,  2,  nisi  si  quis 
ad  me  plura  scripsit. 

idem.  In  apposition  with  ut  — emigrent. 

quin  — sumat,  that  he  would  inflict  the  severest  punishment  upon. 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

oratione  habita.  What  means  to  make  or  deliver  a speech  ? 
respondere.  Historical  infinitive.  See  note  on  ducere  Haedui,  chap.  16. 


NOTES. 


343 


absentis,  even  irhen  absent. 

horrerent,  with  a direct  object.  The  old  signification  of  the  word  was  to  bristle 
or  become  erect ; then  the  feeling  derived  from  such  action  — e.  g.  in  Lucretius, 
horror  refers  to  the  grating  sound  of  a saw.  It  is  connected  with  English  frost. 
In  Latin  the  word  applies  always  to  disagreeable  sensations,  as  fear,  dread,  etc., 
although  the  root  originally  admitted  the  idea  of  both  pleasure  and  pain. 

Sequanis.  Dative  of  agent,  with  essent  perferendi ; for  the  literal  translation 
of  which,  cf.  note  (on  gerundive). 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

sibi  eam  rem  curae  futuram,  he  would  attend  to  the  matter;  literally,  the 
matter  would  be  for  a care  to  him. 

beneficio  suo,  by  his  kindness,  i.  e.  by  the  kindness  Caesar  had  done  Ariovistus ; 
referring  to  the  title  “king”  and  “friend”  which  had  been  given  him.  Cf.  chap.  35, 
cum  in  consulatu  suo  rex  atque  amicus  a senatu  appellatus. 

secundum,  in  harmony  with  ; literally,  following  (sequor).  Cf.  note  on  secun- 
dus, chap.  1 1 . What  part  of  speech  here  ? 

quare  putaret,  by  which  thing  he  should  think,  i.  e.  to  think. 

fratres  consanguineosque.  Cf.  chap.  11,  necessarii  et  consanguinei. 

Germanos  consuescere  and  magnam  — multitudinem  venire  are  the 
subjects  of  esse  to  be  supplied,  periculosum  is  in  agreement  with  the  two 
clauses. 

sibi  temperaturos  — quin,  would  restrain  themselves  from  going  forth  into  the 
vrovince.  ut  — fecissent,  subjunctive,  because  in  the  indirect  discourse.  What 
two  meanings  has  ut  as  a conjunction  and  with  what  difference  of  mode  ? Cf.  ut  — 
arbitrantur,  chap.  4,  and  ut  — essent,  chap  5. 

Teutonique,  — in  vii.  77  the  plural  nominative  is  Teutones,  as  shown  from  the 
genitive. 

quibus  — occurrendum,  and  these  things  he  thought  he  ought  to  meet  as  speedily 
as  possible. 

tantos  sibi  spiritus  — sumpserat.  The  Greek  paraphrast  has  6 yap  ’Api 6- 
(3l<ttos  out® s virepe<pp6vei.  How  does  the  English  to  put  on  airs  illustrate  the  mean- 
ing of  spiritus  in  this  passage '!  How  does  sumere  differ  in  meaning  from  caperet 
Cf.  English  assumption. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

qui  ab  eo  postularent,  to  demand  of  him. 

colloquio,  for  a conference,  locum  medium  utriusque,  midway  between  both. 
utriusque  is  the  genitive  with  the  adjective  medium. 

de  re  publica  — agere,  to  treat  on  the  public  weal,  i.  e.  public  matters,  summis 
utriusque  rebus,  matters  of  the  highest  importance  to  both  of  them. 


344 


NOTES. 


si  quid  se  — velit,  if  he  wanted  anything  of  him.  velle  takes  two  accusatives, 
after  the  analogy  of  a verb  of  asking.  Cf.  Ter.  Phorm.,  i.  2,  101,  numquid  aliud 
me  vis. 

negotii  (partitive  genitive  with  quid),  what  business. 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 

tanto  — affectus,  treated  with  so  great  kindness  bg  himself  and  the  Roman  people. 
Cf.  chap.  33,  suo  beneficio.  By  what  clause  might  the  participle  affectus  be 
translated  here  '?  For  use  of  participle  with  meaning  of  clause,  see  damnatum, 
chap.  4. 

hanc  gratiam  referret,  made  such  a return  as  this. 

trans  Rhenum  traduceret.  Observe  the  repetition  of  the  preposition. 

quos  illi  — illis.  The  antecedent  of  quos  is  the  omitted  object  of  reddere. 
What  is  the  antecedent  of  illi  and  illis  ? 

fecisset,  impetraret.  What  moods  and  tenses  would  these  verbs  have  been  in 
if  this  were  the  direct  discourse  ? 

quod  commodo  — facere  posset,  so  far  as  he  could  do  so  consistently  with 
the  interests  of  the  state,  commodo,  ablative  of  specification. 

CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

ut  — imperarent,  that  those  who  had  conquered  should  rule  those  whom  they  had 
conquered  in  whatever  way  they  chose,  vicissent  for  the  future  perfect  of  the  direct 
discourse. 

alterius  praescriptum,  dictation  of  any  one  else. 

in  suo  iure  impediri,  ought  not  to  be  obstructed  in  his  right. 

sibi.  Construe  with  stipendiarios. 

qui  — faceret,  because  he  was  making  his  revenues  less. 

quod  convenisset,  which  had  been  agreed  upon.  Cf.  ii.  19,  quod  tempus 
inter  eos  convenerat. 

longe  — afuturum,  name  of  brothers  would  not  help  them  ; literally,  be  a great 
wag  from  them.  Cf  Verg.  Aen.  xii.  52,  longe  illi  dea  mater  erit. 

invicti  Germani,  invincible  Germans ; literally  unconquered,  hence  not  liable 
to  be. 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

eodem  tempore  — et,  at  the  same  time  — that.  See  note  on  parem  — atque, 
chap.  28. 

questum.  Sc.  veniebant. 

quod  — popularentur.  The  reason  of  the  complaint,  stated  on  authority  of 
the  Haedui,  — hence  in  indirect  discourse  when  stated  by  Caesar,  as  it  is  here. 


NOTES. 


345 


obsidibus  datis,  even  by  giving  hostages. 

pacem  redimere  potuisse,  able  to  purchase  peace.  Cf.  chap.  44,  amicitiam  — 
redimere  posset. 

resisti  posset,  sc.  Ariovisto,  impersonal  construction,  (Ariovistus)  might  be  less 
easily  withstood. 


CHAPTER  XXXVIII. 

cum  tridui  viam  processisset,  when  he  had  proceeded  three  clays’  journey. 

quod.  The  relative  refers  to  Vesontionem,  but  agrees  with  oppidum.  Cf.  ii.  1, 
omnes  Belgas,  quam  tertiam  esse  Galliae  partem  dixeramus. 

magnopere  sibi  praecavendum  (esse),  that  he  ought  to  take  the  greatest 
precautions. 

summa  — facultas,  an  abundant  supply.  Cf.  Cic.,  De  Offic.,  1,3,  facultates 

rerum. 

pedum,  amplius  may  not  influence  the  construction,  since  the  comparatives 
plus,  amplius,  minus,  etc.,  are  often  used  in  this  way.  The  origin  of  this  use  is 
perhaps  in  the  addition  of  a modifying  statement,  as  if  the  writer  had  said,  “ which 
is  of  six  hundred  feet,  — not  more  any  way  ; ” or  the  construction  can  be  explained 
by  supplying  spatio,  ut  circino,  as  by  a pair  of  compasses.  Give  the  two  uses  of 
ut  already  noted.  As  the  distance  actually  measures  sixteen  hundred  feet,  it  is 
possible  that  an  m.  before  the  do.  has  tumbled  out  through  the  carelessness  of  the 
copyist. 


CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

ne  — oculorum.  Show  from  the  root  meaniug  of  aeies  how  it  may  he  used 
both  of  a line  of  battle  and  the  flash  of  the  eyes. 

non  mediocriter,  in  no  slight  degree. 

alius  alia  causa  illata  (observe  the  idiom),  and  assigning,  some  one  reason, 
some  another. 

quam  — diceret,  which  they  said  was  a necessary  one  for  their  departure. 

vultum  fingere,  compose  their  faces,  i.  e.,  look  brave. 

qui  volebant.  The  antecedent  is  ii,  to  be  supplied  as  subject  of  dicebant. 

rem  frumentariam  (for  res  frumentaria,  as  subject  of  posset;  the  accusa- 
tive of  anticipation),  they  feared,  in  regard  to  the  supplies,  that  they  could  not  be 
brought  in  readily.  Cf.  Ter.  Eun.,  v.  9,  5,  scin’  me,  in  quibus  sim  gaudiis.  Cic. 
Fam.,  viii.  10,  .3,  nosti  Marcellum  quam  tardus  sit.  Luke  iv.  34,  oJSa  ere  r'ts  el, 
“ I know  thee  who  thou  art.” 

dicto  audientes,  attentive  or  obedient  to  the  word  (of  command). 

signa  laturos,  advance.  What  means  to  retreat,  to  bring  u] > the  rear,  to  charge, 
to  wlieel  about,  to  join  or  begin  battle,  to  draw  the  sworcl  (see  chap.  26),  to  march. 


346 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XL. 

omniumque  ordinum,  of  all  ranks. 

sibi  quaerendum  — putarent,  thought  that  it  belonged  to  them  to  inquire  or  con- 
sider. putarent,  why  iu  the  subjunctive  ? 

Ariovistum,  etc.  The  indirect  discourse  depends  on  the  idea  of  saying  implied 
in  incusavit.  Explain  the  inodes  and  the  tenses  to  end  of  chapter, 
se  consule.  Antecedent  of  se  '? 

cur  — quisquam  - iudicaret,  why  should  any  one  judge. 

sibi  persuaderi,  that  he  was  persuaded . Observe  that  persuadeo  in  the  pas- 
sive must  be  used  impersonally.  Why?  Sometimes  Latin  writers  use  the  passive 
of  intransitive  verbs  personally,  as  if  to  bring  an  innovation  into  the  language ; 
e.  g.,  animus  auditoris  persuasus  esse  videtur  (Corn.  i.  6).  But  such  use  is 
exceedingly  unclassical,  since  the  conception  of  an  intransitive  verb  cannot  admit  of 
such  a construction. 

quid  tamen,  what,  pray. 

de  ipsius  diligentia,  ipsius  used  for  sua,  referring  to  Caesar,  to  avoid  con- 
fusion with  sua  virtute,  which  points  to  the  subject  of  desperarent, 
factum  (esse)  periculum,  trial  had  been  made. 

cum  — videbatur.  See  Introduction ; Inductive  Studies,  under  cum.  This  is 
the  only  case  in  the  Gallic  War  of  an  imperfect  indicative  after  cum.  At  this  time 
we  may  say  that  the  use  of  cum  with  the  imperfect  and  pluperfect  subjunctive  had 
become  fixed  as  a habit.  The  real  cause  which  thrust  the  verb  into  the  subjunctive 
had  almost  been  lost  sight  of.  Of  course  it  was  inevitable  that  the  Romans  should 
think  there  was  something  in  the  cum  itself  that  required  the  subjunctive.  A good 
example  of  this  tendency  is  the  use  of  quamquam  among  later  writers.  In  Cicero 
quamquam  never  takes  the  subjunctive  unless  there  be  some  outside  reason,  but 
Tacitus  employs  the  word  as  if  by  its  own  influence  it  required  the  subjunctive, 
quantum  — boni  constantia,  how  much  advantage  resolution  has. 
neque  — fecisset,  nor  had  he  given  them  an  opportunity  to  fight  with  him;  liter- 
ally, no  chance  at  him. 

desperantes,  sc.  Gallos. 

cui  rationi  — posse  (rationi  is  attracted  into  the  relative  clause),  by  a strata- 
gem, for  which  there  had  been  room  against  savage  and  unskilled  men,  — by  this 
stratagem  (I  say)  not  even  he  expected  that  our  armies  couUl  be  entrapped;  literally, 
hac  (ratione),  eui  rationi,  by  this  stratagem,  for  which  stratagem,  etc. 
qui.  The  antecedent  is  eos,  to  be  supplied  as  subject  of  facere, 
in  rei  — simulationem,  to  a pretended  anxiety  about  provisions. 
de  — desperare,  to  despair  of  the  commander’s  doing  his  duty. 
quod  — dicantur,  as  to  the  report  that  they  would  not  be  obedient  to  orders  nor 
advance,  signa  laturi,  cf  chap.  39,  signa  laturos. 


NOTES. 


347 


CHATTER  XLI. 

oum  tribunis  — egerunt,  arranged  with  the  tribunes. 

se  — existimavisse.  Indirect  discourse  after  the  idea  of  saying  implied  in 
satisfacerent.  Cf.  note  on  Ariovistum,  etc.,  chap.  40. 

summa  belli,  conduct  of  the  war. 

suum  — imperatoris.  Predicate  after  esse  understood. 

satisfactione,  excuse. 

ut  — duceret  (a  result  clause  after  the  ablative  absolute  itinere  exquisito),  the 
road  having  been  reconnoitred  and  found  to  be  such  that  it  would  lead,  etc. 
locis  apertis,  through  an  open  country. 

CHAPTER  XLII. 

per  se,  with  his  consent. 

petenti,  to  his  request ; literalh',  to  him  asking  it. 

ultro  polliceretur,  he  actually  promised. 

pro  suis  — beneficiis.  Cf.  chap.  33,  beneficio  suo. 

fore  uti  desisteret,  that  he  would  desist. 

ultro  citroque,  hither  and  thither. 

alia  ratione,  on  any  other  terms. 

eo  imponere,  upon  them,  = in  eos.  Cf.  chap.  53,  eo  mulieres  imposuerant, 
si  quid  — esset,  if  there  should  be  any  need  of  action. 
ad  equum  rescribere,  he  was  transferring  them  to  the  cavalry. 

CHAPTER  XLIII. 

tumulus  terrenus,  hill  free  from  rocks.  Cf.  Sail.  Jug.,  92,  5,  mons  saxeus, 
aequo  spatio  aberat,  was  at  nearly  an  equal  distance.  Cf.  chap.  41,  Ariovisti 
— xx  abesse 

ex  equis,  on  horseback.  Cf.  note  on  ex  vinculis,  chap.  4. 
pro  officiis,  in  return  for  great  services. 

aditum, access,  Cf.  v.  41,  aliquem  sermonis  aditum  causamque. 
quam  veteres  — appetissent.  Cf.  chaps.  11  and  31. 
sui  nihil,  nothing  of  their  own. 
at,  at  least. 

amplius.  See  note  on  pedum,  chap.  38. 

CHAPTER  XLIV. 

rogatum  et  arcessitum.  Agreeing  with  sese. 

Gallis.  Tiie  Arverni  and  Sequani, 
ipsis.  Sc.  Gallis. 

ac  contra  se  castra  habuisse,  had  encamped  against  him. 


348 


NOTES. 


uno  proelio.  Cf.  eliap.  31. 

paratum  esse  decertare.  Notice  that  the  infinitive  is  used  with  paratum. 
Cf.  ii.  3,  paratosque  esse  et  obsides  dare.  In  chap.  5 paratus  took  the  gerund- 
ive construction  with  ad : paratiores  ad  omnia  pericula  subeunda, 
pace  uti  velint,  wish  to  enjoy  peace. 
amicitiam  — esse.  Subject  of  oportere. 

idque,  not  eamque,  because  it  refers  to  the  idea  contained  in  amicitiam, 
admitting  of  a more  general  meaning, — that  relation. 

defenderit  (sc.  bellum  as  object),  had  warded  it  off.  Cf.  ii.  29,  alias  illatum 
defenderent ; also  Civil  War,  ii.  2,  ignem  defendere, 
nisi  rogatus,  without  being  asked. 
hanc  Galliam,  this  part  of  Gaul ; literally,  this  Gaul. 

ut  oporteret,  as  it  would  not  be  proper  to  pardon  him  if  etc.  Why  is  concedi 
in  the  impersonal  construction  1 
imperitum  rerum,  ignorant  of  affairs. 

debere  — habere,  that  he  had  a right  to  suspect  that  Caesar,  inasmuch  as  he  had 
an  army  in  Gaul,  kept  it  there,  although  wider  the  pretence  of  friendship,  for  the  sake 
of  crushing  him.  How  does  debere  differ  from  oportere  ? See  note  on  debuerint, 
chap.  11. 

id  compertum  habere,  had  ascertained.  See  note  on  obstrictas  habere, 
chap.  9. 

CHAPTER  XLY. 

in  eam  sententiam,  to  this  effect ; for  the  purpose  of  showing ; followed  by 
quare,  why.  This  use  of  the  preposition  is  an  anticipation  of  the  force  in  was  to 
have  in  the  post-Ciceronian  writers  to  denote  result  or  purpose ; e.  g.,  in  liber- 
tatem pugnare,  Livy,  xxiv.  2,  4.  The  phrase  in  memoriam,  which  has  such  a 
vogue  among  us  to-day,  makes  the  use  of  in  to  denote  purpose  seem  by  no  means 
strange ; but  such  a notion  in  the  preposition  is  entirely  unclassieal. 

Galliam  = Celticam  Galliam. 

populus  — ignovisset,  the  Roman  people  had  pardoned. 


CHAPTER  XL VI. 

propius  tumulum  accedere,  were  approaching  nearer  the  mound,  tumulum 
is  the  accusative  with  the  adverb  propius,  after  the  analogy  of  the  preposition 
prope.  Cf  Sail.  -Tug.  49,  ipse  propior  montem  suos  conlocat ; also  iii.  7,  proxi- 
mus mare  — hiemarat. 

periculo  legionis,  danger  to  the  legion.  Objective  genitive, 
committendum  — posset,  he  did  not  think  that  he  ought  to  allow  it  to  be  said 
The  subject  of  committendum  (esse)  is  ut  — posset. 

omni  Gallia  — interdixisset,  had  forbidden  the  Romans  all  Gaul. 


NOTES. 


349 


CHAPTER  XL VII. 
biduo  post,  two  days  after. 

quae  — coeptae  — perfectae,  which  had  begun  to  be  discussed,  but  were  not  yet 
finished,  coeptae  essent,  the  passive  of  eoepi  is  regularly  used  with  a passive 
iufinitive. 

retineri  quin  — conicerent,  be  kept  from  hurling. 
civitate  donatus  erat,  had  been  presented  with  citizenship. 
qua  multa  — utebatur,  which  he  spoke  freely. 

in  — esset,  the  Germans  would  have  no  reason  for  doing  wrong  in  his  case. 

CHAPTER  XL VIII. 

qui  supportaretur,  which  were  being  conveyed  to  him  from  the  Sequani  and 
Haedui. 

ei  — deesset,  an  opportunity  might  not  be  wanting  to  him. 
hoc  erat,  was  as  follows. 

si  quo  — recipiendum,  if  it  was  necessary  to  advance  to  any  place  farther  than 
usual  or  to  retreat  more  quickly. 

cursum  adaequarent,  equalled  their  speed. 

CHAPTER  XLIX. 

castris  idoneum,  fitted  for  a camp. 
castra  munire,  to  fortify  the  camp. 

hominum  milia  expedita,  for  hominum  milia  expeditorum  (cf.  ii  4, 
armata  milia  centum),  ( sixteen ) thousand  light-armed  troops. 

quae  copiae  — perterrerent,  that  this  force  might  terrify  our  men. 

CHAPTER  L. 

instituto  suo,  in  accordance  with  his  custom.  Cf.  chap.  48,  ex  eo  die  — aciem 
instructam  habuit. 

tum  demum,  then  at  length. 

acriter  — pugnatum  est.  Diodorus  (38,  48)  says  that  Ariovistus  almost  suc- 
ceeded in  taking  the  camp  of  Caesar,  and  being  elated,  neglected  the  prophecies  of 
the  women  to  meet  Caesar  in  battle. 

solis  occasu,  at  sunset.  Cf.  chap.  1,  inter  occasum  solis, 
matres  familiae.  Tacitus  (Ger.,  chap.  8)  states  that  the  women  among  the 
Germans  were  supposed  to  have  prophetic  power. 

sortibus  et  vaticinationibus,  from  lots  and  divination. 
ex  usu,  advantageous. 


350 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  LI. 

alarios,  the  auxiliaries.  So  called  because  stationed  on  the  alae  or  wings  of  the 
army. 

minus  — valebat,  was  not  strong  in  the  number  of  legionary  soldiers  in  com- 
parison with  the  enemy. 

ad  speciem,  for  show. 

eo  mulieres  imposuerunt.  See  note  on  eo  imponere,  chap.  42. 

passis  manibus,  with  outstretched  hands  ; passis  being  here  from  pando,  not 
pateor.  Cf.  ii.  13,  passis  manibus  suo  more;  and  vii.  47,  passis  manibus 
obtestabantur. 

CHAPTER  LII. 

singulis  — quaestorem,  lieutenants  and  a quaestor  over  each  legion. 

a dextro  cornu,  on  the  right  wing. 

minime  firmam,  weakest. 

pila.  The  object  of  the  gerund,  conieiendi. 

phalange  facta.  Cf.  chap.  24,  reiecto  nostro  equitatu  phalange  facta. 

complures  nostri  milites,  very  many  of  our  soldiers. 

in  phalangas,  upon  the  phalanxes.  For  the  Greek  form  of  accusative,  cf.  Allo- 
brogas,  chap.  14. 

a sinistro  cornu.  See  a dextro  cornu  above. 

expeditior  erat,  was  more  disengaged. 


CHAPTER  LIII. 

viribus  confisi,  relying  on  their  strength. 

duae  uxores.  The  Germans  usually  had  one  wife ; but  their  nobles  had  more, 
as  we  learn  from  Tacitus  (Ger.  18),  prope  soli  barbarorum  singulis  uxoribus 
contenti  sunt,  exceptis  admodum  paucis,  qui  — ob  nobilitatem  plurimis 
nuptiis  ambiuntur.  See  Introduction,  no.  85. 

duxerat,  had  married.  See  note  on  in  matrimonium  duxerat,  chap.  9. 
trinis  catenis,  a triple  chain. 

in  ipsum  Caesarem  — incidit,  fell  inio  the  hands  of  Caesar  himself. 
ter  sortibus.  Probably  three  was  a sacred  and  mystical  number  with  the  Ger- 
mans, as  it  was  among  several  other  ancient  nations.  We  know  from  Tacitus 
(Ger.  10,  ter  singulos  tollit)  that  they  consulted  the  lot  three  times. 

CHAPTER  LIV. 

perterritos  insecuti  magnum  ex  iis  numerum  occiderunt.  For  the 

object  with  the  participle  and  verb,  see  note  on  eos  impeditos  — aggressus  — 
partem  concidit,  chap.  12. 


NOTES. 


351 


in  hiberna  in  Sequanos,  into  winter-quarters  among  the  Sequani.  Why  could 
not  Sequanos  be  in  the  ablative  ? See  note  on  Romam  ad  senatum,  chap.  3 1 . 

ad  conventus  agendos,  to  hold  courts.  The  Homan  governors  of  provinces 
held  these  conventus  for  regulating  taxes  and  administrating  of  justice. 


BOOK  II. 

CHAPTER  I. 

in  hibernis.  Caesar  perhaps  had  with  him  a small  force,  which  had  gone  into 
winter  quarters  in  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

crebri  — afferebantur,  frequent  reports  were  brought  to  him.  The  imperfect 
denotes  the  repeated  action  suggested  by  crebri. 

quam  tertiam  For  the  attraction  of  the  antecedent,  see  note  on  i.  38,  Veson- 
tionem, quod  est  oppidum, 
dixeramus.  See  chap.  1. 

omni  pacata  Gallia,  after  (Celtic)  Gaul  was  subdued,  pacata,  cf.  i.  6,  qui 
nuper  pacati  erant. 

partim  qui  — partim  qui,  a part  of  whom  — others  of  whom.  What  is  the 
literal  translation  ? 

inveterascere,  to  settle,  to  gain  a footing. 

novis  imperiis,  a revolution.  Cf.  novis  rebus. 

imperio  nostro,  under  our  dominion. 

CHAPTER  II. 

inita  aestate,  at  the  beginning  of  the  summer. 
qui  deduceret,  to  conduct  them. 
cum  primum,  as  soon  as. 
dat  negotium,  he  employs. 

dubitandum  — quin,  to  hesitate  to  march.  The  construction  of  quin  with 
the  subjunctive,  after  dubitare  in  this  sense,  is  rare.  Cf.  Cic.  pro  Sull  , chap.  2, 
non  dubitasse,  quin  defenderet.  The  infinitive  is  the  regular  construction. 

CHAPTER  III. 

de  improviso,  unexpected! y : literally,  from  the  unforeseen. 
celeriusque  omni  opinione,  and  sooner  than  any  one  expected. 
proximi  ex  Belgis,  the  nearest  of  the  Belgae. 


352  NOTES. 

se  suaque  omnia  permittere,  surrender  themselves  and  all  their  possessions. 
For  the  omission  of  the  subject  of  permittere,  cf.  ii.  31,  se  suaque  omnia  eorum 
potestati  permittere. 

in  fidem,  to  the  protection. 

paratos  esse  dare.  Cf.  i.  44,  paratum  esse  decertare, 
oppidis  recipere,  to  receive  him  into  their  towns. 
cis  Rhenum,  on  this  side  the  Rhine. 

utantur  — habeant.  Observe  the  omission  of  the  conjunction, 
quin  — consentirent,  from  uniting  with  these. 

CHAPTER  IY. 

ab  his,  from  these,  i.  e.,  the  legati. 

plerosque  Belgas,  the  greater  part  of  the  Belgians. 

Teutonos  Cimbrosque.  Cf.  i.  33,  ut  ante  Cimbri  Teutonique  fecissent, 
ingredi  prohibuerint,  prohibere  always  takes  the  infinitive  in  Caesar ; hut 
what  is  the  usual  construction  after  verbs  of  hindering  ? 
magnosque  spiritus.  Cf.  i.  33,  tantos  sibi  spiritus, 
omnia  explorata.  See  note  on  habere  obstrictas,  i.  9. 
quantam  quisque,  how  great  a number  each  one  had  promised. 
armata  milia  centum,  une  hundred  thousand  armed  men. 
electa,  picked  men.  For  gender,  cf.  i.  49,  sedecim  milia  expedita, 
cum  — tum,  not  only  — but  also. 
belli  summam,  direction  of  the  war. 

CHAPTER  V. 

liberaliter  prosecutus,  having  addressed  kindly.  Cf.  iv.  18,  liberaliter 
respondit. 

ad  diem,  promptly  to  the  day.  Cf.  v.  1,  ad  certam  diem. 

quanto  opere  — intersit,  how  much  it  concerns  the  state  and  then  common  interest, 
that,  etc. 

distineri,  be  kept  apart,  manus  — distineri,  subject  of  intersit. 

quae  res  — muniebat,  this  position  fortified,  etc. 
post  — essent,  the  rear.  Literally,  what  ivas  behind  him. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

ex  itinere.  Cf.  i.  25,  ex  itinere  nostros  aggressi. 

aegre  — sustentatum  est,  the  attack  was  sustained  with  difficulty  on  that  day. 
Observe  the  impersonal  construction.  Cf.  v.  39,  aegre  is  dies  sustentatur. 

oppugnatio,  mode  of  besieging. 

totis  moenibus,  ablative  of  place,  along  the  whole  of  the  fortifications.  Cf.  vii. 
72,  turres  toto  opere  circumdedit. 

summa  nobilitate,  of  the  highest  rank.  Cf.  i.  18,  summa  audacia. 


NOTES. 


353 


CHAPTER  VII. 

isdem  ducibus  usus,  using  the  same  persons  as  guides. 

potiundi  oppidi.  Cf.  iii.  6,  potiundorum  castrorum. 

vicis  aedificiisque  incensis,  when  they  had  set  fire  to  all  the  villages  and 
buildings.  Cf.  i.  5,  vicos  — aedificia  — incendunt. 

ab  milibus  — - duobus,  less  than  two  miles  off.  Eor  amplius  milibus,  cf.  i.  15, 
non  amplius  quinis  — milibus,  ab  is  used  adverbially,  cf.  ii.  30,  ab  tanto  spatio. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

eximiam  opinionem  virtutis,  their  uncommon  reputation  for  courage.  Cf.  ii. 
24,  virtutis  opinio  est  singularis. 

quid  — auderent,  periclitabatur,  he  strove  to  ascertain  what  the  enemy  could 
do  by  their  valor  and  what  our  men  dared  (to  do). 

tantum  — quantum  loci,  spread  over  so  much  space  as. 

ex  utraque  parte,  on  each  side. 

et  frontem  — redibat,  and  gently  sloping  in  front  sank  down  gradually  to  the 
plain,  frontem  is  the  acc.  of  spec,  with  fastigatus. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

hanc  si  nostri  transirent,  hostes  exspectabant,  the  enemy  were  waiting 
to  see  if  our  men  would  cross  this.  For  si,  cf.  i.  8,  si  perrumpere  possent,  conati. 

ut  — aggrederentur,  parati,  they  stood  ready  (for  battle),  in  order  to  attack 
them,  ut  — aggrederentur  is  not  dependent  upon  parati. 

secundiore  — nostris,  the  engagement  of  the  cavalry  being  more  favorable  for  our 
soldiers.  For  the  ablative  absolute,  cf.  chap.  8,  loco  — opportuno. 

demonstratum  est.  See  chap.  5. 

si  possent  — si  minus  potuissent.  Observe  the  distinction  of  tense. 

CHAPTER  X. 

hostes  impeditos  nostri  in  flumine  aggressi,  magnum  eorum  num- 
erum occiderunt.  For  object  with  participle  and  verb,  cf.  i 12,  eos  impeditos 
aggressus  — partem  — concidit,  and  i.  54,  perterritos  insecuti  — numerum 
occiderunt. 

neque  nostros  — viderunt,  and  did  not  see  our  men  advance  to  worse  ground 
for  the  purpose,  of  fighting. 

optimum  esse,  that  it  was  best. 

his  persuaderi  — non  poterat,  was  not  possible  to  persuade  these  to  stay  longer, 
etc.  Why  must  the  impersonal  construction  be  used  with  the  passive  of  persuadeo* 

23 


354 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XL 

cum  sibi  — peteret,  since  each  was  seeking  for  himself  the  first  place  in  the 
journey. 

speculatores,  spies. 

Ilis,  i.  e.,  equitibus,  which  is  suggested  by  omnem  equitatum.  Cf.  i.  2,  civitati 
persuasit,  ut  — exirent. 

novissimos  adorti,  attacking  the  rear. 

cum  — consisterent,  while  those  in  the  rear,  to  whom  our  men  had  come  up,  were 
standing  firm. 

priores,  sc.  et,  and  those  in  advance. 

quantum  — spatium,  as  the  length  of  the  day  allowed. 

sub  occasum,  about  sunset.  The  same  difference  that  in  has  with  the  accusa- 
tive and  ablative  is  observed  by  sub.  With  the  accusative  sub  has  a vagueness  of 
meaning,  e.  g.,  Livy,  xxi.  16,  sub  idem  tempus,  about  that  same  time  (either 
before  or  after).  In  Livy,  xxi.  18,  sub  hanc  orationem,  sub  = after;  but  in 
xxi.  57,  sub  lucem,  sub  = before. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

ex  terrore  ac  fuga  reciperent,  recovered  from  their  terror  and  flight . 
ex  itinere,  on  his  march.  Cf.  i.  25,  ex  itinere  nostros  — aggressi;  and  chap.  6, 
id  ex  itinere  — Belgae  oppugnare  coeperunt. 

paucis  defendentibus,  though  few  were  defending  it. 

ex  fuga.  See  Inductive  Studies,  under  Ablative.  The  order  of  words  is  the 
same  as  in  vii.  24,  omnis  ex  castris  multitudo  concurreret. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

obsidibus  acceptis  primis,  having  received  as  hostages  the  first  men  Of  the  state. 
sese  in  eius  fidem  — venire.  Cf.  vi.  3,  in  deditionem  venire, 
passis  manibus.  Cf.  i.  51,  passis  manibus  flentes  implorabant. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

pro  his  — facit  verba,  Divitiacus  speaks  for  these. 
in  fide  — fuisse,  have  been  on  ( terms  of)  confidence  and  friendship. 
civitatis  Haeduae,  with  the  Haeduan  state.  Objective  genitive, 
qui  — fuissent,  those  ivho  had  been  the  movers  of  that  plot.  The  antecedent  of 
qui  is  eos  to  be  supplied  as  subject  of  profugisse. 


NOTES. 


355 


consilii  principes  = consilii  auctores.  Cf.  v.  54,  principes  belli  inferendi , 

vi.  4,  qui  princeps  eius  consilii  fuerat ; vii.  37,  vel  principes  eius  consilii  fore 
profiterentur. 

sua  clementia,  his  (accustomed)  clemency. 

quorum  — consuerint,  by  whose  aid  and  resources  they  have  been  accustomed  to 
sustain  themselves,  whatever  wars  occurred,  sustentare,  in  sense  of  sustentatum 
est,  chap.  6,  without  object;  or  with  object  bella  taken  out  of  si  qua  bella 
inciderint. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

honoris  causa,  out  of  respect  to. 

magna  — auctoritate,  of  yr eat  influence.  For  the  distinction  between  genitive 
and  ablative  of  quality,  see  Inductive  Studies. 

nullum  — mercatoribus,  merchants  had  no  access  to  them. 
nihil  pati  vini,  they  suffered  no  wine,  etc. 

homines  feros  magnaeque  virtutis,  savage  men  and  of  great  bravery.  The 
genitive  of  quality  limiting  homines  in  conjunction  with  the  adjective,  feros.  Cf.  v. 
35,  Balventio,  viro  forti  et  magnae  auctoritatis ; and  v.  54,  civitas  imprimis 
firma  et  magnae  — auctoritatis. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

consedisse,  had  encamped. 

cum  Atrebatis.  Elsewhere  this  word  is  treated  as  a noun  of  the  third  declen- 
sion, e.  g.  Atrebates,  chap.  4 and  23  ; Atrebas,  iii.  27  and  35  ; Atrebatibus,  iv. 
21  ; Atrebatum,  v.  46;  Atrebatem,  v.  22,  vi.  6;  Atrebatibus,  vii.  75;  Atrebati, 

vii.  76. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

eorum  dierum  — exercitus  perspecta,  having  perceived  our  army’s  mode  of 
marching  in  those  days,  eorum  dierum  limits  itineris.  For  the  accumulation  of 
genitives,  ef.  vii.  76,  universae  Galliae  consensio  libertatis  vindicandae  et 
pristinae  belli  laudis  recuperandae. 

inter  singulas  legiones,  between  the  several  legions. 
magnum  numerum,  a great  quantity. 
neque  — negotii,  and  there  would  be  no  difficulty. 
quod  Nervii,  etc.,  subject  of  adiuvabat. 

teneris  arboribus  — posset,  by  cutting  into  and  bending  down  young  trees  and 
(allowing)  their  numerous  branches  to  shoot  forth  laterally  (in  latitudinem  enatis), 
and  by  placing  among  them  brambles  and  thorns,  they  had  caused  these  hedges  to  present 
a fortification  like  a wall,  so  (dense)  that  it  was  impossible  either  to  go  into  it  or  even 
to  see  through  it.  enatis,  from  enascor.  quo  = ut  eo,  and  introduces  a result 
clause. 


356 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

haec,  as  follows.  Cf.  i.  48,  genus  hoc  erat  pugnae, 
quem  locum.  Cf.  i.  16,  quibus  itineribus, 
aequaliter  declivis,  with  even  slope. 

adversus  huic  et  contrarius,  etc.,  facing  this  and  opposite,  clear  at  its  base 
for  about  two  hundred  paces. 

secundum  flumen,  etc.,  along  the  river  a few  pickets  of  cavalry  were  seen. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

aliter  se  habebat  ac,  ivas  otherwise  than. 

consuetudine  sua.  Cf.  chap.  17,  consuetudine  itineris  — perspecta, 
legiones  expeditas,  unencumbered,  i.  e.,  without  the  hindrance  of  baggage, 
proxume  conscriptae,  which  had  been  last  levied.  The  MSS.  give  both  spell- 
ings, proxime  and  proxume.  In  Cicero’s  time  scholars  were  in  doubt  whether  to 
write  imus  or  umus.  A character  was  invented  in  the  time  of  Claudius  and 
employed  for  a short  season  to  represent  the  intermediate  sound  between  i and  u. 
Cicero  preferred  umus,  Caesar  imus ; and  imus  became  the  fixed  form  for  the 
superlative. 

in  silvas.  The  plural  denotes  the  different  portions  of  the  forest, 
quem  ad  finem  = ad  finem  ad  quern. 

quod  tempus  — convenerat,  which  had  been  agreed  on.  Cf.  i.  36,  quod 
convenisset. 

adverso  colle,  up  the  hill.  What  is  the  literal  translation  ? Is  the  expression 
an  ablative  of  place  or  an  ablative  absolute ; and  where  does  the  idea  of  up  come  in  1 

CHAPTER  XX. 
paulo  longius,  a little  too  far. 

aggeris  petendi  causa,  for  the  purpose  of  seeking  (material  for)  the  rampart. 
successus,  approach. 

his  difficultatibus  — subsidio,  two  things  were  of  advantage  under  these 
difficulties. 

scientia  atque  usus.  Cf.  iv.  1,  ratio  atque  usus. 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

quam  partem  — obtulit,  whatever  division  chance  presented  to  him.  What  is 
the  translation  of  the  reading  quam  in  partem  ? 

milites  — quam  uti,  etc.,  having  encouraged  the  soldiers  in  a speech  not  longer 
than  (was  required  to  bid  them)  remember,  etc. 

quam  quo  telum  adici  posset,  than  (the  distance)  to  which  a missile  could  be 
cast.  Cf.  iii.  13,  neque  propter  altitudinem  facile  telum  adiciebatur. 


NOTES. 


357 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

cum  diversis  legionibus  — resisterent,  since  the  legions  were  separated , and 
some  were  resisting  the  enemy  in  one  place,  and  others  in  another. 

in  tanta  rerum  iniquitate,  in  such  an  unfavorable  state  of  affairs. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

cursu  ac  lassitudine  exanimatos,  out  of  breath  from  running  and  weariness, 
i.  e.,  from  their  exhausting  run. 

diversae  duae  legiones.  Cf.  chap.  22,  diversis  legionibus, 
conantes  insecuti,  sc.  eos,  i.  e.,  Atrebates, 
nudatis  castris,  sc.  defensoribus. 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

adversis  — occurrebant,  met  the  enemy  face  to  face. 

qui  cum  impedimentis  veniebant.  Cf.  chap.  19,  impedimenta  collocarat, 

aliique  aliam  in  partem,  some  one  way,  others  another. 

virtutis  opinio.  Cf.  chap.  8,  propter  eximiam  opinionem  virtutis. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

Caesar,  subject  of  processit. 

ab  decimae  legionis  cohortatione  (after  encouraging  the  tenth  legion)  = afo 
decima  legione,  quam  cohortatus  erat. 

signisque  — collatis,  and  since  the  standards  icere  collected  together.  Cf. 
Caesars  Civil  V ar,  i.  71,  quod  collatis  in  unum  locum  signis  neque  ordines 
neque  signa  servarent. 

ad  pugnam  impedimento.  Cf.  i.  25,  magno  ad  pugnam  erat  impedimento, 
signo  amisso.  The  loss  of  the  standard  was  considered  a great  disgrace, 
proelio  excedere.  Cf.  v.  .36,  pugna  ut  excedant;  iv.  12,  proelio  excesserat; 
vii.  80,  proelio  excedebant;  viii.  19,  excedere  proelio;  but  iii.  4,  ex  pugna  ex- 
cedendi ; iv.  33,  ex  proelio  excedunt, 
signa  inferre,  to  charge. 

manipulos  laxare.  The  pupil  will  find  an  excellent  translation  of  part  of  this 
chapter,  as  well  as  several  interesting  comments  upon  Caesar’s  life,  in  Longfellow’s 
“ Courtship  of  Miles  Standish.” 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

urgeri  ab  hoste,  was  hard  pressed  by  the  enemy.  . 
aversi,  (while)  turned,  away,  i.  e.,  in  their  rear. 

cursu  incitato,  having  quickened  their  pace.  Cf.  chap.  11,  exaudito  clamore  — 
in  fuga  sibi  praesidium  ponerent. 

nihil  — fecerunt,  made  all  the  haste  they  could.  What  is  the  literal  translation7 


358 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XXYII. 

quo  — praeferrent,  in  order  that  they  might  surpass  the  legionary  soldiers. 

in  extrema  spe  salutis.  Cf.  chap.  25,  in  extremis  suis  rebus, 
virtutem  praestiterunt,  displayed  courage. 
ut  ex  tumulo,  as  from  a mound. 
non  nequiquam,  not  in  vain. 

quae  facilia  redegerat  = quae  facilia  - reddiderat.  Cf.  iv.  .3,  multo 
humiliores  infirmioresque  redegerunt. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

quos  dixeramus.  Cf.  chap.  16,  mulieres  — in  eum  locum  coniecisse. 
nihil  impeditum,  nothing  icas  a hindrance. 
vix  ad  quingentos,  to  scarcely  five  hundred. 

ut  ~ videretur,  videretur  in  the  sense  of  the  true  passive  of  video,  not  seem, 
but  he  seen.  In  order  that  it  might  appear  that  Caesar  used  compassion  toward,  etc. 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

de  quibus  supra  scripsimus.  Cf.  chap.  16. 
ex  itinere.  Cf.  i.  25,  ex  itinere  nostros  — aggressi, 
ex  omnibus  in  circuitu  partibus,  on  all  sides  round  about. 
ducentorum  pedum  qualifies  aditus, 
ex  Cimbris  Teutonisque.  Cf.  chap.  4. 

prognati  occurs  rarely  outside  of  the  poets.  Caesar  uses  the  word  again  in 
vi.  18,  ab  Dite  patre  prognatos.  Before  this  it  occurs  only  in  a letter  of  Coelius 
in  Cic.  Earn.,  8,  15,  2 (Kr.). 

agere  ac  portare,  drive  and  convey.  The  regular  expression  for  plunder  is 
agere  et  ferre ; cf.  Greek  a-yeiv  /cal  i plpew. 

alias  — alias,  at  one  time  — at  another. 

illatum  defenderent,  warded  it  off  when  brought  against  them. 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

ab  tanto  spatio,  so  far  away.  Cf.  chap.  7,  ab  milibus  passuum  minus  duobus 
castra  posuerunt. 

Gallis  contemptui,  contemptible  to  the  Gauls. 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

existimare,  sc.  se. 

se  suaque  — permittere,  sc.  se  as  subject.  Cf.  chap.  3,  se  suaque  omnia  in 
fidem  — permittere. 

sibi  praestare,  it  was  better  for  them. 


NOTES. 


359 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

in  Nerviis,  in  the  case  of.  Cf.  i.  47,  in  eo  peccandi  causa  non  esset. 

ne  quam  — inferrent,  not  to  inflict  any  injury. 

pace  usi  sunt,  they  enjoyed  peace. 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

sub  vesperum,  about  evening.  See  note  on  sub  occasum,  chap.  11. 

deducturos,  would  lead  off. 

pellibus  induxerant,  had  covered  with  skins. 

eo  concursum  est,  they  rushed  thither. 

in  extrema  spe  salutis.  Cf.  chap.  25,  and  chap.  27,  in  extremis  suis  rebus. 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

cum  legione  una,  i.  e.,  the  seventh.  Cf.  iii.  7,  cum  legione  septima. 

in  dicionem  potestatemque.  Cf.  i.  31,  dicione  atque  imperio. 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 

quae  incolerent,  incolere  without  object.  Cf.  i.  1,  qui  trans  Ebenum 
incolunt. 

imperata  facere.  Cf  chap.  3,  obsides  dare  et  imperata  facere. 

inita  proxima  aestate,  at  the  beginning  of  the  following  summer.  Cf.  chap.  2, 
et  inita  aestate. 

quod  — accidit  nulli,  an  honor  which  before  that  time  had  fallen  to  the  lot  of  no 
one.  quod  refers  to  the  idea  contained  in  the  clause  dies  - decreta  est.  Observe 
the  emphatic  position  of  nulli.  Note  that  accidit  is  used  in  a good  sense,  although 
the  verb  usually  implies  misfortune.  Cf.  contigisse,  i.  43,  and  peius  accidisse, 
i.  31. 


BOOK  III. 

CHAPTER  I. 

mittendi.  Cf.  hiemandi  below,  and  ii.  1,  coniurandi. 

magno  cum  periculo.  Observe  the  position  of  cum  here  and  in  magnis  cum 
portoriis.  Cf  i.  10. 

iter,  accusative.  Subject  of  patefieri,  which  depends  on  volebat, 
ipse.  Agrees  with  Galba,  the  subject  of  constituit  to  be  supplied 
cum.  Causal. 


360 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  II. 

id.  Explained  by  the  clause  ut  — caperent. 

aliquot  de  causis.  Particularized  by  (1)  primum,  first;  (2)  tum  etiam, 
secondly  (then  also) ; (3)  accedebat,  in  the  third  place,  finally  (it  was  added). 

accedebat.  The  subject  is  quod  — habebant. 

sibi  persuasum  habebant,  they  were  persuaded;  literally,  they  had  it  per- 
suaded to  themselves. 

persuasum  agrees  with  the  clause  Romanos  — adiungere. 

CHAPTER  III. 

de  frumento  reliquoque  commeatu.  Cf.  i.  39,  first  part  of  the  chapter. 

satis  esse  provisum.  Impersonal  use;  literally,  had  been  sufficiently  provided, 
i.  e.,  sufficient  provision  bad  beeu  made. 

neque  subsidio  veniri  (posset),  neither  could  aid  be  brought;  literally,  neither 
could  it  be  come  for  aid. 

ad  extremum  = ad  extremum  casum.  Cf.  chap.  5,  also  summo,  ii.  18 ; 
angusto,  ii.  25.  Iu  these  cases  we  have  the  substantive  use  of  the  adjective. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

iis  rebus  collocandis  atque  administrandis.  The  dative  of  the  gerun- 
dive construction  to  denote  purpose. 

decurrere  (et)  conicere  Asyndeton.  These  verbs  are  historical  infinitives. 
Others  are  repugnare,  mittere,  occurrere,  ferre,  superari. 

ut,  as  often  as. 

hoc.  Explained  by  the  rest  of  the  sentence,  quod  etc. 

non  modo  = non  modo  non.  The  order  is  ac  non  modo  facultas  (non) 
dabatur  defesso  etc. 

relinquendi  agrees  with  loci. 


CHAPTER  V. 

cum.  Temporal.  Explain  the  difference  in  tense  in  deficerent  and  coepissent. 

milites  certiores  facit,  he  directs  or  commands.  The  meaning  here  is  stronger 
than  in  “ he  informs  his  soldiers.”  Cf.  Civil  War,  i.  64,  ut  certior  fieret,  ne  labori 
suo  parceret. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

cognoscendi.  The  gerund  depends  on  facultatem  and  has  quid  fieret  for  its 
object. 

sui  colligendi,  to  recover  themselves,  sui  is  best  taken,  not  as  the  genitive  of 
the  personal  pronoun,  but  as  the  neuter  of  the  possessive  adjective  suus,  suum  = 
one’s  own,  one’s  interest,  one’s  self.  This  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  same  stereo- 


NOTES. 


361 


typed  expression  is  employed  irrespective  of  gender.  Or  sui  may  be  explained  as 
the  genitive  of  the  reflexive  pronoun  limiting  colligendi,  recovering  of  themselves 
The  genitive  dependent  on  the  gerund  we  meet  with  rarely  in  Latin ; e.  g.  poenarum 
sit- solvendi  tempus;  Lucretius,  v.  1225  (the  only  example  in  his  works),  eius  vi- 
dendi, “ of  seeing  her;”  Ter.  Hee.,  372.  The  former  theory,  as  remarked  above, 
seems  more  reasonable. 

circumventos  interficiunt  = circumveniunt  et  interficiunt, 
fusis  and  exutis  are  both  in  agreement  with  copiis,  armis  depends  on  exutis, 
saepius,  too  often.  The  meaning  of  the  clauses  which  immediately  follow  is  that 
he  had  encountered  things  different  from  his  expectation  when  he  set  out. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

atque  ita,  and  accordingly. 

profectus  esset  cum  is  to  be  taken  as  belonging  to  this  clause  as  well  as  to 
the  preceding ; hence  the  subjunctive. 

mare  Oceanum,  i.  e.  the  Atlantic.  The  Mediterranean  was  mare  internum, 
and  by  way  of  distinction  this  is  called  mare  Oceanum.  Cf.  i.  30. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

et  in  magno  impetu,  etc.  The  meaning  is,  that  by  reason  of  the  great  and 
unbroken  violence  of  the  sea,  only  a few  harbors  being  on  the  coast  and  these  held 
by  the  Veneti,  they  are  naturally  the  masters  of  all  who  trade  in  that  part  of  the 
world. 

retinendi,  of  detaining,  i.  e.,  by  detaining.  Others  follow  their  example, 
quos  dedissent.  See  ii  34. 

ut  sunt,  etc  , since  or  because.  The  ut  is  causal  and  explanatory, 
acturos  — laturos,  sc.  se  as  subject, 
suos,  his. 
sibi,  to  them. 

remittat.  In  direct  discourse  what  mood  was  used  ? 

CHAPTER  IX. 

longius,  too  far.  Where  was  Caesar  1 See  beginning  of  chap.  7. 
naves  longas,  ships  of  war. 
in  se,  against  themselves. 

legatos  — retentos  — coniectos.  In  apposition  with  facinus, 
hoc.  with  the  greater  hope  on  this  account,  or  this  ( they  do)  with  greater  hope,  be- 
cause etc. 

pedestria  itinera  esse  concisa  and  navigationem  impeditam.  Objects 
of  sciebant. 


NOTES. 


nostros  exercitus  — posse.  Object  of  confidebant, 
diutius,  very  long. 
iam  ut,  even  though. 

longe  aliam  — atque,  far  different  from. 

naves  — quam  plurimas  possunt,  as  many  ships  as  possible.  Cf.  i.  7,  quam 
maximis  potest  itineribus. 


CHAPTER  X. 

multa.  Its  appositives  are  iniuriae,  rebellio,  defectio,  coniuratio,  and  the 
clause  ne  — arbitrarentur. 

retentorum  equitum,  in  the  detention  of  the  knights.  The  participle  retento- 
rum conveys  the  leading  idea.  This  thrusting  into  a participle  of  the  main  idea  of 
the  clause  obtained  a great  vogue  in  later  Latin , e.  g.,  cum  occisus  Caesar  — 
facinus  videretur;  Tac.  Ann.,  i.  8,  “when  the  murder  of  Caesar  seemed,”  etc.; 
augebat  metum  gnarus  Romanae  seditionis  et  — invasurus  hostis ; Tac.  Ann., 
i.  36,  “ the  fact  that  the  enemy  were  acquainted  with  the  sedition  among  the  Romans 
and  the  fact  that  they  would  invade,  etc.,  increased  the  fear.” 

equitum  refers  to  Silvius,  Velanius,  and  others,  mentioned  in  chap.  8. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

adeat.  Observe  the  omission  of  ut. 
qui  curet,  to  see  to  it. 
eo,  i.  e.,  among  the  Veneti. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

posita.  Iu  agreement  with  oppida  implied  in  situs  oppidorum. 

cum,  as  often  as. 

pedibus,  on  foot,  i e.,  by  land. 

se  incitavisset,  had  come  in  ; literally,  had  roused  itself. 
navibus,  by  ships,  i.  e.,  by  sea. 

afflictarentur,  stranded 

his  refers  to  aggere  et  mollibus. 

cuius  rei  = quarum,  i.  e.,  navium. 

eo,  for  this  reason  ; referring  to  quod  — navigandi. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

factae  et  armatae,  were  built  and  equipped. 

planiores,  flatter 

excipere,  to  meet,  to  encounter. 


NOTES. 


363 


contumeliam,  violence,  buffeting. 

quamvis.  In  agreement  with  vim  and  contumeliam. 

transtra,  etc.,  cross-beams  (made)  oj  timber  (trabibus)  a foot  in  thickness  (alti- 
tudinem) were  joined  together  (confixa)  by  iron  bolts  of  the  thickness  (crassitudine) 
of  a thumb  (digiti  pollicis), 
pro,  instead  of. 

alutae  tenuiter  confectae,  thinly  dressed  leather. 

posse.  Its  subjects  are  tempestates,  impetus,  onera.  It  has  two  comple- 
mentary verbs,  sustineri  to  be  read  with  the  first  two  subjects,  and  regi  to  be  lead 
with  onera  All  depend  on  arbitrabantur, 
praestaret,  sc.  classis  as^subject. 
reliqua,  all  other  things. 
pro,  considering.  See  i.  2,  last  sentence, 
illis  refers  to  the  Gauls, 
nostrae,  sc.  naves. 

his  and  iis  refer  to  the  ships  of  the  Gauls. 

copulis,  by  grappling  hooks. 

accedebat  The  subject  is  ut  — timerent. 

cum  governs  the  verbs  coepissent,  dedissent.  The  next  three  verbs  depend 
on  ut. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

frustra,  without  result : explained  by  the  rest  of  the  sentence. 

neque  iis  noceri  posse,  nor  could  they  be  injured.  What  is  the  literal  translation? 

quae.  Subject  of  convenit  and  visa  est ; its  antecedent  is  classem. 

paratissimae,  thoroughly  equipped. 

ornatissimae,  finely  provided. 

nostris,  sc.  navibus. 

adversae.  In  agreement  with  naves. 

neque  satis  Bruto  — constabat,  nor  was  it  sufficiently  clear  to  Brutus.  The 
subject  of  constabat  is  quid  agerent  — insisterent, 
noceri  non  posse,  no  injury  could  be  inflicted. 
has,  i.  e.,  the  turres, 
neque  — et.  Cf.  ii  25. 
missa,  sc.  tela. 

gravius,  with  more  disastrous  effect. 
falces.  In  apposition  with  una  res. 
falcium  Governed  by  absimili, 
his,  i e , mural  hooks. 

cum,  as  often  as.  Used  here  with  the  indicative ; but  cf.  chap.  12,  first  sentence 
atque  eo  magis.  Cf.  i.  47,  et  eo  magis. 

nullum  — factum,  no  unusually  brave  deed , literally,  no  deed  a little  braver. 


364 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

cum,  as  often  as.  Cf.  chaps.  12,  14. 

binae  ac  ternae  naves,  ships  by  twos  and  threes. 

singulas,  one  by  one. 

quod.  Subject  of  fieri  and  refers  to  last  part  of  previous  sentence. 

ferebat,  was  bearing,  was  blowing. 

malacia  ac  tranquillitas,  calm  and  stillness. 

exstitit,  stood  out,  prevailed. 

quae  res,  this  circumstance,  i e.,  the  calm. 

cum,  since;  explanatory  of  noctis  interventu. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

cum  — turn,  not  only  — but  also.  Cf.  ii.  4,  near  the  end. 

navium  quod  ubique  fuerat,  whatever  vessels  they  had  anywhere , literally, 
what  of  vessels  had  been  anywhere. 
quibus,  these , i.  e.,  the  vessels. 

vindicandum  (esse),  etc  The  meaning  is,  Caesar  thought  that  the  more 
severe  punishment  ought  to  be  inflicted  on  these  for  this  reason,  that,  etc. 

sub  corona,  under  the  crown,  i.  e.  as  slaves.  Prisoners  of  war,  when  about  to  be 
sold  into  slavery,  were  crowned  with  chaplets  So  it  has  been  said,  but  the  real 
origin  of  the  expression  is  unknown. 

CHAPTER  XVII 
quas  — acceperat.  See  chap  11. 

auctores,  authors,  i.  e.,  to  sanction  the  war.  What  is  the  etymological  meaning 
of  the  English  word  “ author  ” ? Cf.  augeo, 
idoneo  agrees  with  loco  and  determines  case  of  castris, 
cum.  Concessive.  Cf.  i.  14,  cum  ea  ita  sint. 
pugnandi  potestatem  faceret.  Cf.  i.  40,  near  middle, 
non  solum  — sed  etiam.  Cf.  chap.  16,  cum  — turn, 
in  contemptionem  veniret.  Cf.  i.  18,  in  spem  venire, 
opinionem,  impression. 

ea  causa.  Explained  by  rest  of  the  sentence, 
eo,  i.  e.,  Caesar. 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

quid  fieri  velit.  Object  of  edocet, 
pro  perfuga,  as  if  he  were  a deserter. 

quibus  — proficiscatur.  Object-of  docet. 

neque  longius  abesse  quin,  it  is  not  further  off  than  the  next  night  that 
Sabinus,  etc, 


NOTES. 


365 


quod,  this,  i.  e.,  the  information  given  above. 

amittendam  esse  — oportere.  Asyndeton. 

ad  castra  iri  oportere,  they  ought  to  go  to  the  camp ; literally,  it  ought  to  be  gone 
■o  the  camp. 

res.  Its  appositives  are  cunctatio,  confirmatio,  inopia,  spes,  and  quod  — 
credunt. 

superiorum  dierum  Sabini.  Double  genitive.  Cf.  ii.  17,  eorum  dierum, 
prius,  with  quam  following,  before. 

ut  explorata  victoria,  as  if  victory  were  sure.  Cf.  v.  43,  sicuti  parta  iam 
atque  explorata  victoria. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

imo.  See  note  on  extremum,  chap.  3. 

ac  terga  verterent,  but  turned  their  backs,  i.  e.,  fled,  ac  after  a negative  clause 
is  best  rendered  by  but.  See  note  on  non  potuerunt  ac  terga,  iv.  35. 

quos,  these  fugitives.  Notice  how  frequently  Caesar  uses  the  relative  at  the 
beginning  of  a sentence  where  we  use  the  demonstrative, 
paucos,  but  few.  Object  of  reliquerunt. 

Sabinus,  sc.  certior  factus  est. 
animus,  disposition. 
mens,  mind. 

CHAPTER  XX. 
ex  tertia  parte,  as  a third  part. 
finitimae.  In  agreement  with  civitates. 

paucis  annis.  Nothing  is  known  of  Valerius.  The  defeat  of  Mallius  is  usually 
assigned  to  78  b.  c.  during  the  Sertorian  war,  in  which  some  of  the  Gauls  participated, 
non  mediocrem  diligentiam.  Cf.  i.  39,  non  mediocriter, 
quo  plurimum  valebant,  in  which  they  were  very  powerful.  Cf.  ii.  17,  nihil 
possent  and  pedestribus  valent  copiis. 

CHAPTER  XXI. 
nostri.  Subject  of  cuperent. 

perspici.  The  subject  is  the  clause  quid  — possent 

vertere.  The  short  form  of  the  third  person  plural  of  the  perfect,  which  is  rarely 
used  in  Caesar  (Civil  War,  i.  51,  iii.  63). 

alias  — alias,  now  — again,  at  one  time  — at  another.  Cf.  ii.  29. 

aerariae  structurae,  copper  mines. 

CHAPTER  XXn. 

condicio,  manner  of  living. 

amicitiae.  Indirect  object  of  dediderint, 
qui.  Subject  of  recusaret. 

condicione,  terms. 


366 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

oppidum.  Subject  of  expugnatum  esse. 

ventum  erat,  they  had.  come.  Impersonal  construction. 

quoqueversum,  in  every  direction. 

finitimae.  In  agreement  with  quae.  Which  belong  to  (are  of)  hither  Spain, 
nearest  to  Aquitania. 

cum  after  magna.  Note  its  position.  See  note  on  iii.  1. 
quod.  Explained  by  the  clause  suas  — augeri. 

animadvertit.  Its  object  is  quod,  which  is  explained  by  copias  diduci ; hos- 
tem vagari,  obsidere,  relinquere  ; frumentum  commeatumque  supportari ; 
numerum  augeri, 
in  dies,  daily. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

prima  luce.  See  i.  22. 
esse.  Its  subject  is  potiri. 

infirmiore  animo.  This  ablative  of  quality  is  equivalent  to  an  adjective.  Cf. 
Afr.  War,  78,  integros  recentioribusque  viribus  equites.  Eor  a like  adjective 
phrase,  see  note  on  ex  essedis,  iv.  33. 

exspectari  — iretur,  they  should  hesitate  no  longer  to  go  to  the  camp. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

cum  — cum.  The  first  cum  determines  the  mood  of  complerent,  depellerent, 
and  praeberent ; the  second  cum,  the  mood  of  pugnaretur  and  acciderent, 
ad  pugnam,  for  fighting. 

pugnaretur.  Impersonal. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

quid  fieri  velit.  Object  of  ostendit, 
erat  imperatum.  Impersonal. 

intritae,  from  in,  negative  and  terere,  to  rub.  Explain  the  use  of  this  word  ; 
that  of  the  Eng.  trite. 
prius  — quam,  before. 

videri.  Complement  of  possent  understood, 
quid  — gereretur.  Subject  of  posset, 
multa  nocte,  late  at  night.  Cf.  multo  die,  i.  22. 


ultro,  besides. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 


NOTES, 


367 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

longe  ac  — Galli,  in  a far  different  way  from  the  rest  of  the  Gauls. 
continentes  silvas,  unbroken  forests.  Explain  the  exact  force  of  continentes 
from  its  composition, 
longius,  too  far. 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

deinceps  = almost  an  adjective  continuis,  successively,  one  after  another.  Cf.  v. 
40,  reliquis  deinceps  diebus,  and  Civil  War,  iii.  56,  omnibus  deinceps  diebus. 
The  adverb  is  inserted  between  the  adjective  and  the  noun  as  if  in  imitation 
of  the  Greek  idiom  ol  r6re  &vdpuirot,  the  men  of  that  time.  For  this  adjective 
force  of  the  adverb  in  an  English  derivative,  see  the  word  peninsula  (paene  -f- 
insula),  paeninsula  occurs  first  in  Latin  in  poem  XXXI.  of  Catullus, 
materiam,  timber. 
ab  latere,  on  the  flank. 

sub  pellibus,  under  skins,  i.  e.,  in  tents  which  were  covered  with  skins. 


BOOK  IV. 

CHAPTER  I. 

qui  fuit  — consulibus.  This  clause  establishes  the  date.  Pompey  and  Crassus 
entered  upon  their  consulship  on  the  first  of  January  in  the  year  55  b.  c. 

Gneo  — Crasso.  Observe  the  omission  of  the  conjunction,  as  in  i.  35,  M.  Mes- 
sala — consulibus. 

magna  cum  multitudine.  For  the  position  of  the  preposition,  cf.  i.  10, 
magno  cum  periculo. 

exagitati,  having  been  harassed.  Cf.  ii.  29,  a finitimis  exagitati. 

anno  post,  the  year  after. 

ratio  atque  usus  belli,  the  art  and  practice  of  war.  Cf.  ii.  20,  scientia  atque 
usus  militum. 

longius  anno  = diutius  anno,  longer  than  one  year.  Cf.  vii.  9,  longius  triduo. 
Hoes  longe  usually  refer  to  place  or  time  1 Cf.  longe  and  longius  iii.  28,  longius 
i.  22,  longissime  i.  1. 

maximam  partem,  for  the  most  part. 

lacte  atque  pecore  vivunt  Cf.  v.  14,  lacte  et  carne  vivunt. 

sunt  in  venationibus.  Cf.  vi.  21,  vita  omnis  in  venationibus  — consistit. 

quae  res,  and  this  fact. 


368 


NOTES. 


nullo  officio  — assuefacti,  having  been  accustomed  to  no  service  nor  discipline. 
locis  frigidissimis,  though  their  country  is  very  cold. 
vestitus,  partitive  genitive  with  quicquam. 

CHAPTER  II. 

ut,  quae  — habeant,  so  that  they  have  (persons)  to  whom  they  may  sell  those 
things  which  they  have  taken  in  war. 

quam  quo  — desiderent,  than  because  they  desire,  etc. 

impenso  parant  pretio,  procure  at  a great  price.  Exact  meaning  of  impenso  ! 
haec  — efficiunt,  by  daily  exercise  they  make  these  capable  of  great  labor. 
cum  usus  est,  when  there  is  need.  Eor  this  meaning  of  usus,  cf.  vi.  15,  hi,  cum 
est  usus  atque  aliquod  bellum  incidit,  omnes  in  bello  versantur, 
vinum  — arbitrantur.  Cf.  ii.  15,  nihil  pati  vini  — inferri. 

CHAPTER  III. 

publice  — laudem,  they  consider  it  the  greatest  praise  as  a community.  Cf.  vi. 
23,  civitatibus  maxima  laus  est,  quam,  etc. 

una  — a Suebis,  in  one  direction  from  the  Suebi. 

ut  est  captus  Germanorum,  as  is  the  capacity  (captus  being  a noun)  of  the 
Germans,  considering  the  mode  of  life  among  the  Germans. 

redegerunt  = reddiderunt.  Cf.  ii.  27,  magnitudo  redegerat. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

in  eadem  causa,  in  the  same  condition. 
ad  extremum  tamen,  at  last  however. 
ad  utramque  ripam,  on  each  bank. 

transire  prohibebant.  Eor  the  construction  with  prohibere  in  this  sense,  cf. 
ii.  4,  ingredi  prohibuerint. 

CHAPTER  V. 

infirmitatem,  fickleness. 

nihil  his  committendum  existimavit,  thought  that  no  confidence  should  be 
placed  in  them. 

est  — consuetudinis,  this  belongs  to  Gallic  custom,  i.  e.,  is  a Gallic  custom, 
vulgus  circumsistat  — cogant.  Notice  the  change  in  number  caused  by  the 
collective  idea  in  vulgus  Cf.  i.  2,  civitati  persuasit,  ut  — exirent, 
his  rebus  permoti.  Cf.  i.  37,  quibus  rebus  — commotus, 
quorum  — necesse  est,  of  which  they  must  repent  on  the  spot.  Cf.  iv.  2. 
rumoribus  serviant,  are  slaves  to  idle  reports.  Cf.  vii.  34,  bello  servire. 


NOTES. 


369 


CHAPTER  VI. 

ne  graviori  — occurreret,  that  he  might  not  encounter  too  serious  a war. 

occurreret.  Cf  iii.  6,  in  bellum  incideret. 

uti  — discederent,  to  withdraw  from  the  Rhine,  i.  e , to  go  farther  into  Gaul, 
qua  spe  adducti,  influenced  by  the  hope  of  this;  literally,  by  which  hope,  qua 

spe  = huius  rei  spe,  as  in  i.  9,  ea  civitate  = ex  eorum  civitate,  and  i.  10,  quae 
civitas  = quorum  civitas,  and  v 19,  hoc  metu  = huius  rei  metu. 

constituit,  made  known  his  resolve. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

quibus  in  locis.  Cf.  i.  6,  quibus  itineribus, 
a quibus  refers  to  ea  loea. 
resistere,  sc.  iis  as  antecedent  of  quicumque. 
posse,  sc.  se. 

possederint,  come  into  possession  of.  For  possidere  in  sense  of  potiri,  cf.  aer 
omne  necessest  — possidat  inane,  Lucret,  i.  3S6. 
concedere,  are  inferior. 

neminem.  Observe  the  emphatic  position.  Cf.  i.  3,  quod  aliud  iter  — nullum. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

quae  visum  est,  what  seemed  proper,  quae  object  of  respondere  to  be  supplied, 
verum,  reasonable,  just.  Cf.  C'ic.  Tusc.  3,  29,  73,  rectum  et  verum  est,  ut 
amemus. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

post  diem  tertium,  the  third  day  after. 

ne  propius  — moveret,  that  he  should  not  advance  nearer  them. 
hos  — equites,  they  were  waiting  for  this  cavalry  ; literally,  this  cavalry  ivas 
being  waited  for. 

CHAPTER  X. 

ex  monte  Vosego  = ex  ea  parte  montis;  monte  means  here  a long  mountain- 
chain;  see  map.  This  reference  is  not  in  point  considering  the  whole  context  in 
chap.  1. 

parte  quadam,  a tributary. 

neque  longius  milibus.  Cf.  i-  15,  amplius  — senis  milibus ; also  i.  22,  non 
longius  — quingentis  passibus. 

citatus,  with  a rapid  current. 
sunt  qui,  there  are  some  who. 

existimantur,  not  the  subjunctive,  because  sunt  qui  is  simply  equivalent  to 
nonnulli. 

capitibus,  mouths  ; elsewhere  the  word  usually  signifies  sources. 


370 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XL 

ut  — constitutum.  See  chap.  9.  Cf.  i.  22,  ut  erat  praeceptum, 
in  itinere  congressi  = congressi  cum  eo,  qui  in  itinere  erat, 
praemitteret,  to  send  on.  Observe  the  omission  of  the  object, 
sibi  — faceret,  that  he  would  grant  them  permission. 

fecisset.  For  two  subjects  with  singular  verb,  cf.  ii.  26,  quantoque  in  periculo 
et  castra  et  legiones  et  imperator  versaretur.  Many  editions  have  fecissent.  In 
the  MSS.  the  nasal  was  indicated  by  a curved  mark  over  the  vowel ; lienee  confusions 
were  very  easy  ; e.  g.  fecisset  and  fecisset. 

eodem  illo  pertinere.  Cf.  i 14,  eodem  pertinere. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

ubi  primum  = cum  primum  or  simul  ac. 

amplius  — equites,  more  than  eight  hundred  cavalry.  What  other  construction 
after  amplius  ? See  chap.  10 

rursus  resistentibus,  while  our  men  in  their  turn  made  a stand.  Supply 
nostris. 

subf ossis,  from  subfodere,  stabbed  underneath. 

ita  perterritos  egerunt.  Note  the  force  of  per  in  perterritos.  Cf.  v.  17, 
praecipites  hostes  egerunt. 

amicus  — appellatus.  Cf.  i.  3,  a senatu  — amicus  appellatus. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

per  dolum  atque  insidias.  Cf.  i.  42,  ne  per  insidias  — circumveniretur, 
exspectare  ; subject  of  esse. 

cognita  — infirmitate,  knowing  the  fickleness  of  the  Gauls.  For  this  meaning 
of  infirmitas,  cf.  chap.  5,  et  infirmitatem  Gallorum, 
postridie  eius  diei.  Cf.  i.  23. 

Germani  frequentes.  Cf.  chap.  1,  magna  cum  multitudine, 
sui  purgandi  causa,  to  acquit  themselves.  For  the  construction  sui  purgandi, 
see  note  on  sui  colligendi,  iii.  6. 

contra  atque  esset  dictum,  contrary  to  what  had  been  said . 
de  indutiis  impetrarent,  might  obtain  their  request  for  a truce  by  deceiving 
(him).  Cf.  v.  36,  de  sua  ac  militum  salute  impetrari  posse. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

quid  ageretur,  what  was  going  on. 
discessu  suorum,  by  the  absence  of  their  chiefs. 

perturbantur.  The  word  is  used  in  a pregnant  sense.  It  is  equivalent  to  they 
are  so  confounded  as  to  be  in  doubt. 


NOTES. 


371 


praestaret.  Impersonal, 
quo  loco,  in  this  place. 

ad  quos  consectandos,  to  pursue  them.  Caesar’s  conduct  in  this  matter  is  a 
specimen  of  the  barbarity  of  his  age.  It  shows  the  little  value  set  upon  human  life 
when  ambition  was  to  be  gratified.  Plutarch  tells  us  that  this  act  was  severely 
censured  at  Rome. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

clamore  audito,  hearing  the  outcry,  i.  e.  of  their  women  and  children,  who  were 
being  slain. 

suos  interfici,  that  their  own  families  were  being  massacred. 

ad  confluentem,  at  the  confluence.  The  word  is  properly  a participle,  agreeing 
originally  with  some  word  which  has  dropped  out.  Cf.  continens  (terra),  continent, 
ad  unum  omnes,  all  to  the  last  man. 
ex  timore,  after  the  alarm. 

capitum.  Cf.  i.  29,  capitum  Helvetiorum. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

Germanico  — confecto.  Cf.  i 30,  bello  Helvetiorum  confecto. 

quarum  illa  fuit  iustissima.  of  these  the  following  was  the  most  important. 
suis  quoque  — voluit,  he  desired  that  they  should  fear  for  their  own  possessions. 
accessit  — quod,  moreover;  literally,  it  was  added  also  that,  etc. 
supra  commemoravi.  See  chap.  9,  magnam  — missam, 
eos  — dederent,  to  surrender  those  who,  etc.  Observe  the  omission  of  ut.  Cf. 
iii.  5,  certiores  facit,  paulisper  intermitterent,  etc. 

cur  — postularet,  why  did  he  claim  that  anything  beyond  the  Rhine  was  under 
his  sway  or  power  ? 

occupationibus  reipublicae,  by  the  business  of  the  state. 
opinionem,  reputation. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

neque  — statuebat,  nor  considered  that  it  was  consistent  with  his  own  dignity  or 
that  of  the  Roman  people. 

proponebatur,  was  manifest;  literally,  u-as  presented  to  him. 

rationem  — instituit,  he  determined  upon  this  plan  of  a bridge. 

tigna,  posts  or  piles,  bina,  in  pairs,  sesquipedalia,  a foot  and  a half  thick. 

ab  imo  praeacuta,  sharpened  at  the  lower  end.  dimensa  ad  altitudinem, 

proportioned  to  the  depth. 

haec  cum  machinationibus  — adegerat,  when  he  had  sunk  (immissa)  these 
into  the  river  by  means  of  engines  and  secured  them  there  (defixerat),  and  had  then 
driven  them  down  (adegerat)  with  rammers. 


372 


NOTES. 


sublicae  modo,  like  a pile. 

ut  — procumberent,  so  as  to  incline  according  to  the  current. 
contra  — conversa,  turned  against  the  force  and  current  of  the  river. 
haec  utraque  — distinebantur,  these  (two)  pairs  were  kept  apart  by  timbers, 
two  feet  thick,  laid  on  above  (for  two  feet  was  the  distance  between  the  piles)  with  two 
ties  at  each  end. 

quibus  — revinctis,  these  being  kept  apart  and  secured  at  opposite  ends. 
hoc  artius,  so  much  the  more  closely. 

haec  contexebantur,  these  were  covered  with  timbers  laid  over  them  lengthwise. 
ac  nihilo  secius,  and  besides  all  this. 
et,  also. 

pro  ariete,  as  a buttress. 
aliae,  sc.  sublicae. 

deiciendi  operis,  for  the  purpose  of  throwing  down  the  work.  The  genitive  ex- 
presses purpose  as  if  causa  or  gratia  had  been  employed.  Such  a genitive  of  the 
gerundive  is  best  explained  as  the  genitive  of  quality.  This  construction  is  espe- 
cially common  in  late  Latin.  Cf.  Tac.  Ann.  ii.  59,  Aegyptum  proficiscitur 
cognoscendae  antiquitatis. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

diebus  decem,  quibus,  within  ten  days.  Cf.  iii.  2.3,  paucis  diebus,  quibus, 
firmo  praesidio,  strong  guard.  Cf.  i.  3,  per  tres  — firmissimos  populos, 
liberaliter  respondit.  Cf.  ii.  5,  liberaliterque  oratione  prosecutus, 
institui  coeptus  est.  Why  is  coeptus  passive  ‘ 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

vicis  aedificiisque.  Cf.  i.  5,  vicos  — aedificia  incendunt, 
hunc  esse  — medium,  this  had  been  selected  near  the  centre,  medium  agrees 
directly  with  hune.  Cf.  vi.  13,  regio  totius  Galliae  media. 

rebus  is  explained  by  the  clauses  ut  — iniceret,  ut  — ulcisceretur,  etc. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

exigua  — reliqua.  Ablative  absolute.  Cf.  iii.  29,  reliquis  item  civitatibus, 
tamen  in  Britanniam  — contendit.  See  description  of  Britain  in  Intro- 
duction. 

omnibus  — intellegebat,  because  he  discovered  that  help  had  been  furnished  to 
our  enemy  from  that  country  in  nearly  all  the  wars  with  the  Gauls. 
si  tempus  — tamen,  even  if  time  should  fail,  yet,  etc. 

Gallis  — incognita,  i.  e.  except  the  Veneti.  Cf.  iii.  8,  Veneti  in  Britanniam 
navigare  consuerunt.  According  to  ii  4,  Divitiacus  once  had  the  government,  — 
tum  etiam  Britanniae  imperium  obtinuerit. 


NOTES. 


373 


iis  ipsis,  i.  e.  mercatoribus. 

contra  Gallias,  opposite  to  Gaul.  The  plural  refers  to  the  several  divisions, 
quem  usum,  what  skill. 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

Volusenum.  See  iii.  5;  vi.  41 ; viii.  48. 
idoneum,  a suitable  person. 

navi  longa,  war-ship. 
ad  Veneticum  bellum.  See  iii.  9. 

qui  polliceantur  — dare.  The  present  infinitive  for  the  future  se  daturos 
esse  is  a rare  construction  after  polliceor.  In  chap.  22  the  regular  tense  is 
employed,  facturos  pollicerentur. 

Atrebatibus  superatis,  i.  e.  in  the  battle  of  the  Sambre.  See  ii.  23. 
ibi  = apud  Atrebates. 

magni  habebatur,  was  estimated  highly. 

fidem  sequantur,  to  embrace  the  alliance.  Cf.  v.  20,  secutos  fidem, 
seque  — venturum,  that  he  (Caesar)  would  come.  For  se  referring  to  subject 
of  imperat,  cf.  ii.  35,  ab  nationibus  — mitterentur  — qui  se  — imperata  facturas 
pollicerentur. 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

superioris  temporis  consilio,  for  their  former  ( hostile ) purpose. 

anni  tempus.  Cf.  chap.  20,  si  tempus  anni. 

has  tantularum  rerum  occupationes,  attention  to  such  trifling  matters  as 
these.  Cf.  chap.  16,  occupationibus  rei  publicae. 

navium  longarum.  See  chap.  21.  Cf.  Greek  pa/cpa  n\oia. 
ducendum  dedit,  pace  to  lead,  ducendum  is  in  agreement  with  exercitum. 
This  use  of  the  gerundive  to  express  purpose  is  common.  An  early  construction, 
and  perhaps  the  original  (cf.  note  on  i.  11),  is  the  gerund  as  direct  object  of  a verb 
and  itself  taking  a direct  object;  e.  g.  on  an  old  Latin  inscription,  portas,  turreis, 
moiros,  turreisque  aequas  qum  moiro  faciundum  coiraverunt. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

solvit,  sets  sail.  Supply  naves.  For  the  omission  of  this  object,  cf.  chap.  28, 
naves  (nom.)  — leni  vento  solverunt.  In  chap.  35  the  object  is  expressed,  ipse  — 
naves  solvit. 

hora  quarta,  about  8.30  o’clock  iu  the  morning.  Cf.  iii.  15. 
dum  — convenirent,  until  the  rest  of  the  ships  should  come  there. 
ut  — administrarentur,  as  military  science  and  especially  the  management  of 
ships  require  j since  these  have  a rapid  and  uncertain  movement)  that  all  things  should 
be  performed  by  them  promptly.  Note  the  omission  of  ut  with  administrarentur, 


374 


NOTES. 


and  that  postularent  following  ut,  as,  would  be  the  indicative  in  direct  discourse. 
Cf.  ut  — ratio  — postulabat  ii.  22. 

sublatis  ancoris,  the  anchors  having  been  weighed. 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

quo  genere  = quibus. 

egredi  prohibebant.  See  note  on  suos  ingredi  prohibuerint,  ii.  4.  Notice 
the  force  of  the  imperfect. 

ignotis  locis.  Cf.  locis  frigidissimis,  chap.  1 . 
militibus  — desiliendum,  the  soldiers  had  to  leap  down. 

simul  et  — et  — et,  etc.  Observe  the  repetition  of  the  conjunctions  (Poly- 
syndeton). 

insuefactos,  trained  to  this. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

motus  — expeditior.  Cf.  iii.  13,  ut  una  celeritate  et  pulsu  remorum 
praestaret. 

naves  --  removeri,  to  be  withdrawn  a little.  Obj.  of  iussit. 
quae  res,  this  manoeuvre. 
atque,  and  now. 

qui  — aquilam  ferebat  = aquilifer.  The  omitted  antecedent  of  qui  is  the 
subject  of  inquit. 

contestatus,  calling  upon. 

ea  res,  his  act,  i.  e.,  what  he  was  about  to  do. 

praestitero,  T shall  have  discharged.  The  future  perfect  expresses  here  the 
promptness  of  the  action. 

cohortati  inter  se,  exhorting  one  another.  For  inter  se  taking  the  place  of  the 
direct  object,  cf.  vi.  8,  cum  Galli  cohortati  inter  se ; and  vi.  40,  itaque  inter  se 
cohortati. 

ex  proximis  — navibus  = ii,  qui  in  proximis  navibus  erant,  ex  iis  (i.  e. 
navibus)  cum  conspexissent.  The  subject  of  appropinquarunt  is  ii  implied  in 
ex  proximis,  {those)  from  the  nearest. 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

ab  utrisque,  on  both  sides ; literally,  by  those  on  both  sides. 
ordines  servare,  keep  their  ranks. 

alius  alia  ex  navi,  one  from  one  vessel,  another  from  another. 

quibus  signis  — se  aggregabat,  assembled  about  whatever  standards  he  met. 

singulares,  one  by  one. 

in  universos,  upon  our  collected  forces.  See  universi  — desiluerunt,  chap.  25. 
scaphas  longarum  navium,  the  boats  belonging  to  the  ships  of  war. 
simul  = simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 
in  arido.  Cf.  chap.  24,  aut  ex  arido. 


NOTES. 


375 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

simul  atque  — receperunt.  Cf.  ii.  12,  priusquam  — reciperent. 

miserunt  — polliciti  sunt.  Notice  the  asyndeton. 

supra  demonstraveram.  See  chap.  21. 

oratoris  modo,  in  the  character  of  ambassador . 

ut  ignosceretur,  that  pardon  might  be  granted. 

in  continentem.  See  note  on  confluentem,  chap.  16. 

remigrare  in  agros,  to  retire  to  their  country. 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

supra  demonstratum  est.  See  chaps.  22  and  23. 
ex  superiore  portu.  Cf.  chap.  23,  in  ulteriorem  portum, 
solverunt.  See  note  on  solvit,  chap.  23. 

aliae  — aliae,  some  — others. 

quae  — solis  occasum.  Note  the  use  of  the  adverb  propius  and  the  meaning 
of  solis  occasum.  Eor  the  latter,  cf.  i.  1. 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

luna  plena.  Astronomical  calculation  fixes  this  time  of  full  moon  on  the  night 
of  the  30th  of  August,  55  b.  c. 

qui  dies,  which  period  (of  full  moon).  Cf.  chap.  36,  die  aequinoctii, 
aestus  maximos,  spring  tides. 

transportandum  curaverat.  See  note  on  ducendum  dedit,  chap.  22. 
id  quod,  a thing  which,  id  is  in  apposition  with  the  clause  magna  — facta, 
quod  omnibus  constabat,  because  it  was  evident  to  all. 

CHAPTER  XXX. 
principes,  subject  of  duxerunt. 

convenerant.  See  chap.  27,  prineipesque  undique  convenire  — coeperunt, 
quae  hoc  — angustiora,  which  was  smaller  on  this  account.  See  below 
factu.  See  note  on  perfacile  factu,  i.  3. 
ex  — discedere.  Cf.  chap.  27,  remigrare  in  agros. 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

ex  eventu  navium,  from  the  fate  of  the  ships.  Cf.  viii.  23,  quae  Bellovacorum 
speculabantur  eventum. 

ex  eo  quod,  from  the  fact  that. 
ad  omnes  casus,  against  every  emergency. 
quae  — naves,  earum,  of  those  ships  which,  etc. 
quae  — usui,  whatever  was  of  use. 

reliquis  ut  — effecit,  he  brought  it  about  that  the  voyage  could  be  made  well 
enough  ivith  the  rest. 


376 


NOTES. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

frumentatum,  supine. 

neque  ulla  --  interposita,  no  suspicion  of  war  having  arisen  as  i/et. 

hominum,  i.  e.,  the  Britons. 

ventitaret,  kept  coming  again  and  again.  Note  that  the  tense  and  the  derivative 
ending  combine  to  make  this  a double  imperfect. 

quam  consuetudo  ferret,  than  usual ; literally,  than  custom  brought. 

id,  quod  erat,  that  which  was  really  the  case. 

aliquid  — consilii.  In  apposition  with  id. 

armari,  to  arm  themselves,  'ihe  verb  has  a middle  or  reflexive  force.  The  pas- 
sive voice  is  a development  of  the  middle,  denoting  the  action  upon  the  subject. 
A verb  of  this  kind  shows  the  easy  transition  to  the  passive.  A survival  of  the 
middle  voice  is  met  with  in  the  deponent  verbs  utor,  fruor,  etc.,  and  the  ablative 
after  them  is  explained  as  an  ablative  of  means;  e.  g.  vescor  carne,  / eat  meat; 
literally,  I support  myself  by  means  of  meat. 

aegre  sustinere,  to  stand  their  ground  with  difficulty.  For  sustinere  used 
absolutely,  cf.  ii.  6,  sustinere  non  posse,  and  chap.  11,  at  end. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

genus  hoc  — pugnae,  their  method  of  fighting  from  chariots  is  as  follows,  ex 
essedis  is  a prepositional  phrase  which  is  taken  with  pugnae  almost  in  the  sense  of  an 
adjective,  ex  essedis  pugnae,  chariot  fighting.  Cf.  v.  13,  omnes  ex  Gallia  naves 
= omnes  Gallicae  naves. 

cum  se  — insinuaverunt,  when  they  have  worked  themselves  in  among  the  troops 
of  cavalry. 

ita  mobilitatem  — praestant,  thus  they  display  the  speed  of  horse  and  the 
firmness  of  foot  in  battles. 

per  temonem  percurrere,  run  along  the  pole. 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

eius  adventu.  Cf.  iii.  23,  quorum  adventu 

hostes  constiterunt,  nostri  — receperunt.  For  the  asyndeton,  cf.  i.  1 8, 
concilium  dimittit,  Liscum  retinet. 

ad  lacessendum  Observe  the  omission  of  the  object. 

alienum  tempus,  an  unfavorable  time. 

quae  — prohiberent,  so  as  to  keep  our  men  in  camp  and  hinder  the  enemy  from 
fighting. 

sui  liberandi,  of  freeing  themselves.  What  part  of  speech  is  sui  ! See  note  on 
sui  colligendi,  iii.  6. 

quanta  — daretur.  Indirect  question  after  demonstraverunt. 


NOTES. 


377 


CHAPTER  XXXV. 

idem  — fore,  the  same  thing  would  occur  which,  etc. 
ut  — effugerent.  In  apposition  with  idem, 
de  quo  ante  dictum  est.  See  chap.  21. 

ferre  non  potuerunt  ac  terga  verterunt,  were  not  able  to  bear,  but  turned 
their  backs.  For  this  use  of  ac,  et,  and  que  after  a negative  clause,  cf.  chap.  .36, 
non  potuerunt  et  paulo  infra  delatae  sunt ; also  iii.  19,  ne  unum  quidem  nostro- 
rum impetum  ferrent  ac  statim  terga  verterent ; and  vii.  4,  non  destitit  tamen 
atque  in  agris  habet  delectum.  Our  idiom  requires  the  adversative  conjunction, 
tanto  spatio  — quantum,  as  far  as ; literally,  over  as  much  space  as. 

CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

legati  — de  pace  venerunt.  Cf.  i.  27,  Helvetii  — legatos  de  deditione  — mi- 
serunt; ii.  6,  qui  legati  de  pace  — venerant;  chap.  27,  legatos  de  pace  miserunt. 

die  aequinoctii,  the  time  of  the  equinox. 

hiemi  navigationem  subiciendam,  that  the  voyage  should  be  exposed  to  foul 
weather. 

portus  capere,  to  reach  the  port.  Cf.  chap.  26,  cursum  tenere  atque  insulam 
capere 

et  — delatae  sunt.  See  note  on  ac,  chap.  .35,  ac  terga  verterunt. 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

quibus  ex  navibus,  i e.  the  two  transports  mentioned  in  chap.  36,  onerariae 
duae. 

non  ita  magno,  not  very  large. 

circumsteterunt,  suirounded  them.  For  the  omission  of  an  object,  cf.  i.  48,  si 
qui  — deciderat,  circumsistebant, 
ad  clamorem,  at  the  cry. 

postea  — quam  = posteaquam  by  tmesis.  A fragment  of  Ennius  shows  an 
excessive  case  of  tmesis  which  is  a curiosity,  — saxo  cere  comminuit  brum  — saxo 
cerebrum  comminuit,  he  crushed  his  head  ivith  a stone. 

CHAPTER  XXXVIII. 

qui  cum,  since  they. 

siccitates.  The  plural  of  the  abstract  noun  is  explained  by  the  plural  paludum. 
Cf  vi.  30,  silvarum  ac  fluminum  petunt  propinquitates, 
superiore  anno.  See  iii.  28  and  29. 
quo  — reciperent,  whither  they  could  betake  themselves. 
supplicatio.  Cf.  ii.  35,  dies  quindecim  supplicatio. 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


The  numerals  indicate  the  chapters  in  the  Text,  upon  which  the  Vocabulary  of  the 
Exercise  is  based. 


I.  2. 

A.  & G.  255;  G.  40S  ; H.  431,4.  A.  & G.  245,  b;  G.  407,  r.  1 ; H.  416,  n.  1. 
A.  & G.  253  ; G.  398  , H.  424.  A.  & G.  249  ; G.  405  ; H.  421,  1.  A.  & G.  286  ; 
G.  510;  H.  491. 

Of  the  Helvetians,  Orgetorix  was  by  far  the  most  wealthy.  When  Messala  was 
consul,  the  nobility  was  incited  by  his  desire  for  sovereignty  to  form  a conspiracy. 
He  persuades  the  state  to  go  forth  from  the  territory.  1 “ Will  it  not  be  very  easy, 
0 Helvetians,  since  you  excel  all  in  valor,  to  get  the  power  of  the  whole  of  Gaul  P 
To  this  I can  persuade  you  the  more  easily,  because  the  character  of  the  country 
confines  you  on  every  side ; on  the  one  side,  the  Rhine,  a very  deep  river,  sepa- 
rates our  land  from  the  Germans ; on  the  other  side  Mt.  Jura  is  between  us  and  the 
Sequani.”  These  circumstances  caused  the  Helvetians  to  range  less  widely  and 
less  easily  make  war  upon  all  persons.  Hence  it  resulted  that  the  men  were 
affected  with  great  sorrow,  since  they  were  fond  of  war.  In  the  consulship  of 
Marcus  Messala  and  Marcus  Piso  these  Helvetians  thought  that  considering  their 
renown  for  bravery  their  territory  was  too  narrow,  although  it  extends  240  miles. 

1 Introduce  by  nonne. 

I.  3. 

A.  &G.  300;  G.433;  H.  542,  III.  A.  & G.  317;  G.  545, 1;  H.  497,  II.  A.  & G. 
296  ; G.  428  ; H.  544,  1.  A.  & G.  303,  r.  ; G.  437;  H.  547,  n.  1. 

By  these  facts  Orgetorix  induced  them  to  provide  such  things  as  were  necessary 
for  their  departure.  1It  was  necessary  that  they  should  buy  up  as  great  a number 

1 oportere. 


380 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


as  possible  of  beasts  of  burden,  make  as  large  sowings  as  possible,  in  order  that 
plenty  of  grain  might  be  on  hand,  and  establish  peace  with  their  neighbors.  Two 
years  are  sufficient  to  execute  their  designs.  The  third  year  was  fixed  by  them 
for  their  departure.  Orgetorix, 2 having  taken  upon  himself  the  embassy  to  the 
states,  persuades  Casticus  to  seize  the  power  in  his  own  state.  Dumnorix  was 
much  beloved  by  the  people,  and  attempts  the  same,  since  the  daughter  of  Orgeto- 
rix had  been  given  him  in  marriage.  It  was  a very  easy  thing  for  the  Helvetians 
to  accomplish  their  attempts,  because  Orgetorix  could  obtain  the  sovereignty  of 
his  own  state,  and  there  was  no  doubt  that  they  were  the  most  powerful  of  Gaul. 
“I  assure  you,”  3 says  Orgetorix,  “that  I shall  get  the  power  with  my  own 
army.”  The  Helvetians,  incited  by  this  speech,  and  2 giving  a pledge  to  one 
another,  hope  that  they  can  get  possession  of  the  whole  of  Gaul. 

2 Ablative  absolute.  3 inquit. 


I.  5,  6. 

A.  & G.  250 ; G.  400  ; H.  417,  2.  A.  & G.  258  ; G 410  ; H.  380,  II,  2.  A.  & G. 
317  ; G.  545,  1 ; H.  497,  II.  A.  & G.  320  ; G.  633  ; H.  503,  I.  A.  & G.  376  ; G. 
app. ; H.  642-644. 

After  the  death  of  Orgetorix  the  Helvetians  attempted  to  do  that  which  had 
been  resolved  upon,  namely,  to  go  forth  from  their  territory.  Thinking  that  they 
were  ready  for  this  undertaking,  they  set  fire  to  their  towns,  about  twelve  in 
number.  All  the  grain  is  burned,  except  what  can  be  carried  with  them.  The 
Helvetians  take  away  the  hope  of  a return  home,  and  are  ready  to  undergo  all 
dangers.  1 Eacli  one  should  carry  forth  from  home  for  himself  provisions  for  three 
months.  2 The  Rauraci  are  persuaded  to  adopt  the  same  plan.  3 And  so  the 
Rauraci  burn  down  their  towns  and  set  out  with  the  Helvetians,  who  had  united 
to  themselves  the  Boii,  dwelling  on  the  other  side  of  the  Rhine.  Of  the  two  routes 
by  which  it  was  possible  to  go  forth  from  the  country,  one  was  so  narrow  that 
scarcely  the  wagons  could  be  drawn  in  single  file,  over  which  a very  high  moun- 
tain hangs.  4 Hence  they  fear  that  a very  few  might  hinder  them  ; the  other  was 
much  easier,  and  the  Helvetians  thought  that  they  could  persuade  the  Allobroges 
to  allow  them  to  pass  through  their  territory.  A day  was  appointed  on  which 
they  all  should  meet  at  the  Rhone.  This  day  was  not  the  18th  of  April,  but 
5 without  doubt  they  must  meet  on  the  28th  of  March. 

1 cuique  cibaria  efferenda.  2 Rauracis  persuadetur.  3 itaque. 

4 hac  de  causa  vereri  ne.  5 sine  dubio. 


EXERCISES  IX  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


381 


I.  9,  10. 

A.  & G.  325 ; G.  5S6 ; H.  521,  II,  2.  A.  & G.  227  ; G.  345  , H.  385.  A &.  G. 
336  ; G.  653  , H.  524.  A.  & G.  228  ; G.  346  , H.  386. 

If  the  Sequam  were  unwilling,  the  Helvetians  could  not  pass  by  the  way  which 
was  left.  They  send  Dumnorix  to  persuade  them,  since  his  popularity  had  great 
influence  among  the  Sequani,  and  since  Dumnorix  himself  was  anxious  for  a revo- 
lution and  wished  to  have  as  many  states  as  possible  attached  to  him.  There- 
fore, 1 having  undertaken  the  affair,  he  persuaded  the  Sequani  not  to  hinder  the 
Helvetians  in  their  march,  but  allow  them  to  pass  without  harm.  When  it  was 
reported  to  Caesar  that  the  Helvetians  were  intending  to  march  through  the 
territory  of  the  Sequam,  he  saw  that  it  would  be  attended  with  great  danger  to 
have  warlike  men  iu  an  open  country.  For  these  reasons  Titus  Labienus  is  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  fortifications  2 which  had  been  made.  By  forced 
marches  Caesar  proceeded  to  Italy  in  order  to  levy  two  legions  and  march  with 
them  by  the  nearest  route  across  the  Alpes  into  Further  Gaul.  After  having 
routed  the  Centrones,  who  attempted  to  hinder  Ins  army  on  the  march,  and  3 hav- 
ing arrived  in  the  territory  of  the  Vocontii,  he  led  his  army  among  the  Segusiani, 
who  were  the  first  beyond  the  Province. 

1 Ablative  absolute.  2 Participle.  3 Introduce  by  a cum  clause. 


I.  12. 

A.  & G.  334  ; G.  469  ; H.  529.  II.  A.  & G.  319  ; G.  554 ; H.  500,  II.  A.  & G. 

191  ; G.  324,  R.  6 ; H.  443,  N.  1.  A.  & G.  286  ; G.  510  , H.  491. 

The  Saoue  flows  through  the  territories  of  the  Haedui  with  such  incredible 
slowness  that  the  eye  cannot  determine  in  which  direction  it  flows.  When  spies 
informed  Caesar  that  the  Helvetians  were  crossing  this  river  by  rafts  joined  to- 
gether, he  sets  out  from  the  camp  with  three  legions  about  the  third  watch,  and 
comes  up  with  a part  of  their  forces,  because  all  of  them  had  not  yet  crossed  the 
stream.  This  division  1 was  encumbered  with  baggage  and  did  not  expect  that 

Caesar  would  attack  them.  A great  part  of  them  was  cut  to  pieces;  the  rest 

2 betaking  themselves  to  flight  concealed  themselves  in  the  nearest  woods.  Of  the 
four  cantons  into  which  the  Helvetian  state  is  divided,  this  one  is  called  Tigurinus, 
8 a canton  which  having  left  their  home,  and  4 having  slain  Lucius  Cassius  the 

1 Participle  2 Introduce  by  cum  clause.  3 Omit.  4 Ablative  absolute. 


382 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


consul,  sent  the  Roman  army  under  the  yoke.  Caesar  5 was  uncertain  whether 
6 it  happened  by  the  design  of  the  immortal  gods  5 or  not  that  the  part  of  the 
Helvetian  state  which  had  brought  calamity  upon  the  Roman  people  was  the  first 
to  pay  the  penalty.  Because  Lucius  Piso  had  been  slain  by  the  Tigurini,  Caesar 
could  avenge  not  only  the  public  but  also  his  private  wrongs. 

5 nescire  utrum  — necne.  6 fieri. 


1.  14. 

A & G 216;  G.  370;  H.  397,  3.  A.  & G.  210,  6;  G 458;  H 351,  1,n.  3 
A.  & G.  219',  G.  375  ; H.  533,  III.  A.  & G 129;  G.  243  ; H.  234.  A.  & G 232  ; 
G.  353  , H.  388.  A.  & G.  308  ; G 599  ; H.  507,  III. 

“ I feel  less  hesitation,”  1 says  Caesar,  “ because  I remember  those  things  which 
you  have  mentioned ; and  I feel  the  more  indignant  in  proportion  as  they  have 
happened  to  us  undeservedly.  We  are  not  conscious  of  having  done  any  wrong, 
for  if  we  were  conscious,  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  be  on  guard.  But  we  are  not 
aware  that  we  have  done  anything  on  account  of  which  wre  should  fear;  and 
2 should  we  fear  without  cause  ? But  even  if  I were  willing  to  forget  your  former 
wrongs,  can  I also  lay  aside  the  remembrance  of  recent  outrages  ? You  attempted 
a march  through  the  Province  against  my  will,  and  you  molested  the  Haedui.  3 Do 
you  insolently  boast  of  your  victory  and  wonder  that  you  have  committed  wrongs 
for  so  long  a time  with  impunity  p But  remember  that  the  gods  are  wont  to 
grant  to  persons  a greater  prosperity  in  order  that  they  may  suffer  the  more 
severely  from  a reverse  of  circumstances.  Although  these  things  are  so,  yet,  if 
you  give  hostages  to  me  in  order  that  I may  know  that  you  will  do  what  you 
4 promise,  I will  make  peace  with  you.” 

1 inquit.  2 Introduce  by  mm,  implying  what  answer  ? 

3 Introduce  by  ne  enclitic.  4 Future  perfect. 


I.  18. 

A.  & G.  251  ; G.  402  ; H.  419,  II.  A.  & G.  258  ; G.  212,  r.  I ; 11.  426,  2.  A.  & G 
302;  G.  436  ; II.  546,  I.  A.  & G.  233  ; G.  350  ; II.  390,  II. 

Dumnorix,  the  brother  or  Divitiacus,  was  indicated  by  the  speech  of  Liscus. 
But  very  many  were  present,  and  Caesar,  1 being  unwilling  that  these  matters 
should  be  discussed,  2 dismissing  the  council,  detained  Liscus  When  Caesar  in- 
quired from  him  about  those  things  which  he  had  said,  Liscus  spoke  boldly. 

1 Introduce  by  a quod  clause.  2 Ablative  absolute  or  a temporal  clause. 


EXERCISES  IX  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


383 


“ Dumnorix,  0 Caesar,  is  a man  of  great  favor  with  the  people  on  account  of  his 
liberality,  and  there  is  no  3 doubt  that  he  is  eager  for  a revolution.  For  many 
years  no  one  dared  to  bid  against  him  when  he  bid.  By  these  means  he  increased 
his  own  property  in  order  that  he  might  maintain  constantly,  at  his  own  expense, 
a great  number  of  cavalry.  This  man  Dumnorix  had  great  influence  at  home 
and  among  the  neighbouring  states,  4 for  he  had  given  his  mother  in  marriage  to  a 
most  noble  man  among  the  Bituriges,  and  himself  had  taken  a wife  from  the  Hel- 
vetians. 5 having  given  his  sister  in  marriage  into  other  states.  Since  he  favors 
the  Helvetians  on  account  of  this  connection,  he  hates  the  Romans,  0 Caesar, 
because  by  their  arrival  they  6 caused  his  power  to  become  weak,  and  restored  his 
brother,  Divitiacus,  to  his  former  position  of  influence.  If  anything  happens  to 
the  Romans,  he  will  entertain  the  highest  hope  of  gaining  the  power,  but  under 
the  rule  of  the  Romans  he  will  despair  of  royalty.” 

3 dubium  quin.  4 namque.  5 Ablative  absolute  or  a temporal  clause. 

6 facere  ut. 

I.  22,  23. 

A.  & G.  193;  G.  287,  R.;  H.  440,  2,n.  1.  A.  & G.  247  ; G.  399  ; H.  417.  A.&G. 

325;  G.  586;  H.  521,  II,  2.  A.  & G.  257  ; G.  335,  2 ; H.  379.  A.  & G.  214,  g ; 
G.  371,  R.  4 ; H.  398,  5. 

At  day-break,  when  Labienus  had  possession  of  the  summit  of  the  mountain, 
and  the  enemy’s  camp  was  not  farther  off  than  a mile  and  a half,  nor  had  the 
enemy  discovered  the  arrival  of  Labienus,  Considius  at  full  speed  comes  up  to 
him.  “ The  mountain,”  he  says,  “ which  you,  O Caesar,  wished  should  be  seized  by 
Labienus,  is  in  possession  of  the  enemy.”  Caesar, 1 leading  his  forces  to  the  next 
hill,  draws  them  up  in  line  of  battle.  He  had  ordered  Labienus  not  to  engage  in 
battle  unless  he  saw  his  forces  near  the  enemy’s  camp,  in  order  that  they  might 
make  the  attack  upon  the  enemy  at  the  same  time  ; but,  having  taken  possession 
of  the  mountain,  to  wait  for  our  men,  and  refrain  from  battle.  Late  in  the  day 
Caesar  learns  that  our  men  have  possession  of  the  mountain,  and  following  the 
enemy,  he  pitches  his  camp  three  miles  from  theirs  On  the  next  day  lie  was  not 
more  than  eighteen  miles  from  Bibracte,  the  largest  town  of  the  Haedui,  and  since 
he  must  serve  out  grain  to  his  army  within  two  days,  he  advances  to  Bibracte  in 
order  to  provide  for  a supply  of  grain.  Caesar  does  not  know  2 whether  the  Hel- 
vetians thought  that  he,  filled  with  terror,  was  retreating,  or  believed  that  they 
could  cut  him  off  from  provisions. 

1 Introduce  by  a temporal  clause  Why  cannot  the  present  participle  be  used  ? 

2 utrum  — an. 


384 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


I.  26. 

A.  &.  G.  146,  c;  G.  199,  r.  1 ; H.  301  A.  & G.  326;  G.  588;  H.  515,  III. 
A.  & G.  256;  G.  337  ; H.  379. 

The  buttle  was  fought  vigorously.  When  the  Helvetians  could  not  withstand 
the  attack  of  the  Romans,  they  betook  themselves,  the  one  party  to  the  mountain, 
the  other  to  the  baggage.  Although  no  one  could  see  a retreating  enemy,  yet 
1the  battle  had  lasted  until  evening.  The  Helvetians  fought  also  at  the  baggage 
till  late  at  night,  because  their  wagons  had  been  placed  as  a rampart.  The  Ro- 
mans were  wounded  by  the  weapons  thrown  from  the  higher  ground  against 
them.  Late  at  night  2 they  got  possession  of  the  camp  of  the  Helvetians  and  cap- 
tured the  daughter  of  Orgetorix.  After  that  battle  the  enemy  marched  during  the 
whole  of  the  night,  and  arriving  in  the  territory  of  the  Lingones  delayed  there. 
Caesar  had  to  send  messengers  to  the  Lingones  because  our  men  were  not  able  to 
follow  them  on  account  of  the  wounds  of  the  soldiers.  If  the  Lingones  had  as- 
sisted them  with  grain,  Caesar  would  have  regarded  them  in  the  same  light  as  the 
Helvetians. 

1 Impersonal  construction.  2 Sink  into  a participial  construction. 


I.  31. 

A.  & G.  317,6;  G.  545,  2;  H.  497,11,  2.  A.  & G.  320,6;  G.  633;  H.  503, 

II,  1.  A.  & G.  302;  G.  436;  H.  546.  A.  & G.  256;  G.  392;  H.  429. 

There  are  two  parties  in  Gaul,  the  power  of  which  the  Haedui  and  Arverni 
hold.  The  Arverni  and  the  Sequani  call  upon  the  Germans,  because  these  two 
parties  have  been  struggling  with  one  another  for  many  years.  The  Germans, 
about  15,000,  having  crossed  the  Rhine,  fell  in  love  with  the  refinement  of  the 
Gauls  The  Haedul,  broken  by  engagements  and  calamities,  were  compelled  to 
give  as  hostages  to  the  Sequani  the  nobles  of  their  state.  They  promised  that 
they  would  not  demand  hostages  in  return,  nor  refuse  to  be  under  their  rule. 
Divitiacus  fled  from  his  state  and  came  to  the  senate  2 at  Rome  to  ask  aid.  Ario- 
vistus, the  king  of  the  Germans,  has  settled  among  the  Sequani,  and  has  seized 
upon  a portion  of  their  land,  and  is  providing  room  and  settlement  for  the  Haru- 
des, who  have  come  a few  months  before.  In  a few  years  all  the  Germans  will 
cross  the  Rhine,  for  the  land  of  Gaul  must  not  be  compared  with  the  land  of  the 
Germans.  Moreover,  Ariovistus,  having  defeated  the  forces  of  the  Gauls,  demdnds 
hostages ; for  he  is  a savage  and  his  commands  ought  not  to  be  borne.  Unless 
1 polliceri.  2 Romam  ; whv  ? 


EXERCISES  IX  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


385 


there  be  some  aid  in  Caesar,  the  Gauls  must  seek  another  dwelling-place,  remote 
from  the  Germans.  Divitiacus  does  not  doubt  that  if  these  things  should  be 
disclosed  to  Ariovistus,  he  would  punish  all  the  hostages.  Moreover,  Caesar 
himself,  either  by  his  own  influence  or  the  recenl  victory,  can  prevent  a greater 
uumber  of  Germans  from  being  brought  over  the  Rhine. 

L 35,  36. 

A.  & G.  320,  e;  G.  636 ; H.  517.  A.  & G.  307  ; G.  598 , H.  507,  II.  A.  & G. 

30S : G.  599;  H.  507,  III.  A.  & G.  306;  G.  597;  H.  507,  I. 

If  Ariovistus  had  been  treated  with  great  kindness  by  Caesar,  1 why  should  he 
make  this  return  ? If  he  should  be  invited  to  a conference,  he  would  not  think 
that  he  ought  to  say  anything  in  regard  to  the  common  interests.  Caesar  de- 
mands of  him  that  he  should  not  bring  any  body  of  men  across  the  Rhine.  He 
2 commands  him  to  restore  the  hostages  which  he  has  from  the  Haedui.  The  Ro- 
man people  will  entertain  a feeling  of  friendship  toward  him,  if  he  will  do  this. 

But  if  Caesar  does  not  obtain  these  desires,  he  will  not  overlook  the  wrongs  of  the 
Haedui,  because  the  senate  had  decreed  that  whoever  should  hold  the  province  of 
Gaul,  as  far  as  it  coidd  be  done  in  the  interest  of  the  republic,  should  defend  the 
friends  of  the  Roman  people.  But  it  is  the  right  of  war  that  if  the  Germans  had 
conquered  the  Haedui  they  should  govern  them  in  whatever  manner  they  pleased. 
Because  Ariovistus  did  not  dictate  to  the  Roman  people  as  to  the  manner  in  which 
they  should  use  their  right,  he  ought  not  to  be  obstructed  by  the  Romans  in  his 
right.  The  Haedui  3 have  tried  the  fortune  of  war,  have  engaged  in  arms,  and  have 
been  conquered  Caesar  is  doing  a great  wrong,  because  lie  is  making  the  reve- 
nues of  Ariovistus  less  valuable  to  him.  Ariovistus  said  that  no  one  ever  came 
into  an  encounter  with  him  without  ruin  to  himself.  If  Caesar  should  come  into 
an  engagement  with  him,  lie  would  know  what  the  invincible  Germans  could 
achieve,  for  they  are  trained  to  arms  above  all  others. 

1 cur.  2 iubeo.  3 Use  only  one  principal  clause. 


T.  40. 

A.  & G.  341,  d , G.  630 ,-  H.  516,  II.  A.  & G.  230 ; G.  208  ; H.  384,  II,  5.  A.  & 
G.  233  ; G-  350,  H.  390,  I.  A.  & G.  211  ; G.  460;  H.  353. 

It  is  not  the  duty  of  centurions  to  inquire  in  what  direction  Caesar  is  march- 
ing. Why  1 should  any  one  judge  that  Ariovistus,  having  sought  the  friendship 

1 Present  subjunctive , deliberative  question 
25 


386 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


of  the  Romans  in  the  consulship  of  Caesar,  would  depart  from  his  duty  ? Caesar 
is  persuaded  that  lie  will  not  reject  the  favor  of  the  Roman  people.  If  the  Ro- 
mans should  have  to  make  war  upon  him,  since  he  is  driven  on  by  madness,  they 
ought  not  to  despair  of  their  own  valor  because  they  have  made  a trial  of  the 
same  enemy  within  the  memory  of  their  fathers.  These  same  men  the  Helve- 
tians conquered,  and  in  the  unsuccessful  battle  of  the  Gauls  Ariovistus  fell  upon 
them  tired  out  by  the  long  duration  of  the  war;  for  he  gave  them  no  Opportu- 
nity for  an  encounter,  but  gained  the  victory  more  by  stratagem  than  valor. 
What,  therefore,  should  the  Romans  fear?  It  is  Caesar’s  concern  that  the  Se- 
quani furnish  grain  in  order  I hat  they  who  ascribe  their  fear  to  a pretence  in  regard 
to  provisions  may  not  distrust  him.  If  the  soldiers  were  not  obedient  to  the 
command  of  their  general,  Caesar  would  go  with  only  the  tenth  legion. 

2 sui  potestatem. 

II.  4. 

A.  & G.  319  ; G.  588,  3 ; H.  501,  1, 1.  A.  & G.  336 ; G.  653  ; H.  534.  A.  & G. 
196;  G.  295;  H.  449,  I. 

The  Belgae  are  sprung  from  the  Germans,  and  having  crossed  the  Rhine  at  an 
early  date  settled  there,  and  1 have  driven  out  the  Gauls  who  inhabited  that  region. 
They  are  the  only  people  who  prevented  the  Teutones  from  entering  their  terri- 
tory. The  result  is  that  from  the  remembrance  of  those  events  they  assume  great 
haughtiness.  The  Remi  say  that  they  have  known  everything  regarding  their 
number,  because  they  are  united  to  them  by  alliances  ; 2 and  therefore  they  know 
what  number  each  state  of  the  Belgae  has  promised  for  that  war.  The  Bellovaci 
are  the  most  powerful  of  them  in  valor.  These  promised  3 to  muster  100,000 
armed  men,  demanding  the  command  of  the  war.  The  Suessiones  are  their  neigh- 
bors, who  possess  a very  fertile  country.  Divitiacus,  who  was  their  king,  is  the 
most  powerful  man  of  all  Gaul,  and  held  the  government  of  a great  part  of  Britain. 
But  their  king  now  is  Galba,  upon  whom  they  have  conferred  the  direction  of 
the  whole  war. 

1 Ablative  absolute.  2 quam  ob  rem.  3 Future  infinitive. 

TI.  19,  20. 

A.  & G.  1 56,  a ; G 646  ,■  H.  554, 1,  2,  n.  A.  & G.  336  ; G.  653  ; H.  524.  A.  & G. 
339  ; G.  655;  H.  523,  III. 

Caesar,  having  sent  on  his  cavalry,  follows  with  all  his  forces.  The  plan  of 
march  is  different  from  that  which  the  Belgae  had  reported.  The  enemy  from 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


387 


time  to  time  betaking  themselves  into  the  woods,  and  again  making  an  attack  upon 
the  Romans,  1 caused  them  to  2 fear  to  follow  them  in  their  retreat.  The  six 
legions  having  arrived  measured  out  the  work  in  order  to  fortify  the  camp.  Hav- 
ing seen  the  first  part  of  the  baggage-train  of  the  Romans,  after  they  had  arranged 
their  Hue  of  battle  and  encouraged  one  another,  rushing  out  suddenly  with  all 
their  troops,  they  make  an  attack  upon  our  cavalry.  Caesar  tells  us  that  he  had 
to  do  everything  at  one  time;  that  he  3 gave  orders  to  his  soldiers  that  they 
should  display  the  standard  which  is  the  sign  when  it  is  necessary  to  run  to  arms; 
that  the  signal  had  to  be  given  by  the  trumpet ; that  the  soldiers  had  to  be  sum- 
moned who  had  proceeded  some  distance  in  order  to  seek  materials  for  the  ram- 
part ; that  the  line  of  battle  had  to  be  formed ; that  he  had  to  encourage  the 
soldiers;  that  the  watchword  had  to  be  given.  The  sudden  approach  of  the 
enemy  prevented  a great  part  of  these  arrangements,  but  Caesar  said  let  the 
soldiers  wait  for  no  command  from  him,  but  do  whatever  seemed  proper. 

1 facere  ut.  2 vereri  ne.  3 impero. 


III.  9,  10. 

A.  & G.  334  ; G.  469  ; H.  529,  I.  A.  & G.  342  ; G.  631  ; H.  529,  II.  A.  & G. 
320  , G.  633  , II.  503, 1. 

Caesar  says  that  he  was  informed  of  these  things  by  Crassus,  although  he  was 
far  away.  He  orders  ships  of  war  to  be  built,  and  sailors  to  be  provided  for  them. 
These  are  matters  which  can  be  quickly  executed.  Caesar  hastens  to  the  army  as 
soon  as  the  season  of  the  year  permitted.  The  Veneti,  because  they  knew  they 
had  committed  a great  crime  in  that  they  had  thrown  into  prison  the  ambassadors, 
a name  which  among  all  nations  had  always  been  sacred,  prepared  for  war.  They 
relied  greatly  on  the  character  of  their  country,  for  they  knew  that  the  marches  by 
land  were  cut  off  by  estuaries.  The  Romans  are  not  acquainted  with  the  harbors 
of  those  localities  where  they  would  carry  on  the  war,  for  navigation  is  very  dif- 
ferent in  a narrow  sea  from  what  it  is  in  the  open  ocean.  Caesar  is  informed 
that  they  are  fortifying  their  towns  and  conveying  grain  from  the  country.  There 
is  1no  doubt  that  many  things  were  urging  Caesar  to  that  war.  for  if  he  should 
overlook  this  part,  the  other  nations  would  think  that  the  same  thing  was  per- 
mitted them.  He  thought  that  he  ought  to  divide  his  army  in  order  that  more 
states  might  not  unite  in  the  conspiracy. 


non  dubium  quin. 


388 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


III.  24,  25,  26. 

A.  & G.  336-339;  G 651-664;  H.  523-531. 

Put  in  indirect  discourse  after  Crassus  dicit : 

At  the  break  of  clay  he  drew  up  all  his  forces  and  marshalled  them  in  a double 
line.  The  auxiliaries  he  stationed  in  the  centre,  and  waited  to  see  what  plan  the 
enemy  would  adopt.  Although  they  supposed  they  might  fight  safely,  yet  they 
thought  it  safer  to  gain  the  victory  without  a wound  by  cutting  off  the  provisions. 
If  the  Romans  should  begin  to  retreat,  they  intended  to  attack  them,  since  they 
would  be  encumbered  in  their  march.  They  approved  of  this  plan,  and  although 
the  leaders  led  forth  the  Romans,  yet  they  kept  themselves  in  their  camp.  When 
Crassus  observed  this,  he  marched  to  the  camp  of  the  enemy  to  the  great  satisfaction 
of  all  his  soldiers,  for  the  enemy  by  their  delay  had  made  the  Roman  soldiers  more 
eager  for  light,  who  thought  that  delay  ought  to  be  made  no  longer  in  going  to  the 
camp.  Some  fill  the  ditch,  and  others  throwing  many  darts  drive  the  defenders 
from  the  fortifications.  Crassus  did  not  rely  much  on  the  auxiliaries,  yet  they 
were  supplying  stones  and  presented  the  appearance  of  men  engaged  in  battle. 
The  weapons  of  the  enemy  did  not  fall  upon  the  Romans  without  effect,  because 
they  were  fighting  from  their  higher  position.  The  cavalry  went  around  the  camp 
of  the  enemy  and  reported  to  Crassus  that  it  had  an  easy  approach  at  the  ducuman 
gate.  Crassus  urges  the  commanders  of  the  cavalry  to  arouse  the  men  with  prom- 
ises of  reward,  and  shows  what  he  desires  to  be  done.  lr.They  were  commanded 
to  lead  forth  the  cohorts,  which  had  been  left  as  a guard  for  the  camp,  by  a longer 
way,  in  order  that  the  enemy  might  see  them.  With  these  cohorts  which  I have 
mentioned  they  arrived  at  the  fortifications.  The  Romans  hearing  a shout  began 
to  fight  more  vigorously.  The  enemy  were  surrounded  on  all  sides,  and  tried  to 
seek  safety  in  flight.  The  cavalry  pursued  these,  and  returned  to  the  camp  late  at 
night. 

1 impero,  impersonal  construction.  Why  ? 


TY.  13,  14,  15. 

A.  & G.  285-287  ; G.  510-519  1 H.  491-496. 

Put  hi  indirect  discourse  a fter  Caesar  dixit  • 

After  this  battle  Caesar  thought  that  he  ought  not  to  hear  the  ambassadors  nor 
accept  conditions  from  those  who  had  sued  for  peace  and  made  war  by  treachery. 
The  forces  of  the  enemy  will  be  increased,  and  the  cavalry  will  return.  Would  it 
not  be  the  greatest  madness  to  wait  ? Caesar  knows  the  fickleness  of  the  Gauls, 


EXERCISES  IX  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


389 


and  feels  liow  much  influence  the  enemy  have  gained  among  them.  A very  oppor- 
tune event  occurred,  namely,  that  a large  body  of  Germans  came  to  the  camp 
practising  the  same  treachery,  but  as  they  pretended,  1 for  the  sake  of  acquitting 
themselves  for  having  engaged  in  battle  the  day  before.  Caesar  was  glad  that 
they  had  come  into  his  power  and  detains  them.  Leading  all  his  forces  out  of  the 
camp,  he  commanded  the  cavalry  to  follow  the  line  which  was  in  a state  of  fear  in 
consequence  of  the  late  battle.  Having  completed  a march  of  eight  miles,  he 
arrived  at  the  camp  of  the  enemy  before  the  Germans  could  perceive  what  was 
taking  place.  By  all  these  circumstances  they  are  alarmed  and  are  perplexed  as  to 
whether  it  would  be  better  to  defend  the  camp  or  seek  safety  by  flight.  The  sol- 
diers burst  into  the  camp,  aroused  by  the  treachery  of  the  preceding  day.  Those 
of  the  enemy  who  could  get  their  arms  withstood  the  Romans  and  engaged  in 
battle  among  the  wagons.  The  women  and  boys  who  had  departed  from  home 
and  ci'ossed  the  Rhine  began  to  flee  in  all  directions.  Caesar  sent  his  cavalry  to 
pursue  these  The  Germans,  hearing  the  noise  behind  them,  saw  that  their  own 
families  were  being  killed,  and  throwing  away  their  arms  fled  out  of  camp.  When 
they  arrived  at  the  Rhine,  they  despaired  of  future  escape,  because  a great  num- 
ber of  them  had  been  killed  Accordingly  they  threw  themselves  into  the  river 
and  perished,  for  they  were  overcome  by  the  violence  of  the  stream.  The  Roman 
soldiers  returned  to  the  camp  all  safe  to  a man,  and  with  very  few  wounded. 
Caesar  gave  an  opportunity  of  departing  to  those  whom  he  had  detained  in  the 
camp.  But  they  feared  torture  from  the  Gauls,  and  expressed  a desire  to  remain 
with  Caesar. 

1 sui  purgandi  causa.  What  part  of  speech  is  sui  ? 

IY.  33,  34. 

The  student  should  be  especially  careful  to  avoid  a wrong  use  of  the  present  participle 
in  this  lesson. 

The  Britons  have  the  following  mode  of  fighting  with  the  chariots.  First,  after 
having  ridden  in  all  directions,  they  throw  their  weapons  in  order  that  they  may 
disturb  the  ranks  of  the  enemy,  for  oftentimes  the  very  fear  of  their  horses  is  able 
to  do  this.  Then  after  they  have  worked  them  in  between  the  troops  of  cavalry, 
leaping  from  their  horses,  they  fight  on  foot.  The  charioteers,  having  withdrawn  a 
little  distance,  so  place  the  chariots  that,  if  the  Britons  be  overcome  by  the  enemy, 
they  may  have  an  easy  retreat.  They  have  acquired  so  much  skill  by  daily  prac- 
tice that  they  can  check  their  horses  even  on  a steep  place,  and  are  accustomed  to 
guide  them  at  full  speed.  Running  along  the  pole  they  quickly  return  to  their 
chariots.  The  Romans  were  disturbed  by  these  circumstances,  and  Caesar  brought 


390 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


aid  to  them  at  a seasonable  time,  for  although  the  enemy  were  provoking  them, 
they  would  not  engage  in  battle.  Caesar  thinking  that  he  ought  to  hold  his  sol- 
diers in  his  own  quarter  led  back  the  legions  to  the  camp,  after  a little  time  had  in- 
tervened. The  rest  of  the  Britons  departed.  For  many  days  in  succession  storms 
confined  our  men  to  the  camp,  but  did  not  prevent  the  enemy  from  sending  mes- 
sengers to  all  parts  1 to  report  how  good  an  opportunity  was  afforded  of  freeing 
themselves  forever,  if  the  Romans  could  be  driven  from  the  camp.  Collecting  a 
great  force  of  cavalry  they  came  upon  (he  Roman  camp. 

1 Relative  clause  of  purpose. 


VII.  20. 

Vercingetorix  is  accused  of  treason,  because  he  1 moved  his  camp  nearer  the 
Romans,  because  he  weut  away  with  all  the  cavalry,  because  he  left  so  great 
forces  under  no  command,  because  the  Romans  came  with  such  haste  after  his  de- 
parture. All  these  circumstances  could  not  happen  by  chance.  He  preferred  to 
hold  the  sovereignty  of  Gaul  by  the  permission  of  Caesar  rather  than  by  their  favor. 
Vercingetorix,  being  accused  in  such  a way,  replies  as  follows  to  these  charges  : 
“ I moved  the  camp  on  account  of  a want  of  provisions,  and  you  yourselves  urged 
me  to  do  this.  I approached  nearer  the  Romans  because  I was  persuaded  by  the 
favorable  location  which  could  defend  us.  Moreover,  the  service  of  the  cavalry 
will  be  more  useful  than  in  marshy  ground.  When  I departed  I gave  the  com- 
mand to  no  one  designedly,  lest  he  should  be  driven  by  the  desire  of  the  multitude 
to  an  engagement  with  the  Romans.  You  should  give  thanks  to  fortune,  if  the 
Romans  have  come  by  chance,  and  if  any  one  has  invited  them,  you  should  feel 
grateful  to  him,  because  you  can  see  the  smallness  of  their  number.  I do  not  de- 
sire power  from  Caesar,  because  I can  have  it  by  victory,  for  victory  is  assured  to 
us.  Listen  to  the  Roman  soldiers  in  order  that  you  may  know  that  I speak  these 
words  truly.”  Some  slaves  are  brought  forward  whom  Vercingetorix,  having  cap- 
tured while  they  were  on  a foraging,  expedition,  had  tortured  by  hunger,  in  order 
that  they  might  say  that  they,  being  legionary  soldiers,  had  gone  forth  from  camp 
to  find  some  grain  in  the  fields,  that  the  whole  army  did  not  have  strength  to  bear 
the  labor  of  work,  and  that  the  general  had  decided  to  lead  off  his  army.  “ These 
are  the  benefits,”  says  Vercingetorix,  “ that  you  receive  from  me.”  He  said  more- 
over that  he  had  made  provision  that  no  state  should  receive  the  army  in  its  flight 
within  its  territory. 


1 Subjunctive.  Why? 


EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION. 


301 


De  Bello  Civili,  III.  41. 

As  soon  as  Caesar  knew  that  Pompey  was  at  Asparagium,  setting  out  1 for  that 
place  with  his  army,  and  having  captured  the  town  of  the  Parthinians  on  his 
march,  in  which  Pompey  had  a 2 garrison,  lie  3 reached  Pompey  on  the  third  day, 
and  pitched  his  camp  near  him.  On  the  next  day,  leading  forth  all  his  forces,  he 
gave  Pompey  an  opportunity  of  an  engagement.  But  when  he  perceived  that  he 
4 kept  within  5 his  own  quarter,  leading  back  his  army  he  thought  that  he  must 
adopt  some  other  plan.  And  so  on  the  next  day  he  set  out  with  all  his  troops 
through  a narrow  road  to  Dyrrachium,  6 hoping  that  Pompey  would  be  compelled 
to  go  to  Dyrrachium.  It  happened  that  Pompey  was  7 cut  off  from  communication 
with  that  town,  because  he  thought  Caesar  was  compelled  to  depart  through  the 
scarcity  of  provisions.  When  he  was  informed  by  scouts  in  regard  to  the  plan  of 
Caesar,  he  moved  his  camp,  hoping  8 to  meet  him  9 by  taking  a shorter  road. 
Caesar,  suspecting  that  this  might  happen,  arrived  in  10  the  morning  at  Dyrra- 
chium and  encamped  there. 

1 eodem  2 praesidium.  3 pervenire  ad.  4 tenere  se.  5 suis  locis. 
6 sperare.  7 intercludi  ab.  8 occurrere  posse.  9 breviore  itinere. 

1°  mane. 


WORD  LISTS 


I.  — Verbs  which  occur  over  100  times. 


V. 


1.  cognosco. 

5.  iubeo. 

9.  sum. 

2.  dico. 

6.  mitto. 

10.  venio. 

3.  facio. 

7.  possum. 

1 1 . video. 

4.  habeo. 

8.  relinquo. 

Verbs  which  occur  from  75- 

100  times. 

12.  constituo. 

15.  existimo. 

18.  recipio. 

13.  contendo. 

16.  interficio. 

14.  do. 

17.  proficiscor. 

- Verbs  ichich  occur  from  50-75  times 

19.  accipio. 

25.  discedo. 

31.  pugno 

20.  capio. 

26.  fero 

32.  teneo. 

21.  coepi. 

27.  gero. 

33.  transeo. 

22.  cogo. 

28.  impero. 

34.  volo. 

23.  contineo. 

29.  pervenio. 

35.  utor. 

24.  convenio. 

30.  peto. 

- Verbs  which  occur  from  40 

-50  times. 

36.  absum. 

40.  conficio. 

44.  intellego 

37.  accido. 

41.  consisto. 

45.  pono. 

38.  adduco. 

42.  infero. 

46.  prohibeo. 

39.  arbitror. 

43.  instituo. 

Verbs  which  occur  from  30- 

40  times. 

47.  ago. 

55.  consuesco. 

63.  intermitto 

48.  appello. 

56.  deduco. 

64.  munio. 

49.  audio. 

57.  demonstro. 

65.  paro. 

50.  committo. 

58.  dimitto. 

66.  perterreo. 

51.  confirmo. 

59.  duco. 

67.  reverto. 

52.  conicio. 

60.  efficio. 

68.  sequor. 

53.  eonloco. 

61.  expecto. 

69.  traduco. 

54.  conor 

62.  impedio. 

394 


WORD  LISTS. 


VI.  — Verbs  ivhich  occur  from  20-30  times. 


70. 

accedo. 

86. 

despero. 

102. 

perspicio. 

71. 

adeo. 

87. 

educo. 

103. 

persuadeo 

72. 

administro. 

88. 

egredior. 

104. 

pertineo. 

73. 

amitto. 

89. 

eo 

105. 

polliceor. 

74. 

animadverto. 

90. 

incendo. 

106. 

postulo. 

75 

audeo. 

91. 

ineo. 

107. 

praeficio. 

76. 

circumvenio. 

92. 

moror. 

108. 

praesum. 

77. 

cohortor. 

93. 

nascor. 

109. 

premo. 

78. 

comparo 

94. 

nuntio. 

110. 

progredior 

79. 

compleo 

95. 

occupo. 

111 

puto 

80. 

confero. 

96. 

oppugno. 

112. 

reduco. 

81. 

confido. 

97. 

obtineo. 

113. 

reperio. 

82. 

consido. 

98. 

orior 

114. 

resisto. 

83 

defendo. 

99. 

ostendo. 

115. 

tollo. 

84. 

defero. 

100. 

pello. 

116 

trado. 

85. 

deligo. 

101. 

perfero. 

117. 

vereor. 

— Vei'bs  which  occur  from 

10-20 

times. 

118. 

abdo. 

144. 

convoco. 

170. 

fugio. 

119. 

affero. 

145. 

curo. 

171. 

hiemo. 

120. 

afficio. 

146. 

debeo. 

172. 

hortor. 

121. 

adiungo. 

147. 

dedo. 

173. 

impetro. 

122. 

adorior. 

148. 

deficio. 

174. 

incito. 

123. 

appropinquo. 

149. 

deicio. 

175. 

incolo. 

124. 

adsum. 

150. 

desero. 

176. 

inquit. 

125 

arcesso. 

151. 

desisto. 

177. 

insequor. 

126. 

armo. 

152. 

desum. 

178. 

instruo. 

127. 

attingo. 

153. 

dimico. 

179. 

intercludo. 

128. 

augeo. 

154. 

diripio. 

180. 

iudico. 

129. 

cedo. 

155. 

dispono. 

181. 

laboro. 

130. 

circumsisto. 

156. 

distribuo. 

182. 

lacesso. 

131. 

cogito. 

157. 

divido. 

183. 

licet. 

132. 

communico. 

158. 

dubito. 

184. 

maneo 

133. 

concedo. 

159. 

eripio. 

185. 

moveo. 

134. 

concurro. 

160. 

evoco. 

186. 

nanciscor 

135. 

coniungo. 

161. 

excedo. 

187. 

neglego. 

136. 

colloquor. 

162. 

excipio. 

188. 

noceo. 

137. 

comprehendo. 

163. 

excito. 

189. 

nosco. 

138. 

consequor. 

164. 

exeo. 

190. 

occido. 

139. 

conspicio. 

165. 

expedio. 

191. 

occulto. 

140. 

conspicor. 

166. 

expello 

192. 

occurro. 

141. 

consto. 

167. 

experior. 

193. 

offero 

142. 

consulo. 

168. 

exploro. 

194. 

oportet. 

143. 

consumo. 

169. 

expugno. 

195. 

opprimo. 

WORD  LISTS. 


196.  oro. 

212.  pronuntio. 

228.  scio. 

197.  pateo. 

213.  propono. 

229.  sentio. 

19S.  patior. 

214.  provideo 

230.  servo. 

199.  perduco 

215.  quaero. 

231.  spero. 

200.  perficio. 

216.  queror. 

232.  statuo. 

201.  permaneo. 

217.  reddo. 

233.  studeo. 

202.  permitto. 

218.  redeo. 

234.  subsequor 

203.  permoveo 

219  redigo. 

235.  succedo. 

204.  perturbo. 

220.  refero. 

236.  tempto. 

205.  potior 

221.  reficio. 

237.  timeo. 

206.  praemitto. 

222.  remaneo. 

238.  transporto. 

207.  probo. 

223.  remitto. 

239.  valeo. 

208.  procedo. 

224.  renuntio. 

240.  vasto. 

209.  produco. 

225.  repello. 

241.  verso. 

210.  profugio. 

226.  respondeo. 

242.  vulnero. 

211.  proicio. 

227.  retineo. 

VIII.  — Nouns  which  occur  over  100  times. 

1.  bellum. 

9.  equitatus. 

17.  miles. 

2.  castra. 

10.  exercitus. 

18.  navis. 

3,  causa. 

11.  finis. 

19.  numerus. 

4.  civitas. 

12.  flumen. 

20.  oppidum. 

5.  consilium. 

13.  hcstis. 

21.  pars. 

6.  copia. 

14.  legatus. 

22.  proelium. 

7.  dies. 

15.  legio. 

23.  res. 

8.  eques. 

16.  locus. 

24.  tempus. 

IX.  — Nouns  which  occur  from 

75-100  times. 

25.  arma. 

27.  multitudo. 

28.  populus. 

26.  homo. 

X.  — Nouns  ivhich  occur  from 

50-75  times. 

29.  ager. 

34.  fuga. 

39.  periculum. 

30.  animus. 

35.  imperium. 

40.  praesidium. 

31.  annus. 

36.  munitio. 

41,  princeps. 

32.  auxilium. 

37.  obses. 

42.  silva. 

33.  frumentum 

38.  passus. 

43.  spes. 

XI.  — Nouns  which  occur  from 

40-50  times. 

44.  acies. 

50.  manus. 

56.  provincia. 

45.  adventus. 

51.  murus. 

57.  ratio. 

46.  cohors. 

52.  nihil. 

58.  regio. 

47.  hiberna. 

53.  nox. 

59.  salus. 

48.  impedimentum. 

54.  opus. 

60.  signum. 

49  impetus. 

55  pes. 

395 


396 

WORD  LISTS. 

XII.  — Nouns  which  occur 

from 

30-40  times. 

61.  agmen. 

68. 

fides. 

75. 

nuntius. 

62.  amieitia. 

69. 

fortuna. 

76. 

pons. 

63.  barbarus. 

70. 

iniuria. 

77. 

porta. 

64.  collis. 

71. 

ius. 

78. 

pugna. 

65.  concilium. 

72. 

labor. 

79. 

victoria. 

66.  consuetudo. 

73. 

mons. 

80. 

usus. 

67.  domus. 

74. 

natura. 

XIII.  — Nouns  which  occur  from 

20-30  times. 

81.  aditus. 

93. 

eruptio. 

105. 

opinio. 

82.  agger. 

94. 

explorator. 

106. 

oratio. 

83.  altitudo. 

95. 

facultas. 

107. 

ordo. 

84.  auctoritas. 

96. 

fossa. 

108. 

palus. 

85.  captivus. 

97. 

frater. 

109. 

pax. 

86  casus. 

98. 

inopia. 

110. 

potestas. 

87,  celeritas. 

99. 

latus. 

111. 

senatus. 

88.  centurio. 

100. 

littera. 

112. 

subsidium. 

89.  clamor. 

101. 

magistratus. 

113. 

tribunus. 

90.  commeatus. 

102. 

magnitudo. 

114. 

turris. 

91.  dux. 

103. 

modus. 

115. 

via. 

92.  equus. 

104. 

mors. 

116. 

vulnus. 

XIV.  — Nouns  which  occur 

from  10-20  times. 

117.  adulescens 

137. 

difficultas. 

157. 

mare. 

118.  aedificium. 

138. 

diligentia. 

158. 

mercator. 

119.  aestas. 

139. 

discessus. 

159. 

mos. 

120.  aestus. 

140. 

dolor. 

160. 

motus. 

121.  aetas. 

141. 

essedarii. 

161. 

natio. 

1 22.  amicus. 

142. 

fama. 

162. 

noctu. 

123.  aqua. 

143. 

filius. 

163. 

nomen. 

124.  beneficium. 

144. 

gladium. 

164. 

oceanus. 

125.  caedes. 

145. 

hiemps. 

165. 

officium. 

126.  calamitas. 

146. 

hora. 

166. 

opera. 

127.  caput. 

147. 

ignis. 

167. 

oppugnatio. 

1 28.  castellum. 

148. 

imperator. 

168. 

pagus. 

129.  circuitus. 

149. 

incommodum. 

169. 

pater. 

130.  cliens. 

150. 

intervallum. 

170. 

pecunia. 

131.  condicio. 

151. 

iugum. 

171. 

pecus. 

132.  colloqium. 

152. 

laus. 

172. 

pedes. 

1.33.  conspectus. 

153. 

legatio. 

173. 

peditatus. 

134.  controversia. 

154. 

liberi. 

174. 

pilum. 

1.35.  cursus. 

155. 

libertas. 

175. 

poena. 

136.  defectio. 

156. 

longitudo. 

176. 

portus. 

WORD  LISTS. 


397 


177. 

praeda. 

187. 

silentium. 

197. 

tergum. 

178. 

praemium. 

188. 

socius. 

198. 

terra. 

179. 

principatus. 

189. 

sol. 

199. 

triduum. 

180. 

profectio. 

190. 

species. 

200. 

vadum. 

181. 

regnum. 

191. 

statio. 

201. 

ventus. 

182. 

rex. 

192. 

studium. 

202. 

vigilia. 

183. 

ripa. 

193. 

summa. 

203. 

vir. 

184. 

scutum 

194. 

supplicium. 

204. 

vita. 

185. 

sententia. 

195. 

suspicio. 

205. 

voluntas. 

186. 

servitus. 

196. 

tempestas. 

206. 

vox. 

TRANSLATION. 

I.  — Verbs  which  occur  over  100  times. 


1 . know. 

5.  command. 

9.  be. 

2.  say. 

6.  send. 

10.  come. 

3.  do. 

7.  be  able. 

11.  see. 

4.  have. 

8.  leave. 

— Verbs  which  occur  from 

75-100  times. 

12.  arrange. 

15  suppose. 

13.  recover. 

13.  strain. 

16.  kill. 

14.  give. 

17.  set  out. 

\.  — Verbs  which  occur  from  50-75  times. 

19.  receive. 

25.  depart. 

31.  fight. 

20.  take. 

26.  bear. 

32.  hold. 

21.  begin. 

27.  carry. 

33.  go  across. 

22.  compel. 

28.  command. 

34.  wish. 

23.  hold  together. 

29.  anive. 

35.  use. 

24.  come  together. 

30.  seek. 

IV.  — Verbs  which  occur  from  40-50  times. 


36.  be  away. 

40.  accomplish. 

44.  know. 

37.  fall  upon. 

41.  take  a stand. 

45.  place. 

38.  lead  to. 

42.  bring  in. 

46.  hold  off. 

39.  think. 

43.  set  in  order. 

Verbs  which  occur  from 

30-40  times. 

47.  drive. 

50.  join  together. 

53.  place  together. 

48.  caU. 

51.  strengthen. 

54.  attempt. 

49.  hear. 

52.  throw  together. 

55.  become  accustomed. 

398 


WORD  LISTS. 


VI. 


56.  lead  down. 

61.  wait  for. 

66.  terrify. 

57.  show. 

62.  entangle. 

67.  return. 

58.  let  go  awai/. 

63.  stop. 

68.  follow. 

59.  lead. 

64.  fortify. 

69.  lead  across. 

60.  make  out. 

65.  prepare. 

— Verbs  which  occur  from 

20-30  times. 

70.  approach. 

86.  despair. 

102.  see  through. 

71.  go  to. 

87.  lead  out. 

103.  persuade. 

72.  perform. 

88.  march  out. 

104.  tend. 

73.  let  slip. 

89.  go. 

105.  promise. 

74.  attend  to. 

90.  burn. 

106.  demand. 

75.  dare. 

91.  go  in. 

107.  put  before. 

76.  surround. 

92.  delay. 

108.  be  before. 

77.  encourage. 

93.  be  born. 

109.  press. 

78.  get  readg. 

94.  report. 

110.  advance. 

79.  fill. 

95.  seize. 

111.  think. 

80.  bring  together. 

96.  attack. 

112.  lead  back. 

81.  trust. 

97.  hold. 

113.  find. 

82.  settle. 

98.  arise. 

1 1 4.  resist. 

83.  defend. 

99.  show. 

115.  raise. 

84.  carri/  down. 

100.  drive. 

116.  handover. 

85.  select. 

101.  carry  through. 

117.  fear. 

— Verbs  which  occur  from 

10-20  times. 

118.  put  away. 

138.  follow. 

158.  doubt. 

119.  bring  to. 

139.  espy. 

159.  snatch  away. 

120.  affect. 

140.  see. 

160.  call  out. 

121.  join  to. 

141.  stand  together. 

161.  go  out. 

122.  assail. 

142.  take  counsel. 

162.  take  out. 

123.  approach. 

143.  destroy. 

163.  rouse. 

124.  be  near. 

144.  call  together. 

164.  go  out. 

125.  summon. 

145.  take  care. 

165.  disentangle. 

126.  equip. 

146.  owe. 

166.  drive  out. 

127.  touch  upon. 

147.  give  over. 

167.  experience. 

128.  increase. 

148.  fail. 

168.  examine. 

129.  make  way. 

149.  cast  down. 

169.  attack. 

130.  stand  around. 

150.  abandon. 

170.  fly. 

131.  consider. 

151.  stand  off. 

171.  pass  the  winter. 

132.  communicate. 

152.  be  lacking. 

172.  encourage. 

133.  allow. 

153.  fight. 

173.  obtain. 

134.  run  together. 

154.  seize. 

174.  urge  on. 

135.  join  together. 

155.  place  about. 

175.  dwell. 

136.  speak  together. 

156.  assign. 

176.  say. 

137.  grasp  together. 

157.  divide. 

177.  follow  up. 

WORD  LISTS.  399 


ITS.  Jit  up. 

200.  complete. 

222.  remain  behind 

179.  cutoff. 

201 . remain. 

223.  send  back. 

ISO.  decide. 

202.  grant. 

224.  report. 

181.  tod. 

203.  influence. 

225.  drive  back. 

1S2.  provoke. 

204.  disturb. 

226.  reply. 

183.  it  is  allowed. 

205.  become  master  of. 

227.  hold  back. 

184.  remain. 

206  send  forward. 

228.  know. 

1S5.  move 

207.  approve. 

229.  perceive. 

186.  pet. 

208.  go  forward. 

230.  guard. 

187.  disregard. 

209.  lead  forward. 

231.  hope. 

188.  injure. 

210.  flee  forth. 

232.  establish. 

1S9.  learn 

211.  cast  forth. 

233.  be  eager  for. 

190.  kill. 

212.  publish  forth. 

234.  follow  on. 

191.  conceal. 

213.  place  before. 

235.  come  up. 

192.  run  to. 

214.  foresee. 

236.  try. 

193.  offer. 

215.  search  for. 

237.  fear. 

194.  it  behooves. 

216.  complain. 

238.  bring  over. 

195.  overwhelm. 

217.  give  back. 

239  be  strong. 

196.  pray. 

218  qo  back. 

240.  lay  waste. 

197.  lie  open. 

219  reduce 

241.  turn. 

198.  suffer. 

220.  bring  back. 

242.  wound. 

199.  lead  through. 

221.  repair. 

[I.  — Nouns  which  occur  over  100  times. 

1 . war. 

9.  cavalry. 

17.  soldier. 

2.  camp. 

10.  army. 

18.  ship. 

3.  cause. 

1 1 . end. 

19.  number. 

4.  citizenship. 

12.  river. 

20.  stronghold. 

5.  deliberation. 

13.  enemy. 

21.  part. 

6.  abundance. 

14.  ambassador. 

22.  battle. 

7.  day. 

15.  legion. 

23  thing. 

8.  horseman. 

16.  place. 

24.  time. 

. — Nouns  which  occur 

from  75-100  times. 

25.  arms. 

27  multitude. 

28.  people. 

26.  human  being. 

— Nouns  which  occur  from  50-75  times. 

29.  land. 

34.  flight. 

39.  danger. 

30.  spirit. 

35.  command. 

40.  garrison. 

31.  year. 

36.  fortification. 

41  chief. 

32.  aid. 

37 . hostage. 

42.  forest. 

33.  grain. 

38.  pace. 

43.  hope. 

400 


WORD  LISTS. 


XI.  — Nouns  which  occur  from  40-50  times. 


44.  Line. 

50.  hand. 

56  province. 

45.  arrival. 

51.  wall. 

57.  reckoning 

46.  cohort. 

52.  nothing. 

58.  direction. 

47.  winter  quarters. 

53.  night. 

59.  health. 

48.  hindrance. 

54.  work. 

60.  sign. 

49.  attack. 

55.  foot. 

XII.  — Nouns  which  occur  from  30-40  times. 

61.  army. 

68.  faith. 

75. 

messenger. 

62.  friendship. 

69.  fortune. 

76. 

bridge. 

63.  foreigner. 

70.  injustice. 

77. 

gate. 

64.  hill. 

71.  justice. 

78. 

fight. 

65.  meeting. 

72.  toil. 

79. 

victory. 

66.  custom. 

73.  mountain. 

80. 

use. 

67.  house. 

74.  nature 

XIII.  — Nouns  which 

occur  from  20-30  times. 

81.  approach. 

93.  sally. 

105 

notion. 

82.  mound. 

94.  scout. 

106. 

speech. 

83.  height. 

95.  ease. 

107. 

series. 

84.  prestige. 

96  ditch. 

108. 

marsh. 

85.  captive. 

97  brother. 

109. 

peace. 

86.  accident. 

98.  want. 

110. 

power. 

87.  swiftness. 

99.  side. 

111. 

senate. 

88.  centurion. 

100.  letter. 

112. 

reserve. 

89.  shout. 

101.  magistracy 

113. 

tribune. 

90.  passage. 

102.  greatness 

114. 

tower. 

91  leader. 

103  measure. 

115. 

way. 

92.  horse. 

104  death. 

116. 

wound 

XIV  — Nouns  which 

occur  from  10-20  times. 

117.  youth. 

129.  circuit 

141. 

charioteers. 

118.  building. 

130.  vassal. 

142. 

report. 

119.  summer. 

131  condition. 

143. 

son. 

1 20.  heat. 

132.  conference. 

144. 

sword. 

121.  age 

133.  sight. 

145. 

winter. 

122.  friend. 

134.  dispute . 

146. 

hour. 

123.  water 

135.  running. 

147. 

fire. 

124.  well-doing. 

136  defection. 

148. 

commander. 

125.  massacre. 

137.  difficulty. 

149. 

disadvantage. 

126.  disaster. 

138.  care. 

150. 

interval. 

127.  head. 

139  departure. 

151. 

yoke. 

128.  fortress. 

140  pain. 

152. 

praise. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


401 


153. 

embassy. 

171.  cattle. 

189. 

sun. 

154. 

children. 

172.  footman. 

190. 

appearance. 

155. 

freedom. 

173.  infantry. 

191. 

position . 

156 

length. 

174.  javelin. 

192. 

zeal. 

157. 

sea. 

175.  penalty. 

193. 

sum. 

158. 

trader. 

176.  harbor. 

194. 

punishment 

159. 

custom. 

177.  booty. 

195. 

suspicion. 

160 

movement. 

178.  reward. 

196. 

season. 

161. 

race. 

179.  first  place. 

197. 

back. 

162. 

at  night. 

180.  departure. 

198. 

earth. 

163. 

name. 

181.  kingdom. 

199. 

three  days. 

164. 

ocean. 

182.  king. 

200. 

ford. 

165. 

service. 

183.  bank. 

201. 

wind. 

166. 

work. 

184.  shield. 

202. 

watch. 

167. 

siege. 

185.  opinion. 

203. 

man. 

168. 

district. 

186.  slavery. 

204. 

life. 

169.  father. 

187.  silence. 

205. 

willingness. 

170 

money. 

188.  companion. 

206. 

voice. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


VERBS  OF  THE  FIRST  CONJUGATION. 


1 . abundo. 

19.  afflicto. 

37.  circumvallo 

2.  accelero 

20.  aggrego 

38.  clamito. 

3.  accommodo. 

21.  agito. 

39.  clamo 

4.  accuso. 

22.  alieno. 

40.  coacervo. 

5.  adaequo. 

23.  amplifico. 

41.  coagmento. 

6.  adamo. 

24.  apparo 

42.  eoarcto. 

7.  adequito. 

25.  appello. 

43  cogito 

8.  adhortor. 

26.  applico. 

44.  cohortor 

9.  adiudico. 

27.  apporto. 

45.  collaudo. 

10.  adiuvo. 

28.  approbo 

46.  colligo. 

1 1 . admaturo. 

29.  appropinquo. 

47.  colloco. 

12.  administro. 

30.  arbitror. 

48  comitor 

13.  admiror. 

31.  armo. 

49.  commemoro. 

14.  advoco. 

32.  castigo. 

50.  commendo. 

15.  advolo. 

33.  celo. 

51.  commeo 

16.  aedificio. 

34.  certo. 

52.  commoror. 

17.  aequo. 

35.  circumdo. 

53.  communico 

18.  aestimo. 

36.  circumsto. 

54.  commuto 

£6 


402 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


55.  comparo. 

56.  comporto. 

57.  comprobo. 

58.  concerto. 

59.  concilio 

60.  contionor. 

61.  concito. 

62.  conclamo. 

63.  concrepo. 

64.  concurso. 

65.  condemno. 

66.  condono. 

67.  confirmo. 

68.  conflagro. 

69.  conflicto. 

70.  eoniuro. 

71.  conor. 

72.  consecro. 

73.  consector. 

74.  conservo. 

7 5 . consolor. 

76.  conspicor. 

77.  conspiro. 

78.  consterno. 

79.  constipo. 

80.  consto. 

81.  consulto. 

82.  contabulo. 

83.  convoco. 

84.  cremo. 

85.  creo. 

86.  cunctor. 

87.  curo. 

88.  damno. 

89.  decerto. 

90.  declaro. 

9 1 . defatigo. 

92.  delecto. 

93.  delibero. 

94.  delibro. 

95.  deligo 

96.  demigro. 

97.  demonstro. 

98.  demoror. 

99.  denego. 


100. 

denuncio. 

101. 

depopulor. 

102. 

deporto. 

103. 

depravo. 

104. 

deprecor. 

105. 

depugno. 

106. 

derivo. 

107. 

derogo. 

108. 

deseco. 

109. 

desidero. 

110. 

designo. 

111. 

despero. 

112. 

destino. 

113. 

despolio. 

114. 

detestor. 

115. 

detracto. 

116. 

deturbo. 

117. 

devoco. 

118. 

dico. 

119. 

diiudico. 

120'. 

dimico. 

121. 

discepto. 

122. 

disparo. 

123. 

disputo. 

124. 

dissimulo. 

125. 

dissipo. 

126. 

disto. 

127. 

disturbo. 

128. 

divulgo. 

129. 

do. 

130. 

dominor. 

131. 

dono. 

132. 

dubito. 

133. 

duplico. 

134. 

duro. 

135. 

effemino. 

136. 

emigro. 

137. 

enumero. 

138. 

enuntio. 

139. 

erro. 

140. 

evoco. 

141. 

evolo. 

142. 

exaequo. 

143. 

exagito. 

144. 

exanimo. 

145. 

examino. 

146. 

excepto. 

147. 

excito. 

148. 

excogito. 

149. 

excrucio. 

150. 

excubo. 

151. 

exculco. 

152. 

excuso. 

153. 

exercito. 

154. 

existimo. 

155. 

expio. 

156. 

exploro. 

157. 

expugno. 

158. 

expecto. 

159. 

exsto. 

160. 

fastigo. 

161. 

firmo. 

162. 

flagito. 

163. 

flo. 

164. 

fraudo. 

165. 

frumentor 

166. 

fugo. 

167. 

fumo. 

168. 

glorior. 

169. 

gratulor. 

170. 

gravo. 

171. 

gusto. 

172. 

habito. 

173. 

haesito. 

174. 

hiemo. 

175. 

hortor. 

176. 

ignoro. 

177. 

imitor. 

178. 

immolo. 

179. 

impero. 

180. 

impetro. 

181. 

implico. 

182. 

imploro. 

183. 

importo. 

184. 

impugno. 

185. 

incito. 

186. 

increpito. 

187. 

increpo. 

188. 

incuso. 

189. 

indico. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


403 


190.  indignor. 

191.  insidior. 

192.  insimulo. 

193.  insinuo. 

194.  inspecto. 

195.  instigo. 

196.  insto. 

197.  interpello. 

198.  interpretor. 

199.  interrogo. 

200.  intro. 

201 . invito. 

202.  iacto. 

203.  iudieo. 

204.  iuro. 

205.  iuvo. 

206  laboro. 

207.  lacrimo. 

208.  laudo. 

209  lavo. 

210.  laxo. 

211.  levo. 

212.  libero. 

213.  mando. 

214.  materior. 

215.  maturo. 

216.  minor. 

217.  miror. 

218.  miseror. 

219.  moderor. 

220.  moror. 

221.  multo. 

222.  navigo. 

223.  navo 

224.  neco 

225.  nego. 

226.  negotior. 

227.  nomino. 

228.  nudo 

229.  nuntio 

230.  nuncupo. 
231  obsecro. 

232.  observo. 

233.  obsigno 

234.  obtempero. 


235. 

obtestor. 

236. 

occulto. 

237. 

occupo. 

238. 

occurso. 

239. 

onero. 

240. 

oppugno. 

241. 

orno. 

242. 

oro. 

243. 

ostento. 

244. 

paco 

245. 

papulor. 

246. 

parento 

247. 

paro. 

248. 

pecco. 

249. 

perequito. 

250. 

periclitor. 

251. 

persevero. 

252. 

persto. 

253. 

perturbo. 

254. 

pervagor. 

255. 

placo. 

256. 

populor. 

257. 

porto. 

258. 

postulo 

259. 

praecipito. 

260. 

praecor. 

261. 

praedico. 

262. 

praedor 

263. 

praeoccupo. 

264. 

praeopto. 

265. 

praeparo. 

266 

probo. 

267. 

proclino 

268. 

procuro. 

269. 

proelior. 

270 

profligo. 

271 

pronuntio. 

272. 

propero 

273. 

propulso. 

274 

proturbo. 

275 

provolo. 

276. 

publico. 

277. 

pugno. 

278. 

purgo. 

279. 

puto. 

280  recito. 

281.  reclino 

282  recupero. 

283  recuso. 

284.  redintegro. 
285  regno. 

286.  relego. 

287.  remigo. 

288.  remigro 

289.  remunero. 

290.  renuntio. 

291.  reporto. 

292.  repudio. 

293.  repugno. 

294.  reservo. 

295.  revoco. 

296.  rogo. 

297.  sano. 

298.  seco. 

299.  sector. 

300.  separo. 

301.  servo. 

302.  sevoco. 

303.  significo. 

304.  simulo. 

305.  sollicito 

306.  sono. 

307  specto. 

308.  speculor 

309.  spero. 

3 1 0.  spolio 

311.  sto. 

312.  sublevo. 

313.  subministro. 
314  supero. 

315.  supporto 
316  suspicor. 

317.  sustento. 

318.  tempero. 

319  tento. 

320.  territo 

321.  tolero 

322.  transnato 

323.  transporto. 
324  trepido. 


404 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


325. 

tumultuo. 

330. 

verso. 

335. 

violo. 

326. 

vaco. 

331. 

versor. 

336. 

vito. 

327. 

vagor. 

332. 

veto. 

337. 

voco. 

328. 

vasto. 

333. 

vexo. 

338. 

vulgo. 

329. 

ventito. 

334. 

vindico. 

339. 

vulnero. 

VERBS 

OF  THE  SECOND 

CONJUGATION. 

1.  abstineo. 

36.  fleo. 

71.  posthabeo 

2.  adaugeo. 

37.  gaudeo. 

72.  praebeo. 

3.  adhibeo. 

38.  habeo. 

73.  praecaveo. 

4.  adiaceo. 

39.  horreo. 

74.  profiteor. 

5.  admoneo. 

40.  impendeo. 

75.  prohibeo. 

6.  ardeo. 

41.  indigeo. 

76  promineo. 

7.  audeo. 

42.  indulgeo. 

77.  promoveo. 

8.  augeo. 

43.  intueor 

78.  proterreo. 

9.  careo. 

44-  invideo. 

79.  provideo 

10.  caveo. 

45.  irrideo. 

80.  pudet. 

11.  censeo 

46.  iaeeo 

81.  recenseo. 

12.  coerceo. 

47-  iubeo. 

82  remaneo. 

13.  commoveo. 

48.  lateo. 

83.  removeo. 

14.  compleo. 

49.  liceor 

84.  repleo. 

15.  confiteor 

50.  maneo. 

85.  resideo. 

16.  contineo. 

51.  medeor. 

86.  respondeo. 

17.  debeo. 

52.  mereor. 

87.  retineo. 

18.  deieo. 

53.  moneo. 

88.  soleo. 

19.  demoveo. 

54.  moveo. 

89.  studeo. 

20  deterreo. 

55.  noceo 

90.  submoveo 

21.  detineo 

56.  obsideo. 

91.  subsideo 

22  devoveo. 

57.  obtmeo. 

92.  supersedeo 

23.  dissuadeo. 

58-  oportet 

93  sustineo 

24  distineo. 

59  pareo. 

94.  taceo 

25.  doceo. 

60  pateo 

95.  teneo. 

26.  doleo 

61-  permaneo 

96.  terreo. 

27  edoceo. 

62.  permisceo. 

97-  timeo. 

28.  egeo. 

63.  permoveo. 

98-  torreo. 

29-  emineo 

64.  persuadeo 

99.  tueor. 

30  exerceo. 

65.  perterreo. 

100.  urgeo 

31.  expleo 

66.  pertineo. 

101-  valeo. 

32.  exterreo 

67.  placeo. 

102.  vereor 

33  extorqueo. 

68.  paenitet 

103-  video. 

34.  faveo. 

69-  polliceor. 

104.  voveo 

35.  ferveo. 

70.  possideo. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


405 


VERBS  OF  THE  THIRD  CONJUGATION. 


1.  abdo. 

2.  abduco. 

3.  abicio. 

4.  abiungo. 

5.  abripio. 

6.  abscido. 

7.  abscindo. 

8.  absisto. 

9.  abstraho. 

10.  accedo. 

11.  accido. 

12.  accido. 

13.  accipio. 

14.  accurro. 

15.  acquiro. 

16.  addico. 

17.  addo. 

18.  adduco. 

19.  adhaeresco. 
20  adicio. 

21.  adigo. 

22.  adimo. 

23.  adipiscor. 

24.  adiungo. 

25.  admitto. 

26.  adolesco. 

27.  adverto 

28.  afficio. 

29.  affigo. 

30.  affingo. 

31.  affligo. 

32.  ago. 

33.  allicio. 

34.  alligo. 

35.  alo. 

36.  amitto. 

37.  animadverto. 

38.  antecedo. 

39.  antepono. 

40.  anteverto. 

41.  appello 

42.  appeto 


43.  arcesso 

44.  ascendo. 

45.  ascisco. 

46  assisto. 

47.  assuefacio. 

48.  assuesco. 

49.  attexo. 

50.  attingo. 

51.  attribuo. 

52.  averto. 

53.  caedo. 

54.  cano. 

55.  capio. 

56.  carpo. 

57.  cedo. 

58.  cerno. 

59.  cingo. 

60.  circumcido. 

61.  circumcludo. 

62.  circumduco. 

63.  circumfundo. 

64.  eircumicio. 

65.  circummitto. 

66.  circumplector 

67.  circumsisto. 

68.  circumspicio. 

69.  circumvenio. 

70.  claudo. 

71.  coemo. 

72.  cognosco. 

73.  cogo. 

74.  colligo. 

75.  colloquor. 

76.  colo. 

77.  comburo. 

78.  committo. 

79.  commonefacio. 

80.  compello. 

81.  complector. 

82.  compono. 

83.  comprehendo. 

84.  concedo. 


85. 

concido. 

86. 

concido. 

87. 

concipio. 

88. 

concludo. 

89. 

concurro. 

90. 

conduco. 

91. 

conficio. 

92. 

confido. 

93. 

configo. 

94. 

confligo. 

95. 

confluo. 

96. 

confugio. 

97. 

confundo. 

98. 

congero. 

99. 

congredior. 

100. 

conicio. 

101. 

coniungo. 

102. 

conquiesco. 

103. 

conquiro. 

104. 

conscendo. 

105. 

conscisco. 

106. 

conscribo. 

107. 

consequor. 

108. 

consido. 

109. 

consisto. 

110. 

conspicio. 

111. 

consterno. 

112. 

constituo. 

113. 

consuesco. 

114. 

consulo. 

115. 

consumo. 

116 

consurgo. 

117. 

contigo. 

118. 

contemno. 

119. 

contendo. 

120. 

contexo. 

121. 

contingo. 

122. 

contraho. 

123. 

convalesco. 

124. 

conveho. 

125. 

converto. 

126. 

corripio. 

406 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


127. 

corrumpo. 

128. 

credo. 

129. 

cresco. 

130. 

cupio. 

131. 

curro. 

132. 

decedo 

133. 

decerno. 

134. 

decido. 

135. 

decipio 

136. 

decurro. 

137. 

dedo. 

138. 

deduco. 

139. 

defendo. 

140. 

deficio. 

141. 

defigo. 

142. 

defugio. 

143. 

deicio. 

144. 

deligo. 

145. 

delitesco. 

146. 

demeto. 

147. 

deminuo. 

148. 

demitto. 

149. 

demo. 

150. 

depello. 

151. 

dependo. 

152. 

deperdo. 

153. 

depono. 

154. 

deposco. 

155. 

deprehendo. 

156. 

deprimo. 

157. 

derelinquo. 

158. 

derivo. 

159. 

descendo. 

160. 

desino. 

161. 

desisto 

162. 

despicio. 

163. 

destituo. 

164. 

destringo. 

165. 

detraho. 

166. 

deuro. 

167. 

deveho. 

168. 

devinco. 

169. 

dico. 

170. 

diduco. 

171. 

diffido. 

172. 

diffluo. 

173. 

diffundo. 

174. 

diligo. 

175. 

diminuo. 

176. 

dimitto. 

177. 

dirigo. 

178. 

dirimo. 

179. 

diripio. 

180. 

discedo. 

181. 

discerno. 

182. 

edico. 

183. 

edisco. 

184. 

edo. 

185. 

educo 

186. 

efficio. 

187. 

effodio. 

188. 

effugio 

189. 

effundo. 

190 

egredior. 

191. 

eicio. 

192. 

elicio. 

193. 

eligo 

194. 

eloquor. 

195. 

emitto. 

196. 

emo. 

197, 

enitor. 

198 

erigo. 

199. 

eripio. 

200. 

erumpo. 

201. 

evado. 

202. 

evello. 

203. 

evinco. 

204. 

exardesco. 

205. 

excedo. 

206. 

excello. 

207. 

excido. 

208. 

excipio. 

209. 

excludo. 

210. 

exigo. 

211. 

expello. 

212. 

expono. 

213. 

exposco 

214. 

exprimo. 

215. 

exquiro 

216. 

exsequor. 

217.  exsero. 

218.  exsisto. 

219.  exstinguo. 

220.  exstruo. 

221.  extendo. 

222.  extimesco. 

223.  extollo. 

224.  extraho. 

225.  extrudo. 

226.  exuo. 

227.  exuro. 

228.  facio. 

229.  fallo. 

230.  fingo. 

231.  fio. 

232.  flecto. 

23.3.  fodio. 

234.  frango. 

235.  fruor. 

236.  fugio. 

2.37.  fundo. 

238.  fungor. 

239.  gero. 

240.  ignosco. 

241.  immitto. 

242.  impello. 

243.  impono. 

244.  incedo. 

245.  incido. 

246.  incido. 

247.  incipio. 

248.  includo. 

249.  incolo 

250.  incumbo. 
251  indico. 

252.  induco. 

253.  induo. 

254.  inficio. 

255.  infigo. 

256.  inflecto. 

257.  influo. 

258.  infodio. 

259.  ingredior. 

260.  inicio. 

261.  iniungo. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


407 


262. 

innascor. 

263. 

innitor. 

264. 

insequor. 

265. 

insero. 

266. 

insisto. 

267. 

instituo. 

268. 

instruo. 

269. 

insuefaeio. 

270. 

intego. 

271. 

intelligo. 

272. 

intendo 

273. 

intercedo. 

274. 

intercipio. 

275. 

intercludo. 

276. 

interdico. 

277. 

interficio 

278. 

intericio. 

279. 

intermitto. 

280. 

interpono. 

281. 

interrumpo. 

282. 

interscindo. 

283. 

intexo. 

284. 

introduco. 

285. 

intromitto. 

286. 

introrumpo. 

287. 

invado. 

288. 

inveterasco. 

289. 

irrumpo. 

290. 

iacio. 

291. 

iungo 

292. 

labor. 

293. 

lacesso. 

294. 

laedo. 

295. 

lego. 

296. 

loquor. 

297. 

mansuefio. 

298. 

maturesco. 

299. 

meto. 

300. 

minuo. 

301. 

mitto. 

302. 

molo. 

.303. 

morior. 

304. 

nanciscor. 

.305. 

nascor. 

306. 

negligo. 

307. 

nitor. 

308. 

nosco. 

309. 

nubo. 

310. 

obduco. 

311. 

obicio. 

312. 

obliviscor. 

313. 

obsisto. 

314. 

obstringo 

315. 

obstruo. 

316. 

occido. 

317. 

occido. 

318. 

occurro. 

319. 

offendo. 

320. 

omitto. 

321. 

oppono. 

322. 

opprimo. 

32.3. 

ostendo. 

324. 

pando. 

325. 

parco. 

326. 

pario. 

327. 

pasco. 

328. 

patefacio. 

329. 

patefio. 

330. 

patior. 

331. 

pello. 

332. 

pendo. 

'333. 

perago. 

334. 

percipio. 

335. 

percurro 

3.36. 

percutio. 

337. 

perdisco. 

3.38. 

perdo. 

339. 

perduco. 

340. 

perficio. 

341. 

perfringo. 

342. 

perfugio. 

343. 

pergo. 

344. 

perlego. 

345. 

perluo. 

346. 

permitto. 

347. 

perpetior. 

348. 

perquiro. 

349. 

perrumpo. 

350. 

perscribo. 

351. 

persequor. 

.352.  persolvo. 

353.  perspicio. 

354.  perveho. 

355.  peto. 

356.  pono. 

.357.  porrigo. 

358.  posco. 

.359.  postpono. 

360  praecedo. 

361.  praecipio. 

362.  praecludo. 

363.  praecurro. 

364.  praeduco. 

365.  praeficio. 

366.  praefigo. 

367.  praemetuo. 

368.  praemitto. 

369.  praepono. 

370.  praerumpo. 

371.  praescribo. 
.372.  praetermitto. 

373.  praeterveho. 

374.  praeuro. 

375.  praeverto. 

376.  prehendo. 

377.  premo. 

378.  procedo. 

.379.  procumbo. 

380.  procurro. 

381.  prodo. 

382.  produco. 

383.  proficio. 

384.  proficiscor. 

385.  profluo. 

386  profugio. 

387.  profundo 

388.  progredior. 
•389.  proicio. 

390.  promitto. 

391.  propello. 

392.  propono. 

393.  proripio. 

394.  proruo. 

395.  prosequor. 

396.  prospicio. 


408 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


397. 

prosterno. 

430. 

resido. 

462. 

succedo. 

398. 

protego 

431. 

resisto. 

463. 

succendo. 

399. 

proveho. 

432. 

respicio. 

464. 

succumbo 

400. 

quaero. 

433. 

respuo. 

465. 

succurro. 

401. 

queror. 

434. 

restinguo. 

466. 

sufficio. 

402. 

rado. 

435. 

restituo. 

467. 

suflodio. 

403. 

recedo. 

436. 

retraho. 

468. 

sumo. 

404. 

recido. 

437. 

revello. 

469. 

suppeto. 

405. 

recipio. 

438. 

reverto. 

470. 

suscipio. 

406. 

reddo. 

439. 

sapio, 

471. 

suspicio. 

407. 

redigo. 

440. 

satisfacio. 

472. 

sustollo. 

408 

redimo 

441. 

scindo. 

473. 

tango. 

409. 

reduco. 

442. 

scribo. 

474. 

tego. 

410. 

reficio. 

443. 

secludo. 

475. 

tendo. 

411. 

refringo. 

444. 

sequor. 

476. 

tollo. 

412. 

refugio. 

445. 

sero. 

477. 

trado. 

413. 

rego. 

446. 

sino. 

478. 

traho. 

414. 

regredior. 

447. 

solvo. 

479. 

traicio. 

415. 

reicio. 

448. 

statuo. 

480. 

transcendo. 

416. 

relanguesco. 

449. 

stringo. 

481. 

transfigo. 

417. 

relinquo. 

450. 

struo. 

482. 

transfodio. 

418. 

reminiscor. 

451. 

subduco 

483. 

transgredior 

419. 

remitto. 

452. 

subigo. 

484. 

transicio. 

420. 

remollesco. 

453. 

subicio. 

485. 

transmitto. 

421. 

repello. 

454. 

subluo 

486. 

transveho. 

422. 

repeto. 

455 

submitto. 

487. 

tribuo. 

423. 

reposco. 

456. 

subruo. 

488. 

ulciscor. 

424. 

reprehendo. 

457. 

subsequor. 

489. 

vendo. 

425. 

reprimo. 

458. 

subsido. 

490. 

vergo. 

426. 

requiro. 

459. 

subsisto. 

491. 

verto. 

427. 

rescindo. 

460. 

subtraho. 

492. 

vinco. 

428. 

rescisco. 

461. 

subveho 

493. 

vivo. 

429. 

rescribo. 

VERBS 

OF  THE 

FOURTH 

CONJUGATION. 

1. 

adorior. 

9. 

coorior. 

17. 

exaudio 

2. 

aperio. 

10. 

definio. 

18. 

exorior. 

3, 

audio. 

11. 

desilio. 

19. 

expedio. 

4. 

circumvenio. 

12. 

devenio. 

20. 

experior. 

5. 

communio. 

13. 

devincio. 

21. 

finio. 

6. 

comperio. 

14. 

dimetior. 

22. 

impedio 

7. 

consentio. 

15. 

dissentio. 

23. 

insilio. 

8. 

convenio. 

16 

evenio. 

24. 

interven: 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


409 


25.  invenio. 

33. 

pervenio. 

41. 

sancio. 

26.  largior. 

34. 

potior. 

42. 

sarcio. 

27.  metior. 

35. 

praesentio. 

43. 

scio. 

28.  mollio. 

36. 

praesepio. 

44. 

sentio. 

29.  munio. 

37. 

provenio 

45. 

servio 

30.  obvenio. 

38. 

reperio. 

46. 

subvenio. 

31.  orior. 

39. 

revincio. 

47. 

venio. 

32.  patior. 

40. 

saevio. 

48. 

vestio. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

(sum,  fero,  volo,  fio,  eo,  and  their  compounds  ) 


i. 

abeo. 

14. 

eo. 

27. 

pereo. 

o 

absum. 

15. 

exeo. 

28. 

perfero. 

3. 

adeo 

16. 

fero. 

29. 

possum. 

4. 

adsum. 

17. 

fio. 

30. 

praetereo. 

5. 

affero. 

18. 

ineo. 

31. 

prodeo. 

6. 

antefero. 

19. 

infero. 

32. 

profero. 

7. 

circumeo. 

20. 

intereo. 

33. 

prosum. 

8. 

coeo. 

21. 

intersum. 

34. 

redeo. 

9. 

confero 

22. 

introeo. 

35. 

refero. 

10. 

defero. 

23. 

malo. 

36. 

subeo. 

11. 

desum. 

24. 

nolo. 

37. 

transfero. 

12. 

differo. 

25. 

offero. 

38. 

volo. 

13. 

effero. 

26. 

patefio. 

FORMATION. 

VERBAL  DERIVATIVES. 

Nouns  derived  from  Verbs,  with  the  terminations  or,  ium,  tio,  tus,  tura, 
forming  abstracts  ; men  and  mentum  expressing  the  means  or  subject  of 
an  action  ; tor  denoting  the  agent. 


1 

aditus. 

8. 

antecursor. 

15. 

auxilium. 

2. 

adiutor. 

9. 

aquatio. 

16. 

beneficium 

3. 

adventus. 

10. 

armamentum. 

17. 

certamen. 

4. 

aedificium. 

11. 

armatura. 

18. 

circuitus. 

5. 

aestimatio 

12. 

aspectus. 

19. 

clamor 

6. 

agmen. 

13. 

auctor. 

20. 

cogitatio 

7. 

amfractus. 

14. 

auditio. 

21. 

cognatio. 

410  CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


22. 

cohortatio. 

67. 

discensio 

112. 

23. 

colloquium. 

68. 

documentum 

113. 

24. 

comitium. 

69. 

dominatio. 

114. 

25. 

commeatus. 

70. 

dubitatio. 

115. 

26. 

commissura. 

71. 

ductus. 

116. 

27. 

commutatio 

72. 

egressus. 

117. 

28. 

compendium. 

73. 

eruptio. 

118. 

29. 

complexus 

74. 

eventus. 

119. 

30. 

concessus. 

75. 

excursio. 

120. 

31. 

concursus. 

76. 

excusatio. 

121. 

32. 

conditio. 

77. 

exercitatio 

122. 

33. 

confirmatio. 

78. 

exercitus 

123. 

34. 

coniectura. 

79. 

existimatio. 

124. 

35. 

coniuratio. 

80. 

exitus. 

125. 

36. 

consensio 

81. 

explorator. 

126. 

37. 

consensus. 

82. 

expugnatio. 

127. 

38. 

conspectus. 

83. 

factio. 

128. 

39. 

contabulatio. 

84. 

flumen 

129. 

40. 

contemptio. 

85. 

fremitus. 

130. 

41. 

contemptus. 

86. 

frumentatio 

131. 

42. 

contentio. 

87. 

frumentum. 

132. 

43. 

continuatio. 

88. 

gratulatio 

133. 

44. 

conventus. 

89. 

gubernator. 

134. 

45. 

cruciatus. 

90. 

impedimentum. 

135. 

46. 

cultus. 

91. 

imperator. 

136. 

47. 

cunctatio. 

92. 

imperium. 

137. 

48. 

cursus. 

93. 

impulsus. 

138. 

49. 

decessus. 

94. 

incendium. 

139. 

50. 

deditio 

95. 

incursio. 

140. 

51. 

defatigatio. 

96. 

incursus. 

141. 

52. 

defectio. 

97. 

initium. 

142. 

53. 

defensio. 

98. 

instrumentum. 

143. 

54. 

deiectus. 

99. 

interitus. 

144. 

55. 

delectus. 

100. 

interventus 

145. 

56. 

deprecator. 

101. 

introitus 

146. 

57. 

despectus. 

102. 

inventor. 

147. 

58. 

desperatio. 

103. 

irruptio. 

148. 

59. 

detrimentum. 

104. 

iactura. 

149. 

60. 

devexus. 

105. 

iunctura. 

150. 

61. 

dictio 

106. 

laetatio. 

151. 

62. 

dimicatio. 

107- 

languor. 

152. 

63. 

disceptator 

108. 

largitio. 

153. 

64. 

discessus. 

109. 

legatio. 

154. 

65. 

discrimen. 

110. 

lignatio. 

155. 

66. 

disputatio 

111. 

lignator. 

156. 

machinatio. 

maleficium 

mentio. 

mercator. 

mercatura. 

molimentum 

momentum. 

motus. 

munimentum 

munitio. 

natura. 

navigatio 

navigium. 

negotium. 

nomen. 

numen. 

obitus. 

obsessio. 

occasio. 

occasus. 

occultatio. 

occupatio. 

offensio. 

officium. 

oppugnatio. 

oratio 

ornamentum 

ostentatio 

pabulatio. 

pabulator. 

perfugium 

perturbatio. 

pollicitatio 

populatio 

possessio. 

procurator 

proditio 

proditor. 

profectio. 

propugnator. 

prospectus. 

proventus. 

pudor. 

quaestio 

quaestor. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


411 


157. 

quaestus. 

172.  statura. 

186. 

tegimentum 

158. 

questus. 

173.  status. 

187. 

testamentum. 

159. 

ratio. 

174.  stramentum. 

188. 

timor. 

160. 

receptus. 

175.  subductio. 

189. 

tormentum. 

161. 

recessus. 

176.  subsidium. 

190. 

tractus. 

162. 

reditio. 

177.  subvectio. 

191. 

transiectus. 

163. 

reditus. 

178.  successus. 

192. 

transmissus. 

164. 

remedium. 

179.  sudor. 

193. 

ululatus. 

165. 

satisfactio. 

ISO.  suffragium . 

194. 

usus. 

166. 

sectio. 

181.  suggestus. 

195. 

vacatio. 

167. 

seditio. 

182  sumptus. 

196. 

vaticinatio. 

168. 

sepultura. 

1 83.  supplementum. 

197. 

venatio. 

169. 

significatio. 

184.  supplicatio- 

198. 

venator. 

170. 

simulatio. 

185.  tabulatio. 

199. 

vultus. 

171. 

statio. 

ADJECTIVAL  DERIVATIVES. 

Nouns  derived  from  Adjectives,  with  the  terminations  Itas  (etas,  No.  90; 
tas,  No.  30),  ia  (itia,  No.  9 ; ities,  No.  91),  itudo  (udo,  No.  22),  itus, 
denoting  the  quality  possessed  by  the  adjective. 


1. 

acclivitas. 

24. 

controversia. 

47. 

impunitas. 

2. 

acerbitas. 

25. 

crassitudo. 

48. 

indignitas. 

3. 

adolescentia. 

26. 

crudelitas 

49. 

indiligentia. 

4. 

aequitas. 

27. 

cupiditas 

50. 

indulgentia. 

5. 

affinitas. 

28. 

declivitas. 

51. 

infamia. 

6. 

alacritas. 

29. 

dementia. 

52. 

infirmitas. 

7. 

altitudo. 

30. 

difficultas. 

53. 

inimicitia. 

8. 

amentia. 

31. 

dignitas. 

54. 

iniquitas. 

9. 

amicitia. 

32. 

diligentia. 

55. 

innocentia. 

10. 

amplitudo. 

33. 

diuturnitas. 

56. 

inopia. 

11. 

angustiae. 

34. 

duritia. 

57. 

inscientia. 

12. 

arrogantia. 

35. 

exiguitas. 

58. 

invidia. 

13. 

audacia. 

36. 

facultas. 

59. 

iracundia. 

14. 

avaritia. 

37. 

felicitas. 

60. 

iustitia. 

15. 

benevolentia. 

38- 

fertilitas. 

61. 

laetitia. 

16. 

bonitas. 

39. 

firmitudo. 

62. 

lassitudo. 

17. 

brevitas. 

40. 

fortitudo. 

63. 

latitudo. 

18. 

celeritas. 

41. 

gravitas. 

64. 

lenitas. 

19. 

clementia. 

42. 

humanitas. 

65. 

levitas. 

20- 

conscientia. 

43. 

humilitas. 

66. 

liberalitas. 

21. 

constantia. 

44. 

imbecillitas. 

67. 

libertas. 

22. 

consuetudo. 

45. 

immunitas. 

68. 

licentia. 

23. 

continentia. 

46. 

im  prudentia. 

69. 

longitudo. 

412 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS. 


70. 

magnitudo. 

87. 

perfidia. 

104. 

societas. 

71. 

maiestas. 

88. 

pernicitas. 

105. 

solertia. 

72. 

mansuetudo. 

89. 

pertinacia. 

106. 

solitudo 

73. 

memoria 

90. 

pietas. 

107. 

sollicitudo. 

74. 

misericordia 

91. 

planities. 

108. 

stabilitas. 

75. 

mobilitas. 

92. 

potentia 

109. 

stultitia 

76. 

modestia. 

93. 

praesentia. 

110. 

temeritas. 

77. 

mollities. 

94.* 

propinquitas. 

111. 

temperantia. 

78. 

multitudo 

95. 

prudentia. 

112. 

tenuitas. 

79. 

necessitas. 

96. 

rapiditas. 

113. 

tranquillitas. 

80. 

necessitudo. 

97- 

sanitas. 

114. 

tristitia. 

81 

nobilitas 

98. 

scientia. 

115. 

turpitudo. 

82. 

notitia. 

99. 

sententia. 

116 

utilitas. 

83. 

obsequentia. 

100. 

servitus. 

117 

velocitas 

84. 

opportunitas. 

101. 

severitas. 

118. 

vicinitas. 

85. 

patientia. 

102. 

siccitas. 

119. 

voluntas. 

86. 

paucitas 

103. 

similitudo. 

120. 

voluptas. 

VOCABULARY. 


1.  The  Arabic  numeral  after  a definition  indicates  the  number  of  times  the  Latin 
word  occurs  in  the  text  of  the  first  seven  books  : e.  g.  ab  occurs  366  times. 

2.  In  the  case  of  words  occurring  not  over  three  times,  references  to  all  the  places 
of  occurrence  are  given  : e.  g.  abies  occurs  only  in  v.  12. 

3.  The  times  of  occurrence  of  many  derivatives  (especially  participial  and  ad- 
verbial ) are  included  under  their  primitives,  and  are  not  therefore  affixed : e.  g. 
abditus  is  included  in  the  times  of  occurrence  of  abdo. 


A. 

A.  (1)  An  abbreviation  for  praenomen 
Aulus.  (2)  a d.,  ante  diem.  i.  6. 
a,  ab,  abs,  prep.,  with  the  ablat.  a is 
used  before  consonants,  ab  before 
vowels  and  consonants,  abs  before  te, 
— from,  bi/,  on  account  of,  on,  among, 
on  the  side  of;  a dextro  cornu,  on  the 
right  wing,  a,  172  ; ab,  366  ; abs,  v.  30. 
abditus,  partic.,  (abdo),  concealed,  hid- 
den, secret,  remote. 

abdo,  ere,  didi,  ditum,  (ab  + do),  to 
hide,  conceal,  put  away.  11. 
abduco,  ere,  uxi,  uctum,  (ab  + duco), 
to  lead  away,  withdraw,  take  by  force. 

i.  11. 

abeo,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (ab  -f  eo),  to 
go  away,  depart,  vi.  43,  vii.  50. 
ablcio,  §re,  ieci,  iectum,  (ab  + 
iacio),  to  throw  away,  throw  down, 
cast.  5. 

abies,  etis,  f.,  a fir-tree.  v.  12. 
abiungo,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  (ab  + iungo), 

to  separate,  loose  from  the  yoke,  remove. 
vii.  56. 


abripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptum,  (ab  -f- 
ripio),  to  carry  off  by  force,  tear  away, 
snatch,  v.  33. 

abscido,  ere,  cidi,  cisum,  (abs  -f- 
caedo),  to  cut  off,  cut,  cut  away.  iii. 
14,  vii.  73. 

abscisus.  See  abscido. 

absens,  entis,  adj.,  (absum),  absent, 

remote.  5. 

absimilis,  e,  adi.,  unlike,  dissimilar. 
iii.  14. 

absisto,  ere,  stiti,  — , to  keep  away  from, 
withdraw,  depart,  v.  17. 
abstineo,  ere,  ui,  tentum,  (abs  + 
teneo),  to  abstain  from, keep  aloof  from, 
decline,  i.  22,  vii  47. 
abstraho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  drag  away, 
carry  away  by  force,  iii.  2,  vii.  14,  42. 
absum,  esse,  fui,  — , to  be  absent,  dis- 
tant, remote  ; to  take  no  part  in  ; to  stand 
aloof  43. 

abundo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ab  + unda), 

to  overflow,  abound,  be  rich  in.  vii.  14, 
64. 

ac,  eonj.,  and.  (After  aliter,  contra, 
iuxta,  simul,  etc.,  than,  as.)  190. 


414 


VOCABULARY. 


accedo  — adimo 


accedo,  gre,  essi,  essum,  (ad  + cedo), 

to  approach,  draw  near  to,  arrive  at, 
come  to;  to  be  added ; accedebat,  it 
was  added.  27. 

accglero,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + eglero), 
to  hasten,  make  haste,  vii.  87. 
acceptus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (accipio), pleasant, 
agreeable,  welcome,  i.  3. 
accido,  gre,  Idi,  — , (ad  + cado),  to  fall ; 
to  happen  ; to  come  to  pass  ; accidit,  it 
happens,  43. 

accido,  gre,  eidi,  cisum,  (ad  + caedo), 
to  cut  off,  cut  down;  to  fell.  vi.  27. 
accipio,  gre,  epi,  eptum,  (ad  + capio), 

to  receive,  take,  hear,  acquire,  suffer, 
endure.  59. 

acclivis,  e,  adj  , (ad  + clivus),  ascending, 
rising,  steep,  ii.  29,  iii.  19,  vii.  19. 
acclivitas,  atis,  f.,  an  ascent,  acclivity,  a 
rising,  ii.  18. 

accommodatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (accom- 
modo), suitable,  adapted.  iii.  13 
(twice). 

accommSdo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + com- 
modo), to  adjust,  adapt,  suit,  accom- 
modate. ii.  21. 

accurate,  adv.,  (ad  + cura),  carefully, 
attentively,  exactly ; comp,  accuratius, 
vi.  22. 

accurro,  gre,  curri  and  cucurri,  cur- 
sum, (ad  + curro),  to  run  to,  hasten 
to.  i.  22,  iii.  5. 

accuso,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + causa),  to 
accuse,  blame,  censure,  i.  16,  i.  19,  vii- 
20. 

aeer,  cris,  ere,  adj.,  sharp,  pungent,  vio- 
lent, severe.  18. 

acerbe,  adv.,  harshly,  sharply,  bitterly, 
keenly ; comp,  acerbius,  sup.  3-cer- 
bissime,  vii  17. 

Scerbitas,  atis,  f.,  harshness,  sharpness, 
bitterness,  severity,  vii.  17. 
acerbus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (aeer),  sour,  sharp, 
fierce,  severe,  vii.  14. 
acerrime,  adv.,  sup.  of  acriter. 

3-cervus,  i,  m.,  a heap,  store,  pile.  ii.  32. 


acies,  ei,  f.,  a sharp  edge ; an  army  in 
line  of  battle,  a line  of  battle  ; in  5,cie 
in  line  of  battle.  42. 
acquiro,  gre,  sivi,  situm,  (ad  + quaero), 
to  acquire,  obtain,  procure,  vii.  59. 
acriter,  adv.,  (aeer),  sharply,  vehemently, 
courageously , eager! v : comp,  acrius, 
sup.  accerrlme. 

actuarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ago),  easily 
moved,  light,  v.  1 . 
actus,  a,  um.  See  ago. 
acutus,  a,  um,  adj  , (Scuo),  sharp, 
pointed,  vii.  7.3. 

ad,  prep,  with  the  acc.,  to,  towards,  in, 
among,  near,  about  (with  numerals), 
after,  according  to.  702. 
adactus,  a,  um.  See  adigo, 
adaequo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  equal,  make 
equal.  6. 

ad&mo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  love  greatly , 
desire  greatly,  take  pleasure  in.  i.  31 . 
addo,  gre,  didi,  ditum,  (ad  + do),  to 
add,  mingle  with,  join.  9. 
adduco,  gre,  xi,  ctum,  to  bring,  convey 
to,  conduct,  induce,  draw  towards.  41. 
ademptus,  a,  um.  See  adimo, 
adeo,  adv.,  (ad  -\-  is),  so,  so  far,  to  such 
a degree.  4. 

adeo,  Ire,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  go  to,  ap- 
proach, encounter.  20. 
gdeptus,  a,  um.  See  adipiscor, 
adgquito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  ride  up  to 
or  towards,  i.  46. 

adhaereo,  ere,  haesi,  haesum,  to  adhere, 
cleave  to,  stick,  v.  48. 
adhibeo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  (ad h2.beo),  to 
bring  in,  receive,  call  in,  admit,  use.  7. 
adhortor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  exhort,  en- 
courage. 5. 

adhuc,  adv.,  until  now,  thus  far,  still,  as 
yet.  iii.  32. 

adigo,  gre,  egi,  actum,  (ad  + ago),  to 
drive  in,  impel,  force,  compel.  8. 
adimo,  gre,  emi,  emptum,  (ad  + emo), 
to  take  away,  deprive  of,  remove,  v.  6 
vii.  18. 


adipiscor  — aequus 


VOCABULARY. 


415 


Sdlpiscor,  ci,  eptus,  dep.,  (ad  + api- 
scor), to  obtain,  acquire,  attain,  v.  39. 
Sdltus,  us,  m.,  (adeo),  approach,  en- 
trance, access.  20. 

adiaeeo,  ere,  cui,  — , to  lie  adjacent, 
border  upon,  be  near.  vi.  33. 
adieio,  ere,  ieei,  iectum,  (ad  + iaeio), 
to  cast,  add  or  join  to.  6. 
adiudleo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  adjudge, 
assign,  award,  vi.  37. 
adiungo,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  to  join,  unite 
to,  annex.  10. 

adiutor,  oris,  m.,  (adiuvo),  a helper,  an 
assistant,  v.  38,  41. 

adiiivo,  are,  iuvi,  iutum,  to  assist,  help, 
succor,  aid.  5. 

admaturo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  mature, 
quicken,  ripen,  vii.  54. 
administer,  tri,  m.,  (ad  + manus),  a 
servant,  attendant,  assistant,  vi.  16. 
administro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  serve, 
attend,  wait  upon,  manage,  guide.  23. 
admiror,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  admire,  won- 
der at,  be  surprised.  5. 
admitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  admit, 
allow,  receive;  equo  admisso,  with 
horse  at  full  speed.  6. 
admodum,  adv.,  (ad  + modus),  very,  ex- 
ceedingly ; with  numerals,  about,  at 
least.  8. 

admoneo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  admonish, 
warn,  advise,  suggest,  put  in  mind. 

v.  49. 

addlescens,  tis,  m.  and  f.,  a youth,  a 
young  man  or  woman.  18. 
adolescentia,  ae,  f.,  youth,  i.  20. 
adoleseentulus,  i,  m.,  a young  man. 
iii.  21. 

adolesco,  ere,  olevi,  ultum,  (ad  + 
olesco),  to  grow  up,  mature,  increase. 

vi.  18. 

adorior,  Iri,  ortus,  dep.,  (ad  + orior), 
to  attack,  assail;  to  begin,  attempt.  17. 
adsciseo,  ere,  scivi,  seltum,  (ad  + 
scisco),  to  take,  receive,  admit,  unite. 
i.  5,  iii.  9. 


adsisto,  gre,  stlti,  — , to  stand  by,  be 
present,  appear,  vi.  18. 
adsum,  esse,  tui  or  affui,  — , irreg.,  to  be 

present  or  at  hand,  to  be  near ; to  aid, 
assist.  12. 

adventus,  us,  in.,  arrival,  a coming,  an 
approach.  46. 

adversarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  hostile,  con- 
trary to.  adversarius,  i,  in.,  an  op- 
ponent, enemy,  vii.  4. 
adversus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (adverto),  oppo- 
site, facing,  fronting,  opposed,  hostile  ; 
adverso  flumine,  up  stream.  12. 
adversus,  prep,  with  the  acc.,  against, 
toward,  opposite  to.  iv.  14. 
adverto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  (ad  + verto), 
to  turn  to  or  towards,  with  animum,  to 
turn  one’s  mind  to,  observe,  notice,  i.  24, 
v.  18. 

advoco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  call  to,  sum- 
mon. vii.  52. 

advolo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  fly  to,  hasten 
to,  rush  upon,  run  to.  v.  17,39,  vii.  72. 
aedificium,  i,  n.,  (aedifico),  an  edifice, 
a building.  18. 

aedifico,  are,  avi,  atum,  (aedes  -f- 
facio),  to  build,  construct,  erect,  iii.  9, 
v.  1,  vi.  22. 

aeger,  gra,  grum,  adj.,  sick,  feeble , faint, 
weary,  v.  40,  vi.  36,  38. 
aegre,  adv.,  (aeger),  hardly,  with  diffi- 
culty, scarcely ; comp,  aegrius,  sup. 
aegerrime.  8. 

aequaliter,  adv.,  (aequalis),  equally, 
uniformly,  ii.  18. 

aequinoctium,  i,  n.,  (aequus  -f  nox), 
the  equinox,  i.  e.  when  the  day  and 
night  are  of  equal  length,  iv.  36, 
v.  23. 

aequitas,  atis,  f.,  equality,  justice,  even- 
ness ; animi  aequitas,  evenness  of 
temper,  contentment,  i.  40.  vi.  22. 
aequo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make  equal; 

to  level,  i.  25,  vi.  22. 
aequus,  a,  um,  adj.,  even,  level,  favor- 
able, just,  right.  16. 


416 


VOCABULARY. 


aerarius  — aliquanto 


aerarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (aes),  of  copper, 
brass,  or  bronze,  iii.  21. 
aereus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (aes),  of  copper, 
copper,  v.  12. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  brass,  copper,  money, 
bronze ; aes  alienum,  debt.  iv.  36, 

v.  12,  vi.  13. 

aestas,  atis,  f.,  summer.  11. 
aestimatio,  onis,  f.,  valuation,  estimate, 

vi.  19. 

aestimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (aes),  to  esti- 
mate, value,  regard,  determine,  esteem.  4. 
aestivus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (aestas),  of  sum- 
mer. vi.  4. 

aestuarium,  i,  u.,  (aestus),  an  estuary, 
inlet,  ii.  28,  iii.  9. 
aestus,  us,  m.,  heat;  the  tide.  14. 
aetas,  atis,  f.,  age;  life.  11. 
aeternus,  a,  um,  adj.,  eternal,  perpetual. 

vii.  77. 

affero,  afferre,  attuli,  allatum,  irr , 
(ad  + fero),  to  bring  to,  offer,  present; 
to  afford,  produce.  16. 
afficio,  6re,  feci,  fectum,  (ad  + faclo), 
to  affect,  influence,  move  ; to  show,  treat, 
visit.  11. 

affigo,  ere,  si,  xum,  (ad  + figo),  to  fix 
to,  fasten  to,  attach  to.  iii.  14. 
affingo,  Sre,  inxi,  ictum,  (ad  + fingo), 

to  form,  devise,  invent;  to  add  falsely. 

vii.  1. 

affinitas,  atis,  f.,  (affinis),  relationship 
by  marriage,  connection,  i.  18,  ii.  4. 
affirmatio,  onis,  f.,  (affirmo),  affirma- 
tion, declaration,  assertion,  vii.  30. 
affixus,  a,  um.  See  affigo, 
afflicto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (affligo),  to  agi- 
tate, toss,  vex,  torment,  iii.  12,  iv.  29. 
afflictus,  a,  um.  See  affligo, 
affligo,  gre,  xi,  ctum,  (ad  + fligo),  to 
strike,  beat  or  dash  against ; to  shatter, 
destroy.  4. 

affdre,  affuturus,  afforem.  See  ad- 
sum. 

Africus,  i,  m.,  (sc.  ventus),  the  south- 
west wind.  v.  8. 


ager,  gri,  m.,  a field,  land,  territory, 
country.  64. 

agger,  Sris,  m.,  (ad  + gSro),  a mound, 
rampart.  25. 

aggredior,  i,  essus,  dep.,  ( ad  + gradior), 
to  go  to,  go  against ; to  attack,  meet.  4. 
aggrego,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ago),  to  col- 
lect, join,  attach,  ally.  iv.  26,  vi.  12. 
agito,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ago),  to  drive; 
to  follow;  to  debate,  discuss,  deliberate. 
vii.  2. 

agmen,  Inis,  n.,  (ago),  an  army  on  the 
march,  a march,  line  of  march,  troop  ; 
primum  agmen,  the  van,  front ; no- 
vissimum agmen,  the  rear.  33. 
ago,  ere,  egi,  actum,  to  drive,  conduct, 
lead,  carry  off;  to  do,  live,  treat,  plead  ; 
gratias  agere,  to  thank,  return  thanks. 
38. 

agricultura,  ae,  f.,  (ager  + colo),  agri- 
culture. 6. 

alacer,  cris,  ere,  adj.,  lively,  brisk,  cheer- 
ful, animated,  joyous.  4. 
alacritas,  atis,  f.,  liveliness,  alacrity, 
ardor,  i.  41,  46,  iv.  24. 
alarii,  orum,  m.  pi.,  the  auxiliaries  who 
were  stationed  on  the  wings, 
alarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ala),  of  a wing, 
stationed  on  the  wings,  i.  51  (twice), 
albus,  a,  um,  adj.,  white,  v.  12. 
alces,  is,  f.,  the  elk.  vi.  27. 
alias,  adv.,  (alius),  at  another  time,  other- 
wise ; alias  — alias,  at  one  time  — at 
another  time,  or  sometimes  — sometimes. 
4. 

alieno,  are,  avi,  atum,  (alienus),  to 

aliena te,  estrange,  vi.  41,  vii.  10. 
alienus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (alius),  of  another, 
another’s;  unfavorable ; foreign.  8. 
alio,  adv.,  (alius),  in  another  place,  else- 
where. vi.  22. 

Aliquamdiu,  adv.,  for  some  time.  i.  40, 
v.  23. 

aliquando,  adv.,  at  some  time,  sometimes ; 

at  length,  vii.  27,  77. 
aliquanto,  adv.,  somewhat ; a little,  iii.  13. 


aliquantus  — antea 


VOCABULARY. 


417 


aliquantus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (alius  + quan- 
tus), somewhat,  a little,  some.  v.  10. 
Sliquis,  qua,  quod  or  quid,  iudef.  pron., 
(alius  + quis),  some  one,  any  one,  some, 
any,  something.  26. 

aliquot,  indef.  num.  adj.,  (alius  + quot), 
some,  several,  a few  iii.  1,  2;  iv.  9. 
aliter,  adv.,  (alius),  otherwise,  in  a diffe- 
rent manner  ; aliter  ac,  otherwise  than. 

7. 

Slius,  a,  ud,  gen.,  alius,  adj.,  another, 
other ; alius  — alius,  one  — another  ; 
alii  — alii,  some  — others.  85. 
allatus,  a,  um.  See  affero, 
allicio,  ere,  lexi,  lectum,  (ad  + lacio), 
to  allure,  entice,  attract,  v.  55,  vii.  31. 
alo,  ere,  alui,  alitum  or  altum,  to  nour- 
ish, support,  sustain,  maintain.  9. 
Alpes,  ium,  f.  pi.,  the  Alps.  6. 
alter,  era,  erum,  gen.,  alterius,  adj., 
one  of  two,  the  other,  the  second ; alter 
— alter,  the  one  — the  other.  55. 
alternus,  a,  um,  adj.,  one  after  another, 
mutual,  alternate,  vii.  23. 
altitudo,  inis,  f.,  height,  depth.  24. 
altum,  i,  n.,  (sc.  mare),  the  deep,  the  sea. 
iii.  12,  iv.  24,  28. 

altus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (alo),  high,  tall,  lofty  ; 
deep.  15. 

aluta,  ae,  f , soft  leather,  iii.  13. 
ambactus,  i,  m.,  a vassal,  vi.  15. 
ambo,  ae,  o,  num.  adj.,  both.  v.  44. 
amentia,  ae,  f.,.  (a  + mens),  madness, 
folly,  i.  40,  v.  7. 

amentum,  i,  n.,  a strap  or  thong,  by 
means  of  which  javelins  and  other  mis- 
siles were  thrown  with  greater  force, 
v.  48. 

amfractu  3.  See  anfractus, 
amicitia,  ae,  f.,  friendship,  alliance.  30. 
amicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (amo),  friend!  1/. 
13. 

amicus,  i,  m.,  a friend,  ally. 
amitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  (a  -f-  mitto), 
to  send  away,  dismiss ; to  lose.  20. 
amor,  oris,  m.,  love,  affection,  i.  20. 


ample,  adv.,  (amplus),  amply,  abun- 
dantly, largely.  23. 

amplifico,  are,  avi,  atum,  (amplus  + 
facio),  to  enlarge,  increase,  extend,  ii. 
14,  vi.  12. 

amplitudo,  Inis,  f.,  greatness,  extent, 
grandeur,  iv.  3,  vi.  28,  vii.  54. 
amplus,  a,  um,  adj.,  large,  great,  ample, 
extensive.  8. 

an,  conj.,  or,  whether.  It  is  chiefly  used 
in  introducing  the  second  member  of 
an  alternative  question.  9. 
anceps,  ipitis,  adj.,  (am+caput),  double, 
twofold;  doubtful,  dangerous.  i.  26, 
vii.  76. 

ancora,  ae,  f.,  an  anchor.  8. 
anfractus,  us,  m.,  (am  -|-  frango),  a 
turning  or  winding  of  a way,  circuit, 
circuitous  route,  vii.  46. 
angiilus,  i,  m.,  a corner,  an  angle,  v.  13. 
anguste,  adv.,  closely,  narrowly;  spar- 
ingly. v.  23. 

angustiae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  narrowness,  nar- 
row pass ; difficulty,  perplexity.  7. 
angustus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ango),  narrow, 
close,  contracted ; steep.  13. 
anima,  ae,  f.,  air,  breath ; life,  soul, 
spirit,  vi.  14. 

animadverto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  (animus  + 
ad  verto),  to  turn  the  mind  to;  to 
notice;  to  punish.  22. 

Snlmal,  alis,  n.,  (anima),  an  animal. 
vi.  17,  19. 

animus,  i,  m.,  the  mind,  the  soul,  life,  con- 
sciousness; will,  design,  intention;  cour- 
age, heart.  66. 

annotinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (annus),  of  a 
year,  a year  old.  v.  8. 
annus,  i,  m.,  a year.  52. 
annuus,  a,  um,  adj.,  yearly,  annual. 
i.  16. 

anser,  gris,  m.,  a goose,  v.  12. 
ante,  prep,  with  the  aec.,  before , beyond, 
above.  35. 

ante,  adv.,  before,  previously.  30. 
antea,  adv.,  before,  aforetime, formerly . 8. 


418 


VOCABULARY. 


antecedo  — arma 


antScedo,  Sre,  cessi,  cessum,  to  <70  be- 
fore, outdo,  precede  ; to  excel,  surpass. 

9. 

antScursor,  oris,  m.,  a forerunner,  ad- 
vanced guard,  pioneer,  v.  47. 

antefero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  to  bear 
before,  set  before,  place  before,  v.  44 
(twice). 

antemna,  ae,  f.,  a sail-yard.  iii.  14, 
(twice),  15. 

antepono,  Sre,  pdsui,  positum,  to  place 
before,  present,  prefer,  iv.  22. 

anteverto,  Sre,  ti,  sum,  to  precede,  an- 
ticipate, place  before,  prefer,  forestate. 
vii.  7. 

antiquitus,  adv.,  anciently,  of  old  time, 
formerly.  6. 

antiquus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  (ante),  old, 
ancient,  antique,  i.  18,  45;  vii.  32. 

Sperio,  ire,  Srui,  ertum,  (ab+  pario), 
to  open,  uncover,  reveal,  disclose.  24. 

aperte,  adv.,  openly,  publicly,  vi.  21, 
vii.  59. 

apertus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (aperio),  uncovered, 
unprotected,  open,  exposed,  naked,  lying 
open. 

Apollo,  Inis,  m.,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Latona,  and  god  of  music,  poetry,  and 
archery,  vi.  17  (twice). 

apparo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + paro),  to 
prepare,  place  in  order,  furnish,  equip, 
procure,  vii.  17,  26,  41. 

appello,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + pello), 
to  call,  name  ; to  accost,  entitle,  accuse. 
38. 

appello,  Sre,  puli,  pulsum,  (ad  + pello), 

to  drive  to,  steer  to,  approach,  bring  to, 
direct,  vii.  60. 

appeto,  Sre,  ivi  or  ii.  Itum,  (ad  + peto), 

to  seek  for,  strive  for,  covet,  catch  at, 
aim  at.  i.  43,  vii.  4. 

applico,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + plico), 

to  join,  attach ; to  apply,  bring  in  con- 
tact with.  vi.  27. 

apporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + porto), 
to  carry,  conduct,  convey,  v.  1. 


approbo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ad  + probo), 

to  approve,  applaud,  praise,  commend. 
vii.  21. 

appropinquo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  ap- 
proach, draw  nigh,  come  on.  16. 
appulsus,  a,  um.  See  appello. 

Aprilis,  e,  adj.,  (aperio),  of  April ; 

Aprilis,  is,  m.,  the  month  of  April,  i.  6,  7. 
aptus,  a,  um,  adj.,  suitable,  proper,  fitted, 
adapted,  iii.  13,  v.  16,  vii.  22. 
apud,  prep,  with  acc.,  at,  with,  near,  be- 
fore, among,  in  the  presence  of.  43. 
aqua,  ae,  f.,  water.  10. 
aquatio,  onis,  f.,  watering,  the  act  of 
getting  water,  iv.  11. 

aquila,  ae,  f.,  an  eagle ; the  Roman 
ensign.  4. 

aquilifer,  Sri,  in.,  (Squlla  -|-  fero),  a 
standard-bearer,  v.  37. 

Aquitanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Aquitanian.  4. 
arbiter,  tri,  in.,  an  arbitrator,  a judge, 
an  umpire,  v.  1. 

arbitrium,  i,  n.,  the  decision  of  an  arbi- 
trator, a determination,  a decision  ; 
pleasure,  will.  i.  36,  vi.  11,  vii.  75. 
arbitror,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (arbiter),  to 
think,  judge,  imagine,  suppose.  40. 
arbor  and  arbos,  oris,  f.,  a tree.  7. 
arcesso,  Sre,  Ivi,  Itum,  to  call,  invite, 
send  for.  10. 

ardeo,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  burn,  blaze,  be  on 
fire  : to  be  impatient ; to  be  excited,  v. 
29,  34. 

arduus,  a,  um,  adj.,  high,  steep,  lofty, 
arduous,  difficult  to  reach,  ii.  33,  vii.  47. 
argentum,  i,  n .,  silver,  vi.  28,  vii.  47. 
argilla,  ae,  f.,  white  clay,  argil,  potter’s 
clay.  v.  43. 

aridus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (areo),  dry,  and, 
parched,  thirsty;  ex  arido,  on  dry 
land.  4. 

aries,  Stis,  in.,  a ram,  a battering-ram. 
ii.  32,  iv.  17,  vii.  23. 

arma,  orum,  n.  pi.,  arms  ; war,  warfare  ; 
rigging,  tackling  ; the  implements  for  all 
uses.  80. 


armamenta  — auxiliaris 


Vocabulary. 


419 


armamenta,  orum,  n.  pi.,  implements, 
utensils  for  all  purposes  ; cordage,  ca- 
bles, rigging  of  a ship.  iii.  14,  iv.  29. 
armatura,  ae,  f.,  armor;  soldiers,  sol- 
diery. 4. 

armatus,  a,  um,  partio,  adj.,  (armo), 
armed  ; armatus,  i,  m.,  a soldier,  an 
armed  man. 

armo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  arm,  equip ; to 
fortify,  strengthen.  17. 
arripio,  Sre,  Ipui,  eptum,  (ad  + rapio), 
to  seize,  lay  hold  of  appropriate. 
v.  33. 

arroganter,  adv.,  (arrogans), arrogantly, 
proudly,  haughtily,  i.  40. 
arrogantia,  ae,  f.,  arrogance,  insolence, 
presumption,  pride,  i.  33,  46  ; vii.  52. 
ars,  artis,  f.,  art,  method,  quality ; skill, 
contrivance,  stratagem,  vi.  17. 
arte,  adv.,  (artus),  closely,  tightly,  strictly. 
iv.  17,  vii.  23. 

articulus,  i,  m.,  (artus),  a joint,  knot, 
juncture,  vi.  27. 

artificium,  i,  n.,  (artifex),  art,  work- 
manship, skill ; craft,  artifice,  vi.  17, 
vii.  29. 

artus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (arceo),  close,  nar- 
row, confined,  dense,  vii.  18. 
Arvernus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Arvernian.  29. 
Arvernus,  i,  m.,  an  Arvernian. 
arx,  arcis,  f.,  a height,  lofty  place,  cita- 
del, stronghold,  i.  38,  vii.  84. 
ascendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  (ad  + scando), 
to  ascend,  mount,  go  up.  8. 
ascensus,  us,  m.,  an  ascent,  accliv- 
ity. 9. 

ascisco,  ere.  See  adseiseo. 
aspectus,  us,  (aspicio),  a seeing,  be- 
holding ; appearance,  looks,  aspect,  v. 
14,  vii.  56,  76. 

asper,  era,  erum,  adj.,  rough  ; severe, 
harsh,  wild,  cruel,  v.  45. 
assiduus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (assideo),  con- 
tinual, incessant,  diligent,  vi.  22,  vii 
24,  41. 

assisto,  ere.  See  adsisto. 


assuefacio,  Sre,  feci,  factum,  (assuetus 
+ facio),  to  accustom.  4. 
assuesco,  ere,  evi,  etum,  (ad  + suesco), 
to  accustom  one’s  selj\  habituate,  be  ac- 
customed. vi.  28. 
at,  conj.,  but,  yet.  31. 
atque,  conj.,  and,  as,  than.  427. 
attexo,  ere,  xui,  xtum,  (ad  + texo),  to 
weave  on,  unite,  add,  join.  v.  40. 
attingo,  ere,  tlgi,  tactum,  (ad  + tango), 
to  touch,  border  on,  come  in  contact  with  ; 
to  arrive  at,  reach.  10. 
attribuo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  (ad  + tribuo), 
to  assign,  bestow,  give,  impute,  ascribe.  8. 
attiili.  See  affero. 

auctor,  oris,  m. , (augeo),  an  author, 
originator,  a maker,  an  adviser,  a direc- 
tor. 4. 

auctSrltas,  atis,  f.,  authority,  influence, 
power,  reputation.  29. 
auctus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (augeo), 
increased,  i.  43. 

audacia,  ae,  f.,  (audax),  boldness,  pre- 
sumption. i.  18,  vi.  34,  vii.  5. 
audacter  and  audaclter,  adj.,  boldly,  au- 
daciously, confidently,  courageously.  7. 
audeo,  ere,  ausus,  intr.  semi-dep.,  to 
dare,  attempt.  28. 

audio,  Ire,  Ivi,  Itum,  to  hear,  listen,  per- 
ceive, obey.  30. 

auditio,  onis,  f.,  hearing ; report,  rumor. 
iv.  5,  vii.  42. 

augeo,  ere,  auxi,  auctum,  to  increase, 
enlarge,  improve,  advance,  command. 

14. 

Aulus,  i,  m.,  a praenomen,  i.  6. 
auriga,  ae,  m.,  a charioteer,  iv.  33. 
auris,  is,  f.,  the  ear.  vi.  26,  vii.  4. 
ausus,  a,  um.  See  audeo, 
aut,  conj.,  or,  or  else,  or  at  least.  42. 
autem,  conj.,  but ; moreover.  29. 
autumnus,  i,  m.,  (augeo),  autumn. 
vii.  25. 

auxi.  See  augeo. 

auxiliaris,  (adj.),  e,  auxiliary,  aiding. 
iii.  25. 


420 


VOCABULARY. 


auxilior  — Caius 


auxilior,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  assist,  help, 
aid.  iv.  29,  vii.  25,  50. 
auxilium,  i,  n.,  (augeo),  assistance,  aid, 
help;  remedy,  auxiliary  force.  71. 
Avaricensis,  e,  adj.,  (avarieum),  of 
Avaricum,  vii.  47. 

avaritia,  ae,  f.,  (avarus),  avarice,  greed y 
desire,  covetousness,  i.  40,  vii.  42. 
aveho,  Sre,  vexi,  vectum,  to  carry  or 
convey  away.  vii.  55. 
aversus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (averto), 
turned  away,  put  to  flight,  i.  26,  ii.  26. 
averto,  Sre,  ti,  sum,  (a  + verto),  to  turn 
away,  remove,  alienate.  6. 
avis,  is,  f.,  a bird.  iv.  10. 
avus,  i,  m.,  a grandfather,  i.  12,  iv.  12. 

B. 

Balearis,  e,  adj.,  Balearic,  ii.  7. 
balteus,  i,  m.,  a belt,  a sword  belt.  v.  44. 
barbarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  barbarous,  wild, 
uncultivated,  savage.  31. 
bellicosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  warlike,  i.  10, 
33  ; iv.  1 . 

bellicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  war,  warlike. 

vi.  24. 

bello,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  wage  war,  carry 
on  war.  4. 

bellum,  i,  n.,  war.  171. 
bene,  adv.,  well,  prosperously,  happily ; 
comp,  melius,  sup.  optime.  iii.  18, 

v.  57,  vii.  44. 

beneficium,  i,  n.,  (bene  + facio),  a kind- 
ness, benefit , favor,  service.  15. 
beng volentia,  ae,  f.,  (bene  + volo),  be- 
nevolence, good  will,  kindness,  v.  25, 

vii.  43. 

biduum,  i,  n , (bis  + dies),  two  days.  8. 
biennium,  i,  n.,  (bis  + annus),  two 
years,  i.  3. 

blni,  ae,  a,  distr.  num.  adj.,  (bis),  two  by 
two,  two.  5. 

bipartito,  adv.,  (bis  + partio),  in  two  di- 
visions or  lines,  i.  25,  v.  32. 


blpgdalis,  e,  adj.,  (bis  + pes),  two  feet 
long,  wide,  or  thick,  iv.  17. 
bis,  num.  adv.,  twice,  v.  55,  66;  vii. 
73. 

bonitas,  atis,  f.,  goodness,  advantage, 
favor,  excellence,  i.  28. 
bonus,  a,  um,  adj.,  good,  friendly,  well- 
disposed  ; comp,  melior,  sup  op- 
timus ; bonum,  i,  n.,  an  advantage, 
a good  ; bona,  orum,  u.  pi.,  property, 
effects,  goods.  9. 

bos,  bbvis,  m.  and  f.,  an  ox  or  cow. 

vi.  26,  28. 

brachium,  i,  n.,  the  arm.  i.  25,  vii.  56. 
brevis,  e,  adj.,  short,  transitory,  brief.  8. 
brSvItas,  atis,  f.,  shortness,  ii.  20,  30. 
breviter,  adv.,  shortly,  briefly,  summarily. 

vii.  54. 

Britannicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (Britannia), 
of  Britain,  v.  4. 

bruma,  ae,  f.,  (brevis),  the  winter  sol- 
stice ; winter,  v.  13. 


C. 

C.,  for  Gaius.  4. 

cacumen,  Inis,  n.,  the  top,  extremity, 
point,  vii.  73. 

cadaver,  6ris,  n.,  (cado),  a dead  body, 
a corpse,  ii.  27,  vii.  77. 

c&do,  ere,  cecidi,  casum,  to  fall,  perish, 
die.  5. 

caedes,  is,  f.,  (caedo),  a cutting,  murder, 
slaughter.  12. 

caedo,  ere,  cecidi,  caesum,  to  cut  down, 
cut,  fell ; to  beat,  destroy,  kill.  iii.  29 
(twice). 

caelestis,  e,  adj.,  heavenly;  plur.,  the 
gods.  vi.  17. 

caerimonia,  ae,  f.,  a religious  ceremony, 
sacred  rites,  vii.  2. 

caeruleus,  a,  um,  adj.,  blue,  azure,  dark 
blue.  v.  14. 

caesus,  a,  um.  See  caedo. 

Caius,  i,  m.  See  Gaius. 


calamitas  — certus 


VOCABULARY. 


421 


calamitas,  atis,  f.,  calamity,  injury,  loss. 

13 

calendae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  the  Jirst  day  of 
the  month,  the  Calends,  i.  6. 
callidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (calleo),  skilful, 
cunning,  shrewd,  experienced,  iii.  18. 
calo,  cinis,  m , a soldier’s  servant.  8. 
campester,  tris,  tre,  adj.,  (campus),  of 
a plain  ; level,  flat.  4. 
campus,  i,  m.,  a plain,  field,  iii.  26, 
vii.  79. 

cano,  6re,  cgclni,  cantum,  to  sing,  play 
upon  an  instrument ; to  sound,  foretell. 
vii.  47. 

capillus,  i,  m.,  the  hair.  v.  14,  vii.  48. 
capio,  ere,  cepi,  captum,  to  take  ; to 
seize,  captivate,  take  prisoner ; to  choose, 
select ; consilium  capere,  to  adopt  a 
plan.  64. 

capra,  ae,  f.,  a she-goat,  a roe.  vi.  27. 
captivus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (capio),  captive, 
taken  prisoner,  enslaved.  22. 
captus,  us,  m.,  capacity,  understanding , 
notion,  iii.  3. 

captus,  a,  um.  See  eapio. 

caput,  Itis,  n.,  the  head ; person,  man  ; 

mouth  of  a river,  fountain,  source.  11. 
cared,  ere,  ui,  — , to  be  without,  in  want, 
free  from  ; to  be  deprived  of.  vi.  38, 
vii.  17. 

carina,  ae,  f.,  the  keel  of  a ship.  iii.  13. 
caro,  carnis,  f.,  flesh,  v.  14,  vi.  22. 
carpo,  Sre,  psi,  ptum,  to  pull,  pluck;  to 
blame,  upbraid,  slander,  revile.  iii. 
17. 

carrus,  i,  m.,  carrum,  i,  n.,  a wagon.  9. 
carus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dear,  beloved,  v.  33, 
vii.  19. 

casa,  ae,  f.,  a hut,  a cabin  of  turf  or 
straw,  v.  43. 

caseus,  i,  m.,  cheese,  vi.  22. 

Cassianus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (Cassius),  with 
Cassius,  i.  13. 

cassis,  Idis,  f.,  a helmet,  vii.  45. 
castellum,  i,  n.,  (castrum),  a castle, 
fort,  redoubt.  13, 


castigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  punish,  re- 
prove, correct,  chastise,  ii  8. 
castra,  orum,  n-  pi.,  (castrum),  a camp, 
an  encampment.  273. 
casus,  us,  m.,  (cado),  a fall;  accident, 
misfortune,  chance  ; danger,  extremity. 
23. 

catena,  ae,  f.,  a chain  ; fetter.  4. 
causa,  ae,  f.,  a cause,  reason  ; pretext, 
pretence;  situation,  condition;  causa, 
for  the  sake,  on  account.  147. 
caute,  adv.,  (caveo),  cautiously,  pru- 
dently, warily,  v.  49. 
cautes,  is,  f.,  a cliff,  a rock.  iii.  13. 
cautus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (caveo), 
cautious,  wary,  careful. 
caveo,  ere,  cavi,  cautum,  to  he  on  one’s 
guard,  take  care ; to  take  security,  i. 
14,  vi.  2,  vii.  2. 

cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  to  yield,  with- 
draw, retreat,  retire.  12. 
celer,  eris,  ere,  adj.,  swift,  speedy,  iv. 
23,  vii.  47. 

celdritas,  atis,  f.,  swiftness,  speed,  celer- 
ity. 28. 

cSldriter,  adv.,  swiftly,  rapidly,  quickly. 

65. 

celo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  conceal,  keep  se- 
cret, hide.  ii.  32,  33  ; vii.  80. 
censeo,  ere,  ui,  sum,  to  think,  judge  ; 

to  decree,  ordain,  determine.  8. 
census,  us,  m.,  (censeo),  a census;  trib- 
ute, tax.  i.  29. 

centum,  lium.  adj.  indecl.,  a hundred.  9. 
centurio,  onis,  m.,  a centurion.  25. 
cepi.  See  capio. 

cerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  to  see,  per- 
ceive ; to  understand ; to  decide,  deter- 
mine. 7. 

certamen,  Inis,  n.,  (eerto),  a contest,  a 
battle,  an  engagement,  iii.  14,  v.  44. 
certe,  adv.,  (certus),  certainly,  assur- 
edly ; at  least.  5. 

certus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (cerno),  certain, 
established,  determined,  trusty,  definite. 

I 46. 


422 


VOCABULARY. 


cervus  — claudo 


cervus,  i,  m.,  a stag  ; stakes  resembling 
stag’s  horns,  vi.  26,  vii.  72. 
cespes,  Itis,  m.,  a turf  or  sod.  iii.  25,  v. 
42,  51. 

ceterus,  a,  um,  adj.,  the  rest,  residue,  re- 
mainder. 8. 

cibarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (cibus),  of  or  for 
food  ; cibaria,  orum,  u.  pi.,  food,  pro- 
visions. i 5,  iii.  18,  vi.  10. 
cibus,  i,  m.,  food,  victuals,  provender. 
iv.  1,  vi.  38,  vii.  78. 

cingo,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  to  gird,  encom- 
pass, environ,  surround.  6. 
cippus,  i,  in.,  a sharp  stake,  a palisade. 
vii.  73. 

circinus,  i,  m.,  a pair  of  compasses,  i.  38 
circiter,  adv.,  about,  near.  57. 
circueo,  ire.  See  circumeo, 
circuitus,  us,  m.,  a circuit,  revolution  ; 

circumference  ; a wag  around.  10. 
circum,  prep,  with  acc.,  around,  about. 
10. 

circumcido,  Sre,  cidi,  clsum,  (circum 
+ caedo),  to  cut  around,  v.  42,  vii.  36. 
circumcisus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (cir- 
cumcido), cut  around;  steep,  craggy. 
vii.  36. 

circumcludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  shut  in, 
hem  in,  surround,  invest,  vi.  28. 
circumdo,  dhre,  dSdi,  datum,  to  place 
around:  to  encompass, draw  around.  6. 
circumduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  lead  or 
draw  around,  i.  38,  iii.  26. 
circumeo,  ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  go 
around  ; to  surround , encompass.  4. 
circumfundo,  ere,  fudi,  fusum,  to  pour 
around ; to  encompass,  surround ; (pass., 
to  collect,  flock  together ).  4. 
circumlcio,  Sre,  ieci,  iectum,  to  cast 
around;  to  compass,  ii.  6. 
circummitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to 
send  around,  v.  51,  vii.  63. 
circummunio,  Ire,  Ivi,  Itum,  to  fortify 
all  around,  ii.  30. 

circumplector,  i,  plexus,  dep  , to  em- 
brace ; to  surround,  clasp  round,  vii.  83, 


circumsisto,  Sre,  stSti,  — , to  stand 
around  ; to  surround,  beset.  10. 
circumspicio,  Sre,  exi,  ectum,  to  look 
around,  weigh,  ponder,  consider,  v.  31, 

vi.  5,  43. 

circumvallo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  surround 
with  a rampart,  circumvallate;  to  be- 
siege, invest.  4. 

circumvehor,  i,  vectus,  dep.,  to  be  car- 
ried round ; to  ride  around,  sail  around. 

vii.  45. 

circumvSnio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to 

come  around,  surround,  invest ; to  en- 
compass; to  circumvent.  27. 
cis,  prep,  with  acc  , on  this  side  of.  ii.  3, 
iv.  4. 

cisalpinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  on  this  side  of  the 
Alps ; cisalpine,  vi.  1. 
cisrhenanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (Rhenus),  on 
this  side  of  the  Rhine,  vi.  2. 
citatus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (clto), 
urged;  rapid,  iv.  10. 
cltSrior,  us,  gen.  oris,  adj.,  hither, 
nearer.  9. 

clto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  rouse,  excite;  to 
hasten,  summon,  iv.  10. 
cltra,  prep,  with  acc.,  (cis),  on  this  side 
of.  6. 

cltro,  adv.,  (cis),  hither ; ultro  citroque, 
to  and.  fro.  i.  42. 
clvis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  a citizen.  5. 
civitas,  atis,  f , a state,  the  privilege  of 
citizenship.  182. 
clam,  adv.,  secretly,  privily.  6. 
clamito,  are,  avi,  atum,  (clamo),  to  cry 
out,  shout,  exclaim,  v.  7,  29. 
clamor,  oris,  m.,  a loud  cry,  clamor, 
noise.  24. 

clandestinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (clam),  secret, 
private,  hidden,  vii.  1,  64. 
clarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  clear,  manifest,  evi- 
dent; illustrious;  distinct,  loud . v.  30. 
classis,  is,  f.,  a fleet.  5. 
claudo,  Sre,  si,  sum,  to  shut,  encompass, 
conclude;  agmen  claudere,  to  bring  up 
the  rear.  6. 


clavus  — commemoro 


VOCABULARY. 


423 


clavus,  i,  m.,  a nail.  iii.  13. 
clementia,  ae,  f.,  mildness,  merci/,  clem- 
- encg.  ii.  14,  31. 

cliens,  tis,  m.  and  f.,  a client,  vassal,  re- 
tainer. 10. 

clientela,  ae,  f.,  clientship,  protection, 
patronage.  5. 

clivus,  i,  m.,  an  ascent,  elevation,  a 
steep,  vii.  46,  47. 

Cn.  (=  Gnaeus),  m.,  a praenomen.  5. 
coacervo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + acer- 
vo), to  heap  tip,  accumulate,  amass,  pile 
up.  ii.  27,  vii.  70. 
coactus,  a,  um.  See  cogo. 
coagmento,  are,  avi,  atum,  (cogo),  to 
join  together,  connect ; to  construct.  > ii. 
23. 

coegi.  See  cogo. 

coemo,  ere,  emi,  emptum  (con  + emo), 

to  bug  up,  purchase  various  articles . 
i.  3,  vii.  55. 

coeo,  ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (con  + eo),  to 

no  or  come  together,  meet,  assemble,  col- 
lect. vi.  22. 

coepi,  coepisse,  defect,  v.,  I began,  com- 
menced. 64. 

coeptus,  a,  am,  from  eoepi. 
coerceo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  (con -f  arceo), 

to  embrace,  confine;  to  surround,  check, 
curb.  i.  17,  v.  7. 

cogitatio,  onis,  f.,  a thinking,  reflection, 
thought,  design,  project.  vi.  22,  vii. 
32. 

cogito,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  -f-  aglto), 

to  think ,'  reflect  upon,  ponder,  meditate. 

10. 

jognatio,  onis,  f.,  (con  + nascor),  re- 
lationship bg  blood,  kindred,  relatives. 
vi.  22,  vii  32. 

cognosco,  ere,  ovi,  Itum,  (con  + nosco), 

to  ascertain,  learn,  investigate,  discover. 

130. 

cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactum,  (con  + ago), 

to  drive  together,  collect,  assemble ; to 
compel , force,  urge.  67. 
cohors,  tis,  f.,  a cohort.  45. 


cohortatio,  onis,  f.,  an  exhortation,  en- 
couraging. ii.  25. 

cohortor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  ( con  + hortor), 
to  exhort,  encourage.  25. 
colre.  See  coeo. 
collatus,  a,  um.  See  confSro. 
collaudo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + laudo), 
to  praise,  extol,  commend.  4. 
colligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + llgo),  to 
bind  together,  connect,  i.  25. 
colligo,  ere,  egi,  ectum,  (con  4-  lego), 
to  collect,  gather  together,  assemble ; to 
acquire,  obtain.  8. 

collis,  is,  m.,  a hill,  hillock,  ascent.  36. 
colloco,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  4-  loco), 

to  put, place,  erect,  set  up ; to  arrange.  34. 
colloquium,  i,  n.,  conference,  interview, 
conversation.  15. 

colloquor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  (con+loquor), 

to  converse,  speak  with,  confer.  11. 
colo,  ere,  ui,  cultum,  to  cultivate,  attend 
to ; to  honor,  worship,  reverence,  v.  12, 
vi.  17. 

colonia,  ae,  f.,  (cdlonus),  a colong,  settle- 
ment. vi.  24. 

color,  oris,  m.,  color,  complexion,  hue, 
tint  v.  14,  vi.  28,  vii.  88. 
comburo,  ere,  bussi,  bustum,  (con  + 
uro),  to  burn  up.  i.  5. 
comes,  Itis,  m.  and  f.,  (con  + eo),  a 
companion,  fellow,  associate,  comrade. 
vi.  30. 

comitia,  orum,  n.  pi  , the  comitia;  i.  e. 
an  assembly  of  the  Roman  people  for 
electing  magistrates, 
comitium,  i,  n.,  (con  + eo),  a part  of  the 
Roman  forum,  vii.  67. 
comitor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (comes),  to 
accompang,  follow,  attend,  wait  upon. 
vi.  8. 

commeatus,  us,  m.,  (commeo),  a pas- 
sage ; provisions,  victuals,  supplies ; a 
furlough.  21. 

commemoro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + 
mSmoro),  to  call  to  mind,  mention,  re- 
mind; to  relate.  6. 


424 


VOCABULARY. 


commendo  — concilium 


commendo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + 
mando),  to  commit,  intrust,  commend. 

iv.  27. 

commeo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + meo), 

to  go,  come  and  go,  resort,  frequent. 
i.  1,  vii-  36. 

comminus,  adv.,  (con  -f  manus),  hand 
to  hand,  in  close  combat,  i.  52,  v.  44, 
vii.  50. 

commissura,  ae,  f.,  (ccmmitto),  a join- 
ing, fjint,  juncture.  vii  72. 

committo,  6re,  misi,  missum,  (con  + 
mitto),  to  join  together;  to  intrust,  com- 
mit; to  risk,  permit ; committere  proe- 
lium, to  join  or  commence  battle. 
35. 

commode,  adv.,  (commddus) , ftly,  suit- 
ably, conveniently . 10. 

comm<5dum,  i,  n.,  (commddus),  advan- 
tage, convenience ; profit,  utility . 8. 

commSdus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (con+  mc5dus), 
convenient,  suitable,  advantageous;  ag  e- 
ame,  favorable.  5. 

commonefacio,  Sre,  feci,  factum,  (con 
-f  moneo  + facio),  to  remind,  admon- 
ish, warn.  i.  19. 

commoror,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (con  + 
mSror),  to  stop,  pause,  linger,  stay. 

v.  7,  vii.  32. 

commSveo,  ere,  movi,  motum,  (con  + 
moveo),  to  move,  disturb,  excite;  to 
affect,  influence.  9. 

communico,  are,  avi,  atum,  (com- 
munis), to  communicate,  share,  impart: 
to  plan,  concert.  11. 

communio,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (con  4- 
munio),  to  fortify,  fence  about,  secure. 
i.  8,  v.  49,  vi.  7. 

communis,  e,  adj.,  (con  + munus), 

common,  ordinary,  general,  belonging  to 
the  public.  31. 

commutatio,  onis,  f.,  a change.  8. 

commuto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + 
muto),  to  change,  exchange,  alter.  5. 

comparo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + paro), 
to  compare,  i.  31,  vi.  24, 


comparo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + paro), 

to  prepare,  provide,  get  ready;  to  ac- 
quire. 19. 

compello,  Sre,  puli,  pulsum,  (con  + 
pello),  to  drive  together,  assemble,  col- 
lect; to  force,  compel,  constrain.  7. 
compendium,  i,  n.,  (con  + pendo), 
gain,  profit,  advantage,  vii.  43. 
compgrio,  Ire,  p6ri,  pertum,  (con  + 
p5rIo),  to  learn,  discover,  ascertain.  8. 
complector,  i,  exus,  dep.,  (con  ■+- 
plecto),  to  embrace,  encircle,  enclose. 
i.  20,  vii.  72,  74. 

compleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  (con  pleo), 
to  Jill,  finish,  complete.  20. 
complures,  a or  ia,  gen.  ium,  adj.,  (con 
+ plus),  several,  many,  a great  many. 

39. 

comporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + 
porto),  to  bring  together,  collect,  bring.  8. 
comprehendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  (con  + 
prghendo),  to  seize,  bring  together,  ar- 
rest; to  include,  embrace.  11. 
comprfibo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  -f 
pr6bo),  to  approve,  confirm,  sanction, 
make  good,  v,  58. 
compulsus,  a,  um.  See  compello, 
conatum,  i,  n.,  (conor),  an  attempt, 
effort,  endeavor,  i.  3. 
conatus,  us,  m.,  (cSnor),  an  attempt, 
endeavor,  undertaking,  effort,  i.  8. 
concedo,  Sre,  cessi,  cessum,  to  retire  ; 

to  grant,  yield ; to  allow,  permit.  14. 
concerto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  contend, 
strive,  vi.  5. 

concessus,  us,  m.,  (concedo),  permis- 
sion, leave,  allowing,  vii  20. 
concido,  ere,  cldi,  clsum,  ( con  + caedo), 
to  cut  to  pieces,  destroy ; to  divide,  slay. 
i.  12,  ii.  11,  iii.  9. 

concido,  ere,  cldi,  — , (eon  + c3.do), 
to  fall,  die,  perish.  8. 
concilio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  gain  over, 
obtain,  reconcile.  4. 

concilium,  i,  n.,  (concieo),  an  assembly, 
a council , a meeting.  35, 


concisus  — coniuratio 


VOCABULARY. 


425 


concisus,  a,  um.  See  concido, 
concito,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + cito), 
to  excite,  stir  up,  rouse,  provoke,  urge.  5. 
conclamo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  erg  out, 
proclaim,  call  out,  shout.  9. 
concludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  shut  up,  en- 
close, confine,  iii.  9. 

concrepo,  are,  ui,  itum,  to  make  a noise, 
rattle,  ring,  clash,  vii.  21. 
concurro,  §re,  curri  or  cucurri,  cur- 
sum, to  run  or  rush  together,  meet, 
charge,  engage  in  fight;  to  concur,  hap- 
pen together.  14. 

concurso,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  run  to  and 
fro,  run  up  and  down.  v.  33,  50. 
concursus,  us,  m , a running  together,  an 
engagement,  collision.  8. 
condemno,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + 
damno),  to  condemn,  charge  with.  vii.  19. 
condicio,  onis,  f.,  (condico),  condition, 
quality,  state  ; terms,  stipulation.  17. 
condono,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  pardon,  for- 
give; to  bestoio.  i.  20  (twice), 
conduco,  Sre,  xi,  ctum,  to  bring  together, 
assemble,  conduct ; to  hire.  6. 
confectus,  a,  um.  See  conficio, 
confercio,  ire,  fersi,  fertum,  (con  4- 
farcio),  to  stuff,  cram,  press  together, 
crowd . 9. 

confero,  ferre,  contuli,  collatum,  to 

bring  together,  gather;  to  compare;  to 
ascribe,  impute.  26. 

confertus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (con- 
fercio), dense,  crowded,  full,  thick, 
close.  9. 

confestim,  adv.,  immediately.  7. 
conficio,  ere,  feci,  fectum,  (con  + 
facio),  to  accomplish,  make,  perform, 
compose,  finish  execute ; to  weaken,  ex- 
haust; to  collect,  furnish.  48. 
confido,  ere,  fisus,  semi-dep.,  to  confide 
in,  trust,  rely'  on.  23. 
configo,  ere,  fixi,  fixum,  to  fasten  to- 
gether; to  stab,  pierce,  iii.  13. 
confinis,  e,  adj.,  contiguous,  adjoining, 
bordering  upon.  vi.  3. 


confinium,  i,  n.,  a boundary,  confine, 
border,  limit,  frontier . v.  24. 
confio,  fieri,  factus,  irr.  pass,  of  con- 
ficio, to  be  accomplished,  performed. 
vii.  58. 

confirmatio,  onis,  f.,  proof,  assurance, 
confirmation,  iii.  18. 
confirmo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  strengthen, 
establish,  confirm,  encourage ; to  secure, 
affirm.  32. 

confisus,  a,  um.  See  configo, 
confiteor,  eri,  fessus,  dep.,  (con  + 
fateor),  to  acknowledge,  confess,  own, 
admit,  grant,  concede,  v.  27. 
confixus,  a,  um.  See  configo, 
conflagro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  be  on  fire, 
burn.  v.  43. 

conflicto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (confligo), 

to  strike  or  dash  together ; to  trouble, 
distress,  v.  35. 

confligo,  ere,  flixi,  flictum,  to  strike  or 
dash  together,  engage,  fight.  4. 
confluens,  entis,  m.,  the  confluenc:.  iv.  15. 
confluo,  ere,  xi,  — , to  flow  together  ; to 
flock  together,  vii.  44. 
confugio,  ere,  fugi,  fugitum,  to  flee  for 
succor,  have  recourse  to.  vi.  5. 
confundo,  ere,  fudi,  fusum,  to  pour 
together,  blend , join,  mix.  vii.  75. 
congredior,  i,  gressus,  dep,  (con  -+- 
gradior),  to  move  with ; to  accost,  meet ; 
to  contend  fight,  engage.  8. 
congressus,  us,  m.,  a meeting,  iii.  13. 
conicio,  ere,  ieci,  iectum,  (eon  + iacio), 
to  throw  or  hurl  together,  discharge,  cast ; 
to  divine,  conjecture.  36. 
confectura,  ae,  f.,  (conicio),  conjec- 
ture, conclusion,  vii.  35. 
coniunctim,  adv.,  (coniungo),  con- 
jointly, together,  vi.  19. 
coniungo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  join  together, 
associate,  unite,  connect.  19. 
coniunx,  figis,  m.  and  f.,  (coniungo), 
husband  ; wife.  vii.  14. 
coniuratio,  onis,  f.,  a conspiracy,  con- 
federacy, combination.  5, 


426 


VOCABULARY. 


coniuro  — consuetus 


ccniuro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  conspire , j 
swear  together,  plot,  combine.  5. 
cdnor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  undertake,  strive, 
attempt,  endeavor.  33. 
conquiesco,  ere,  evi,  etum,  to  repose, 
rest.,  be  at  rest.  vii.  46. 
conquiro,  ere,  sivi,  sltum,  (con  -j- 
quaero),  to  search  for,  seek  after,  col- 
lect, procure.  6. 

conquisitus,  a,  um.  See  conquiro, 
consanguineus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (con  + 1 
sanguis),  kindred,  related  by  blood.  4. 
consanguineus,  i,  m.,  a relation,  a rela- 
tive. 

conscendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  (con  + 
scando),  to  ascend,  mount,  embark,  iv. 
23,  v.  7,  39. 

conscientia,  ae,  f.,  (con  + scio),  joint 
knowledge ; conscience,  consciousness, 
feeling,  v.  56. 

conscisco,  Sre,  scivi,  scitum,  to  deter- 
mine, resolve  on,  decree,  execute,  i.  4, 
iii.  24. 

conscius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (con+  scio),  con- 
scious, privy  to,  witness  of,  accessory, 
accomplice,  i.  14. 

conscribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scriptum,  to 

write  together,  enlist,  enroll,  levy.  9. 
consecro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con  + sacro), 

• to  make  sacred,  consecrate,  hallow,  vi. 

13,  17. 

consector,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  follow  after 
eagerly,  pursue.  6. 
consScIitus,  a,  um.  See  consequor, 
consensio,  onis,  f.,  consent,  agreement, 
unanimity . vii.  76. 

consensus,  us,  m.,  agreement,  consent.  7. 
consentio,  Ire,  sensi,  sensum,  to  agree, 
accord,  be  of  the  same  opinion  ; to  con- 
spire, combine,  ii.  3 (twice),  v.  29. 
consSqnor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  to  follow,  over- 
take, pursue,  acquire,  obtain,  attain. 
16. 

conservo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  preserve, 
defend,  protect,  maintain  ; to  observe ; 
to  save.  8. 


consido,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to  sit  down, 
settle,  encamp ; to  stop,  delay.  24. 
consilium,  i,  u.,  deliberation,  advice, 
counsel,  wisdom,  purpose,  plan,  design, 
judgment,  determination  ; a council.  123. 
consimilis,  e,  adj.,  very  similar,  like. 
ii.  11,  v.  12,  vi.  27. 

consisto,  Sre,  stlti,  stltum,  to  stand, 
halt,  stop,  stay,  remain  ; to  consist.  46. 
consobrinus,  i,  m.,  a cousin,  vii.  76. 
consolor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  console,  sol- 
ace, comfort,  encourage,  cheer  5. 
conspectus,  tis,  m.,  look,  sight,  presence, 
view.  17. 

conspicio,  Sre,  spexi,  spectum,  (con  + 
specio),  to  see,  observe,  behold,  discern. 

17. 

conspicor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  see,  descry, 
observe,  discern.  11. 
conspiro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  blow  to- 
gether; to  agree,  unite,  conspire,  iii.  10. 
constanter,  adv.,  frmly,  consistently, 
steadily,  ii.  2,  iii.  25. 
constantia,  ae,  f.,  firmness,  consistency , 
resolution,  i.  40,  vii.  77. 
consterno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  alarm, 
terrify,  dismay,  vii.  30. 
consterno,  ere,  stravi,  stratum,  to 
strew  over,  lay,  spread  over.  iv.  17. 
constipo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  press  or 
crowd  together,  thicken,  pack,  cram. 
v.  43. 

constituo,  Sre,  ui,  utum,  (con  + 
statuo),  to  place,  put,  set  down,  sta- 
tion ; to  appoint,  determine,  fix ; to  build, 
create,  construct.  89. 
consto,  are,  stiti,  statum,  to  stand,  ex- 
ist, remain,  continue  ; to  persist,  agree, 
depend  upon  ; constat,  it  is  evident.  14. 
constratus,  a,  um.  See  consterno, 
consuesco,  Sre,  suevi,  suetum,  to  be 
accustomed,  accustom  one’s  self,  be  wont. 
38. 

consuetudo,  Inis,  f.,  (consuesco),  cus- 
tom, habit.,  use,  intimacy.  31. 
consuetus,  a,  um.  See  consuesco. 


consul  — convalesco 


VOCABULARY. 


427 


consul,  vilis,  m.,  a consul,  9. 
consulatus,  us,  m.,  consulship,  i.  35. 
constvlo,  Sre,  ui,  ultum,  to  consult,  de- 
liberate, take  counsel,  provide  for;  to 
respect.  12. 

consulto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  considt, 
deliberate,  take  counsel,  v.  53,  vii.  77. 
consulto,  adv.,  (consultum),  designedly, 
on  purpose.  5. 

consultum,  i,  n.,  (consulo),  decree,  de- 
liberation, decision,  statute,  i.  43. 
consumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  to 

consume,  eat  up,  waste,  destroy ; pass. 
spend.  14. 

consurgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrectum,  to 

rise  together,  pay  respect,  rise  up.  v.  31. 
vi.  23. 

contabulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (con 
tabula),  to  cover  with  board,  plank, 
floor,  v.  40,  vii.  22. 

contagio,  onis,  f.,  (contingo),  contact  ; 

contagion,  infection,  vi.  13. 
contamino,  are,  avi,  atum,  (eon  + 
tango),  to  pollute,  stain,  defile,  contami- 
nate. vii.  43. 

contSgo,  ere,  texi,  tectum,  to  cover, 
conceal,  vii.  85. 

contemno,  ere,  mpsi,  mptum,  to  de- 
spise, slight,  contemn,  v.  57. 
contemptio,  onis,  f.,  contempt,  scorn, 
disdain.  4. 

contemptus,  us,  m.,  contempt,  disdain, 
scorn,  ii.  30. 

contendo,  ere,  di,  turn,  (con  + tendo), 

to  stretch,  endeavor,  draw,  exert  one’s 
self;  to  maintain,  contend;  to  go  to, 
hasten.  75. 

contentio,  onis,  f.,  straining,  endeavor, 
contest,  zeal,  dispute.  7. 
contentus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (contineo),  con- 
tent, satisfied,  vii.  64. 
contestor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  call  to  wit- 
ness, conjure,  invoke,  iv.  25. 
contexo,  ere,  xui,  xtum,  to  weave,  join 
together,  connect,  construct,  iv.  17,  vi. 
16,  vii.  23. 


contigi.  See  contingo. 

continens,  entis,  partic.  adj.,  (contineo), 

bordering  upon,  adjoining;  uninterrupt 
ed,  continual. 

continens,  entis,  f.,  (sc.  terra),  the  con- 
tinent. 10. 

continenter,  adv.,  (contineo),  continu- 
ally, uninterruptedly . i.  1,  26;  iii.  5. 
continentia,  ae,  f.,  moderation,  self-con- 
trol. vii.  52. 

contineo,  ere,  tinui,  tentum,  (con  + 
teneo),  contain,  hold  together,  restrain; 
to  occupy,  keep,  hold.  53. 
contingo,  ere,  tigi,  tactum,  (con  + 
tango),  to  touch,  border  on;  to  occur, 
happen.  8. 

continuatio,  onis,  f.,  (continuo),  con- 
tinuance, connection,  continuation,  iii. 
29. 

continuo,  adv.,  (continuus),  at  once, 
immediately,  vii.  42. 
continuus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (contineo), 
continuous,  successive.  4. 
contio,  onis,  f.,  (conventio,  con  + 
venio),  an  assembly,  a council,  a meet- 
ing. v.  52,  vii.  52,  53. 
contionor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (contio),  to 
harangue,  address  the  people,  make  a 
speech,  vi.  47. 

contra,  prep,  with  acc.,  contrary  to, 
against,  opposite  to.  4. 
contra,  adv.,  on  the  contrary,  on  the  other 
hand.  53. 

contraho,  ere,  traxi,  tractum,  to  draw 
together,  collect,  unite,  contract,  draw 

in.  5 

contrarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (contra),  con- 
trary, opposite ; ex  contrario,  on  the 
contrary.  4. 

controversia,  ae,  f.,  contention,  contro- 
versy, dispute,  debate.  14. 
conthli.  See  confero, 
contumelia,  ae,  f.,  disgrace,  insult,  vio- 
lence, rudeness,  outrage.  7. 
convalesco,  ere,  lui,  — , to  become  strong  ; 
to  gain  strength,  convalesce,  vi-  36. 


428 


VOCABULARY. 


convallis  — cupiditas 


convallis,  is,  f.,  a valley  inclosed  on  all 
sides,  iii.  20,  v.  32. 

conveho,  6re,  vexi,  vectum,  to  collect, 
bring  together,  vii.  74. 
convSnio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  assem- 
ble, meet : to  be  agreed  upon,  suit ; to 
dock ; convenit,  it  is  agreed  upon  ; it 
is  Jit,  right.  61. 

conventus,  us,  m , a court,  assembly, 
meeting,  assizes.  7. 

converto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  to  turn  about, 
direct,  alter,  change.  13. 
convinco,  Sre,  vici,  victum,  prove,  over- 
come, convince,  i,  40. 
convoco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  sutntnon, 
call  together,  assemble.  17. 
coorior,  iri,  ortus,  dep.,  (con  + orior), 
to  rise,  rise  in  muting,  break  out,  appear ; 
to  intervene,  conk  to  pass,  occur.  5. 
copia,  ae,  f..  (con  + ops),  abundance, 
plenty,  number,  supply,  resources  ; pro- 
visions ; copiae,  f.  pi.,  troops,  forces. 
14S. 

copiosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  copious,  rich,  well 
supplied,  i.  23. 

eophla,  ae,  f..  a grapnel,  iii.  13. 
eor,  cordis,  n.,  the  heart : cordi  esse,  to 
be  dear.  vi.  19. 

coram,  adv.,  in  person,  in  presence  of, 
before,  i.  32.  vi.  S. 

corium,  i,  n.,  skin  or  hide  of  a beast, 
leather,  vii.  22. 

cornu,  us,  n,  a horn,  trumpet,  cornet; 

wing  of  an  armi/.  14. 
corona,  ae,  f.,  chaplet,  crown,  wreath. 
iii.  16,  vii.  72. 

corpus,  oris,  n.,  a body,  person.  13. 
corrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  (con  + 
rumpo),  to  damage,  injure,  destroy, 
corrupt,  waste,  vii.  55,  64. 
cortex,  leis,  m.  and  f.,  bark.  ii.  33. 
Corus,  i,  m.,  the  northwest  wind.  v.  7. 
cotidianus.  See  quotidianus, 
cotidie.  See  quotidie, 
crassitudo,  Inis,  f.,  thickness,  iii.  13, 
vii.  73, 


crates,  is,  f.,  a hurdle,  fascine,  wicker- 
work. S. 

creber,  bra,  brum,  adj.,  repeated,  fre- 
quent, crowded.  14. 
crebro,  adv.,  often,  frequently,  vii.  41. 
credo,  ere,  didi,  dltum,  to  trust,  believe, 
suppose,  imagine,  give  credit  to,  think ; 
to  commend.  7. 

cr6mo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  burn.  i.  4, 

vi.  19. 

creo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make,  produce, 
create,  elect,  appoint.  5. 

Cres,  etis,  adj.,  Cretan,  ii.  7. 
cresco,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  to  increase, 
grow,  thrive,  become  greater,  come  forth  ; 
to  rise  in  influence,  i 20,  vii.  55. 
cruciatus,  us,  in.,  torture,  torment,  dis- 
tress. 9. 

crudelitas,  atis,  f.,  cruelty,  i.  32,  vii.  77. 
crudeliter,  adv.,  cruelly,  i.  31,  vii.  38. 
crus,  cruris,  n.,  the  leg.  vi.  27. 
cfiblle,  is,  n.,  a couch,  a bed.  vi.  27. 
culmen.  Inis,  n.,  the  summit,  top  of  a 
thing,  iii.  2. 

culpa,  ae,  f.,  an  offence,  fault,  iv.  27, 
v.  52 

cultus,  us,  m.,  (colo),  refinement,  culture, 
cultivation,  dress,  mode  of  living.  4 
cum,  prep,  with  the  ablat.,  with,  among, 
along  with.  250. 

cum,  conj.,  since,  when,  because,  although. 
289. 

cunctatio,  onis,  f.,  lingering,  delay,  hesi- 
tation. iii.  18,  24. 

cunctor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  linger,  delay ; 

to  doubt,  hesitate,  iii.  23,  iv.  25. 
cunctus,  a,  um,  adj.,  all  together,  all, 
entire,  the  whole,  ii.  29,  vii.  10,  11. 
cbneatim,  adv.,  in  form  of  a wedge. 

vii.  28. 

etineus,  i,  nr,  a tcedge.  vi.  40. 
cunicQlus,  i,  nr,  a rabbit;  mine,  bur- 
row. 5. 

cupide,  adv.,  eagerly.  4. 
cupiditas,  atis,  f.,  eagerness,  desire,  ava- 
rice, cupidity.  6- 


cupidus  — defatigatio 


VOCABULARY. 


42y 


cupidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  eager,  desirous, 
fond.  5 . 

cupio,  Sre,  Ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  wish,  de- 
sire, long  for ; to  favor,  wish  well  to  ; to 
covet.  5. 

cur,  adv.,  why,  wherefore.  5. 
cura,  ae,  f.,  attention,  diligence,  care.  i. 
32,  40;  vii.  65. 

euro,  are,  avi,  atum,  attend  to,  take  care, 
care  for  ; to  regard.  12. 
curro,  ere,  cucurri,  cursum,  to  run, flow. 
vii.  24. 

currus,  us,  m.,  a chariot,  car,  wagon. 
iv.  33. 

cursus,  us,  m.,  a running,  speed,  race, 
course,  voyage.  13. 

custodia,  ae,  f.,  guard,  custody,  charge, 
care,  the  act  of  keeping.  5. 
custodio.  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  watch, 
keep,  guard,  observe,  vi.  4. 
custos,  odis,  m.  and  f..  a keeper,  watch, 
guard,  preserver,  spy.  5. 

D. 

damno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  sentence,  con- 
demn, doom.  i.  4,  v.  55. 
damnum,  i,  n.,  damage,  loss,  injury. 
vi.  44. 

de,  prep,  with  the  ablat.,  of  from,  con- 
cerning, after,  in  regard  to,  on  account 
offer,  by,  in,  during.  205. 
debeo,  ere,  ui.  Itum,  (de  + habeo),  to 
owe,  be  in  debt ; debet,  ought ; pass., 
to  be  due.  13. 

decedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  to  go  away, 
depart,  retire,  withdraw.  5. 
dSeem,  num.  adj.  indecl.,  ten.  11. 
decerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  to  decide, 
judge,  deterinine,  resolve,  decree,  deliber- 
ate ; to  fight,  contend,  engage.  8. 
decerto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  strive,  con- 
tend for,  fight.  6. 

decessus,  us,  m.,  (decedo),  a going, 
away,  departure,  withdrawal,  iii.  13. 


deeldo,  £re,  Idi,  — , (de  + cado),  to  fall 
from,  fall  down.  i.  48. 
dSelmus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  the  tenth.  15. 
decipio,  Sre,  cepi,  ceptum,  (de  -j-  ca- 
pio), to  ensnaie,  catch,  deceive,  beguile. 
i.  14. 

declaro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (de-f-  claro), 

to  proclaim,  declare,  manifest,  evince. 

i.  50. 

declivis,  e,  adj.,  (de  clivus),  descend- 
ing, sloping.  4. 

deelivlt  s,  atis,  £.,  a declivity,  a descent. 
vii.  85. 

decretum,  i,  n.,  (decerno),  a resolution, 
decree,  decision,  vi.  13  (twice),  vii.  34. 
decretus,  a,  um.  See  decerno, 
decumanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (decern),  of  or 
belonging  to  the  tenth,  ii.  24,  iii.  25, 
vi.  37. 

decurio,  onis,  f.,  the  commander  of  a 
dSeurla  or  ten  horsemen  ; a decurion. 
i.  23. 

deeuror,  Sre,  cucurrior  curri,  cursum, 

to  run  down,  to  hasten.  4. 
dedecus,  oris,  n.,  (de -(- decus),  dis- 
honor, disgrace,  infamy,  shameful  ac- 
tion. iv.  25. 
dedi.  See  do. 
dedidi.  See  dedo. 

dediticius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (dedo),  having 
surrendered.  4. 

dediticius,  i,  m..  one  who  has  surren- 
dered, a prisoner. 

deditio,  onis,  f.,  (dedo),  capitulation, 
surrender.  19. 
deditus.  See  dedo. 
dedo,  ere,  didi,  dltum,  to  surrender, 
give  up,  deliver,  devote,  submit, give.  16. 
deduco,  Sre,  xi,  etum,  to  bring  or  pull 
down,  conduct,  remove,  withdraw;  to 
influence,  induce,  lead,  move ; to  ac- 
company, conduct;  e.  g.  a bride  to  her 
husband.  31. 
deest.  See  desum. 

defatigatio,  onis,  f.,  exhaustion,  weari- 
ness. iii.  19. 


430 


VOCABULARY. 


defatigo  — denique 


defatigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  fatigue,  ex- 
haust, wean/.  5. 

defectio,  onis,  i.,  (deficio),  revolt,  de- 
fection ; failure,  want.  12. 
defendo,  Sre,  di,  sum,  to  keep  off,  ward 
off,  repel ; to  protect,  defend,  keep.  28. 
defensio,  onis,  f.,  defence,  ii.  7,  vii.  23. 
defensor,  oris,  m.,  a defender,  protector ; 

defence,  advocate.  8. 
defero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  to  carri/  or 
bring  away,  convey;  to  report,  inform, 
confer,  offer.  26. 

defessus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (defetiscor), 
fatigued,  wearied.  6. 
deficio,  ere,  feci,  feetum,  (de  +faeio), 
to  be  wanting , fail ; to  withdraw,  revolt, 
forsake,  leave ; animo  deficere,  to  be 
disheartened.  13. 

defigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixum,  to  drive  down, 
fasten, plant, fix, thrust,  iv.  17,  v.  18,44. 
definio,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  limit, 
define,  determine,  prescribe,  resolve,  ex- 
plain. vii.  83. 

defixus,  a,  um.  See  defigo, 
defluo,  Sre,  fluxi,  fluxum,  to  flow  down, 
flow  apaii..  iv.  10. 

defore  = defuturum  esse,  to  be  about, 
to  be  wanting,  v.  5,  6. 
deformis,  e,  adj.,  (de  + forma),  de- 
formed, ugly,  misshapen,  unsightly,  iv. 
2,  vii.  23. 

defugio,  Sre,  fugi,  ftigitum,  to  shun, 
flee,  avoid,  vi.  13. 
defui.  See  desum. 

deicio,  ere,  ieci,  iectum,  (de  + iaeio), 

to  dislodge,  throw  down,  overthrow , pros- 
trate, kill,  stay  ; to  disappoint.  12. 
deiectus,  us,  m.,  (deicio),  a declivity, 
depression,  steep  place,  descent,  ii.  8, 
22  29. 

dSinceps,  adv.,  (dein  + capio),  succes- 
sively, besides,  next  in  succession,  after 
that,  moreover.  6. 

deinde,  adv.,  (de+inde),  afterwards, 
then,  next.  7. 

delatus,  a,  um.  See  defSro. 


delecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (de  + lacio), 
to  please,  delight,  allure,  iv.  2. 
delectus,  us,  m.,  (deligo),  a levy,  con- 
scription. vi.  1 (twice),  vii.  1,  3. 
deleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  to  efface,  destroy, 
overthrow ; to  blot  out.  6. 
delibero,  are,  avi,  atum,  (de  + libra), 
to  deliberate,  consider,  advise,  deter- 
mine. i.  7,  iv.  9,  vii.  15. 
delibro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (de+ liber), 
to  peel,  take  off  the  hark.  vii.  73. 
delictum,  i,  n.,  (delinquo),  an  offence, 
crime,  sin,  fault,  vii.  4. 
deligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (de  + ligo),fo 
tie,  fasten,  bind.  4. 

deligo,  Sre,  legi,  Iectum,  (de  + lSgo), 

to  select,  choose,  pick  out,  detach,  cull. 

26. 

delitesco,  ere,  litui, — , (de  + latesco), 
to  be  concealed,  lie  hid,  lurk.  iv.  .32. 
dementia,  ae,  f.,  (demens),  folly,  mad- 
ness. iv.  13. 

demSto,  Sre,  messui,  messum,  to  cut 
down,  reap.  iv.  32. 

demigro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  depart,  mi- 
grate, remove,  iv.  4,  19  ; v.  43. 
deminuo,  Sre,  ui,  utum,  to  lessen,  di- 
minish, abate,  withdraw.  6. 
demissus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (demitto), 
drooping,  dejected. 

demitto,  Sre,  misi,  missum,  to  send 
down,  cast,  sink,  lower,  let  f all,  thrust.  9. 
demo,  Sre,  dempsi,  demptum,  (de  -f 
Smo),  to  remove,  take  off',  take  away. 
v.  48. 

demonstro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  show, 
point  out,  demonstrate,  declare,  mention, 
name,  state.  37. 

demoror,  ari,  atus,  to  detain,  hinder,  de- 
lay, stop,  abide,  remain,  iii.  6. 
demum,  adv.,  finally,  at  length.  4. 
denSgo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  deny,  refuse, 
not,  suffer,  i.  42. 

deni,  ae,  a,  dist.  num.  adj.,  ten  by  ten, 
ten.  i.  43,  v.  14. 

denique,  ad y.,  finally,  at  last,  at  least.  5. 


densus  — detractus 


VOCABULARY. 


431 


densus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dense,  close,  crowded, 
thick.  7. 

denuntio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  declare, 
announce;  to  denounce,  threaten,  i.  36, 

v.  54,  vi.  10. 

depello,  ere,  puli,  pulsum,  to  drive 
down,  drive  away,  dislodge,  avert,  re- 
move. 4. 

deperdo,  ere,  didi,  ditum,  to  lose.  i.  43, 
iii.  28,  v.  54. 

depSreo,  Ire,  ii,  — , to  he  lost,  perish,  be 
undone,  go  to  ruin.  v.  23,  vii.  31. 
depono,  ere,  pdsui,  positum,  to  lay 
aside,  put  down,  place,  station  ; to  give 
up,  lose.  8. 

depop  llor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  ravage, 
lay  waste,  plunder.  6. 
deporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  convey  away, 
carry,  transfer  from  one  place  to  an- 
other. iii.  12. 

deposco,  ere,  poposci,  — , to  require, 
demand,  request  earnestly,  vii.  1. 
depositus,  a,  um.  See  depono. 
deprScator,  oris,  m.,  an  intercessor,  i.  9, 

vi.  4. 

deprecor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  avert  by 
prayer,  supplicate,-  beg,  implore,  depre- 
cate, excuse.  ,5. 

deprehendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  to  seize, 
catch,  detect,  discover,  surprise.  5. 
depugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  contend, 
fight  it  out.  vii.  28. 
depulsus,  a,  um.  See  depello, 
derivo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (de  + rivus), 
to  derive,  draw  off.  vii.  72. 
derogo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  diminish,  de- 
tract from,  take  away.  vi.  23. 
descendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  (de  + scando), 
to  come  down,  descend.  5. 
deseco,  are,  ui,  turn,  to  cut  off.  vii.  4. 
desero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  to  abandon,  desert, 
leave,  forsake.  10. 

desertor,  oris,  m , a deserter,  vi.  23. 
desertus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (desero), 
solitary,  deserted,  lonely , uninhabited. 
ii.  29,  v.  53. 


deslddro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  long  for ; to 
desire,  miss,  need,  regret.  7. 
desidia,  ae,  f.,  (desideo),  inactivity, 
idleness,  vi.  23. 

designo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  designate, 
mark  out,  specify,  denote,  i.  18. 
desilio,  Iri,  ui  or  ii,  ultum,  (de  -j-  salio), 

to  leap  down.  8. 

desisto,  ere,  stiti,  stltum,  to  discontinue, 
stand  still,  give  over , cease,  desist.  13. 
despectus,  us,  m.,  (despicio),  prospect, 
height,  elevation.  5. 

desperatus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (de- 
spero), desperate.  12. 
desperatio,  onis,  f.,  (despero),  despera- 
tion, despair,  v.  33. 

despero,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  despair.  20. 
despicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectum,  (de  + 
specio),  to  despise,  look  down  on,  dis- 
regard, disdain ■ 7. 

despolio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  deprive  of, 
despoil,  plunder,  strip,  ii  31. 
destlneo,  ere,  tlnui,  tentum,  (de  + 
teneo),  to  detain,  stay,  stop,  hinder. 
iii.  12,  vii.  37. 

destino,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make  fast, 
fasten,  design ; to  resolve,  determine ; to 
send,  appoint,  iii.  14,  vii.  22,  72. 
destiti.  See  desisto, 
destituo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  (de  + statuo), 
to  leave,  forsake,  abandon,  i.  16. 
destringo,  ere,  inxi,  ictum,  to  tear  off, 
pluck,  strip,  draw,  unsheathe.  i.  25, 

vii.  12. 

desum,  esse,  fui,  — , to  be  wanting, 
fail.  12. 

desuper,  adv.,  above,  from  above,  i.  52. 
deterior,  us,  adj.  comp.,  worse,  inferior. 
i.  36. 

deterreo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  prevent,  de- 
ter, hinder,  frighten.  5. 
detestor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  imprecate, 
execrate,  curse  ; to  detest,  vi.  31 . 
detraeto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  decline,  re- 
fuse, avoid,  vii.  14. 
detractus,  a,  um.  See  detraho. 


432 


VOCABULARY. 


detraho  — directus 


detraho,  Sre,  xi,  ctum,  to  take  off,  re- 
move, withdraw.  5. 

detrimentosus,  a,  um,  ad j , injurious, 
detrimental,  vii.  33. 

detrimentum,  i,  n.,  (detero),  damage, 
loss,  harm.  9. 

detrudo,  Sre,  trusi,  trusum,  to  remore, 
thrust  off.  ii.  21. 
dethli.  See  defSro. 
deturbo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  drive  or  cast 
down,  beat,  overthrow,  drive  awag,  dis- 
lodge. v.  43,  vii.  86. 
deuro,  ere,  ussi,  ustum,  to  consume, 
burn  up,  set  on  fire.  vii.  25. 
deus,  i,  m.,  a god,  divinitg,  deity.  10. 
deustus,  a,  um.  See  deuro, 
deveho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  carrg  or  bring 
down,  convey,  remove,  v.  47,  vii.  88. 
devenio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  come 
down  or  go  down,  reach,  arrive  at.  ii.  21. 
devexus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (deveho),  inclin- 
ing downward,  sloping,  vii.  88. 
devinco,  Sre,  vici,  vietum,  to  subdue, 
conquer  completely,  vii.  34. 
devoco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  call,  call 
away.  vi.  7. 

devotus,  a,  um,  partio,  adj.,  (devoveo), 
attached,  devoted,  iii.  22. 
devoveo,  Sre,  vovi,  votum,  to  devote, 
vow,  promise;  to  doom.  iii.  22,  vi.  7. 
dexter,  Sra,  Srum,  and  tra,  trum,  adj., 
right,  on  the  right;  dextra,  ae,  f., 
(sc.  manus),  the  right  hand.  13. 
dicio,  onis,  f.,  dominion,  power,  authority, 
rule.  i.  .31,  33;  ii.  34. 
dleo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  consecrate,  dedi- 
cate, offer,  devote,  vow.  vi.  12,  13. 
dico,  Sre,  dixi,  dictum,  speak,  say, 
name,  appoint,  determine,  agree  to, 
promise,  mention.  107. 
dietio,  onis,  f.,  a pleading,  i.  4. 
dictum,  i,  n.,  a word,  command,  saying. 
v.  6. 

diduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  draw  aside, 
separate,  divide,  disperse,  iii.  23,  vi. 
34. 


dies,  ei,  in.  and  f.,  a day,  time,  length  of 
time;  in  dies,  daily;  diem  ex  die, 
day  after  day.  186. 
diffSro,  ferre,  distuli,  dilatum,  to  carri/ 
hither  and  thither,  disperse,  scatter ; de- 
lay, protract ; to  differ,  be  different.  9. 
difficilis,  e,  adj.,  (dis  + facilis),  diffi- 
cult. 7. 

difficultas,  atis,  f.,  difficulty.  14. 
difficulter,  adv.,  with  difficulty,  vii.  58. 
diffido,  ere,  flsus  sum,  semi-dep.,  (dis 
+ fldo),  to  mistrust,  distrust,  despair, 
fear,  despair  of.  v.  41,  vi.  36,  38. 
diffundo,  Sre,  fudi,  fusum,  (dis  -f 
fundo),  to  pour  out,  scatter,  spread  out, 
extend,  diffuse,  vi.  26. 
digitus,  i,  m.,  a finger.  iii.  13,  \ii. 
73. 

dignitas,  atis,  f.,  merit,  dignity,  worth, 
standing.  13. 

dignus,  a,  um,  adj.,  worthy,  vii.  25. 
dii.  See  deus. 

diiudlco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  decide, 
judge,  distinguish,  determine,  v.  44. 
diligenter,  adv.,  attentively,  diligently, 
carefully,  accurately.  9. 
diligentia,  ae,  f.,  attention,  diligence, 
carefulness,  industry,  caution.  13. 
diligo,  Sre,  lexi,  lectum,  (dis  -f  lSgo), 
to  love.  vi.  19. 

dimetior,  Iri,  mensus,  dep.,  to  measure 
off.  ii.  19,  iv.  17. 

dimicatio,  onis,  f.,  a fight,  contest,  skir- 
mish, struggle,  risk.  vii.  86. 
dimico,  are,  avi,  atum,  (dis+mlco), 
to  contend , fight.  18. 
dimidium,  i,  n.,  the  half.  v.  13. 
dimidius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (dis  + mSdius), 
half.  vi.  31. 

dimitto,  Sre,  misi,  missum,  to  dismiss, 
send  away,  discharge,  let  go  ; to  release, 
reject,  leave,  abandon,  renounce.  36. 
directe,  (directus),  adv.,  straight,  iv. 
17. 

directus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (dirigo), 
direct,  straight,  level,  upright,  steep.  4. 


dirigo  — divinus 


VOCABULARY. 


433 


dirigo,  ere,  rexi,  rectum,  (dis  + rSgo), 

to  arrange , direct,  guide,  dispose,  steer, 
regulate,  vi.  8. 

dirimo,  ere,  emi,  emptum,  (dis  + emo), 

to  part,  divide,  separate,  interrupt, 
break  off.  i.  46. 

diripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptum,  (dis  + ra- 
pio), to  snatch  different  ways,  tear 
asunder  ; to  plunder,  lay  waste,  ravage. 

10. 

Dis,  Ditis,  m.,  Pluto,  the  god  of  the  infer- 
nal regions,  vi.  18. 

discedo,  Sre,  cessi,  cessum,  to  with- 
draw, depart,  go  away.  50. 
disceptator,  oris,  m.,  an  umpire,  arbi- 
trator, mediator,  judge,  vii.  37. 
discerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  distin- 
guish, discern,  judge,  determine ; to  sep- 
arate. vii.  75. 

discessus,  us,  m.,  (discedo),  separation, 
departure.  11. 

disciplina,  ae,  f.,  (disco),  learning,  in- 
struction, discipline,  system.  8. 
discludo,  Sre,  si,  sum,  to  divide,  sepa- 
rate, keep  apart,  iv.  17,  vii.  8. 
disco,  ere,  didici,  — , to  learn,  study,  un- 
derstand. 4. 

discrimen,  Inis,  n.,  (discerno),  separa- 
tion, difference,  distinction  ; danger, 
peril,  hazard,  vi.  38 
discutio,  ere,  cussi,  cussum,  (dis  + 
quatio),  to  scatter,  remove,  disperse, 
shatter,  vii.  8. 

disieio,  Sre,  ieci,  iectum,  (dis  + iaeio), 
to  disperse,  rout,  scatter,  i.  25,  iii.  15, 
20. 

dispar,  aris,  adj.,  unlike,  unequal,  differ- 
ent. v.  1 6,  vii.  39. 

disparo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  divide,  sepa- 
rate. vii.  28. 

dispergo,  ere,  si,  sum,  (dis  + spargo), 
to  disperse,  scatter,  distribute.  11. 
dispono,  ere,  posui,  positum,  to  arrange, 
distribute,  dispose,  station.  17- 
disputatio,  onis,  f.,  dispute,  discussion, 
debate,  v.  30,  31. 


disputo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  debate,  argue, 
discuss,  vi.  14. 

dissensio,  onis,  f.,  disagreement,  discord, 
variance,  strife.  6. 

dissentio,  Ire,  sensi,  sensum,  to  dissent, 
disagree,  differ  in  opinion  or  in  senti- 
ment. v.  29,  vii.  29. 

dissero,  Sre,  sevi,  situm,  to  plant,  sow, 
put  into  the  ground,  vii.  73. 
dissimulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  conceal, 
disguise,  dissemble,  iv.  6. 
dissipo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  disperse,  scat- 
ter, throw  asunder,  ii.  24,  v.  58,  vi.  35. 
dissuadeo,  ere,  suasi,  suasum,  to  dis- 
suade. vii.  15. 

distineo,  ere,  tinui,  tentum,  (dis  + 
teneo),  to  keep  separate,  divide,  keep 
apart,  hinder,  detain,  prevent.  6. 
disto,  are,  — , to  stand  apart,  be  dis- 
tant. 5. 

distraho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  draw  apart, 
divide,  separate,  vii.  23. 
distribuo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  to  divide,  dis- 
tribute. 12. 
distuli.  See  differo, 
ditissimus.  See  dives, 
diu,  adv.,  long,  for  a long  time  ; by  day. 
21. 

diurnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (dies),  by  day, 
daily,  in  the  daytime.  4. 
diutinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (diu),  lasting, 
long.  v.  52. 

diuturnitas,  atis,  f.,  long  duration,  i.  40, 
iii.  4. 

diuturnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (diu),  lasting 
long,  of  long  duration,  i.  14. 
diversus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (diverto),  sepa- 
rate, turned  in  different  directions,  re- 
mote, different.  6. 

dives,  itis,  adj.,  rich  ; comp,  divitior  or 
ditior,  sup.  divitissimus  or  ditissi- 
mus. i.  2. 

divido, .ere,  visi,  visum,  to  divide,  sepa- 
rate. 16. 

divinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (divus),  divine. 
ii.  31,  vi.  13,  21. 


2s 


434 


VOCABULARY. 


do  — effarcio 


do,  d&re,  dSdi,  datum,  to  give,  afford, 
grant,  make,  cause,  occasion,  perform, 
concede.  95. 

d<5ceo,  ere,  ui,  turn,  to  instruct,  teach, 
inform.  22. 

dScumentum,  i,  n.,  (doceo),  a lesson, 
example,  warning,  essay,  trial,  vii.  4. 
doleo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  to  regret,  grieve, 
be  pained.  4. 

dolor,  oris,  m.,  pain,  grief,  mortification, 
vexation,  resentment . 10. 

ddlus,  i,  m.,  fraud,  deceit,  stratagem. 

i.  13,  iv.  13. 

domesticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (domus),  pri- 
vate, domestic,  of  a house  or  family. 

ii.  10,  v.  9. 

domicilium,  i,  u.,  (domus),  a home, 
dwelling,  abode.  4. 

dominor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (dominus),  to 

rule,  govern,  ii.  31. 

dominus,  i,  m.,  (domus),  a master,  lord, 
owner,  proprietor,  vi.  13. 
ddmus,  us  and  i,  f.,  a house,  home, 
habitation  ; domi,  at  home  ; domum, 
homeward,  home ; domo,  from  home. 
33. 

dono,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  give,  confer, 
present ; to  pardon,  forgive,  i.  47,  vii. 

11. 

donum,  i,  n.,  a present,  gift,  reward. 
vii.  31. 

dorsum,  i,  n.,  the  back;  dorsum  iugi, 
the  slope  or  rid  e of  a lull.  vii.  44. 
dos,  dotis,  f.,  (do),  a dowry,  vi.  19 
(twice). 

Druldes,  um,  m.  pi  , the  Druids,  the 
priests  of  the  Gauls.  7. 
dubitatio,  onis,  f.,  uncertainty,  doubt. 
i.  14,  v.  48,  vii.  40. 

dubito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  hesitate, 
doubt..  13. 

dfibius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (duo),  uncertain, 
doubtful,  hesitating ; dubium,  i,  n., 
doubt,  uncertainty.  4. 
ducenti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  (duo  -+-  cen- 
tum), two  hundred.  7. 


duco,  8re,  duxi,  ductum,  to  draw,  lead, 
convey,  conduct  ; to  think,  consider,  ac- 
count; to  construct,  build.  37. 
ductus,  us,  m.,  lead,  command,  conduct. 
vii.  62. 

dum,  adv.,  while,  until.  27. 
duo,  ae,  o,  num.  adj.,  two.  77. 
duodSeim,  num.  adj.,  twelve,  i.  5,  vi. 
29. 

duodScImus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  the 
twelfth,  ii.  23,  25;  vii.  62. 
duodeni,  ae,  a,  dist.  num.  adj.,  twelve  by 
twelve,  twelve,  twelve  each.  v.  14,  vii. 
36,  75. 

duodeviginti,  num.  adj.,  eighteen.  4. 
duplex,  Icis,  adj.,  (duo  + pllco),  two- 
fold, double,  ii.  29,  iii.  24,  vii.  36. 
duplico,  are,  avi,  atum,  (duplex),  to 
double,  iv.  36,  vi.  1. 

duritia,  ae,  i.,  hardness,  endurance,  hard- 
iness, roughness,  severity . vi.  21. 
duro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  harden,  to  en- 
dure. vi.  28. 

durus,  a,  um,  adj. , hard,  severe,  harsh.  4. 
dux,  ducis,  m.  and  f.,  a guide,  a leader. 
27. 

E. 

e or  ex,  prep,  with  the  ablat.,  from,  out 
of,  after,  on  account  of,  among;  e is 
used  only  before  consonants,  ex  before 
vowels  and  consonants,  e 20,  ex  447. 
edisco,  Sre,  didici,  — , to  commit  to 
memory,  learn  by  heart,  vi.  14. 
editus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (edo),  raised, 
high,  lofty,  elevated.  4. 
edo,  ere,  didi,  dltum,  (e  + do),  to  utter, 
put  forth,  publish,  make  known,  exhibit. 
i.  31. 

edoceo,  ere,  ui,  ctum,  to  instruct,  in- 
form, relate,  teach.  4. 
educo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  draw  out,  bring 
out,  lead  forth.  22. 

effarcio,  Ire,  si,  tum,  (ex  + farcio),  to 

cram,  stuff,  fill.  vii.  23. 


effemino  — ergo 


VOCABULARY. 


435 


effemino,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ex  femina) , 

effeminate,  enervate,  i.  1,  iv.  2. 
effero,  ferre,  extftli,  elatum,  to  produce, 
bring  forth,  raise,  lift  up,  elate  ; to  pro- 
claim, divulge.  9. 

efficio,  ere,  feci,  fectum,  (ex  + facio), 
to  accomplish,  effect,  occasion,  bring  to 
pass,  produce,  render.  32. 
effodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossum,  (ex  + fodio), 
to  tear  out,  dig  out.  vii.  4. 
effugio,  ere,  fiigi,  fugitum,  (ex+fugio), 
to  flee  away,  avoid,  shun,  escape,  iv.  35, 

v.  58,  vi.  30. 

Sgens,  entis,  partic.  adj  , (egeo),  in 
want,  needy,  destitute,  vii.  4. 
egeo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  be  destitute,  needy, 
in  want.  vi.  11,  vii.  4. 

Sgestas,  atis,  f.,  poverty,  need,  want. 

vi.  24. 

egi.  See  ago. 

ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.,  I.  10. 
egredior,  i,  gressus,  dep.,  (e  + gradior), 
to  depart  from,  go  out,  go  beyond,  leave  ; 
to  disembark.  27. 

egregie,  adv.,  (egrSgius),  excellently, 
admirably,  eminent!)/.  6. 
egregius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (e  + grex),  ex- 
cellent, eminent,  remarkable,  admirable, 
distinguished,  surpassing.  4. 
egressus,  us,  m.,  (egredior),  a landing, 
departure,  going  out,  egress,  v.  8. 
eleio,  Sre,  ieci,  ieetum,  (e  + iacio),  to 
cast  or  drive  out,  banish,  expel;  se 
eicere,  to  rush  out.  9. 
eiusmodi,  adv.,  (is  -f  modus),  of  that 
nature,  such.  8. 

elabor,  i,  lapsus,  dep.,  to  slip  away, 
escape,  get  off.  v.  37. 
elatus,  a,  um.  See  efKro. 
electus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (ellgo), 
selected,  picked , chosen,  ii.  4. 
glephantus,  i,  m , an  elephant,  vi. 
28. 

elicio,  Sre,  licui,  licitum,  (e  + lacio),  to 

draw  out , elicit,  lure  forth,  entice,  v.  50, 
vi.  8,  vii.  32. 


eligo,  ere,  legi,  Ieetum,  (e  + lego),  to 

pick  out,  select,  ii.  4. 
emigro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  remove,  emi- 
grate, depart,  i.  31. 

emineo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  stand  out,  project. 

vii.  72,  73  (twice). 

eminus,  adv.,  (e  + manus),  from  a dis- 
tance, at  a distance,  vii.  24. 
emitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  send  out, 
let  go,  dismiss,  throw,  cast  aside,  hurl, 
discharge.  7. 

emo,  gre,  emi,  emptum,  to  buy,  pur- 
chase. i.  16,  ii.  33. 

enascor,  i,  natus,  dep.,  to  spring  or 
grow  up,  sprout  out,  spring  from.  ii.  17. 
enim,  eouj.,ybr,  now,  indeed.  19. 
enuntio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  disclose,  di- 
vulge, reveal,  declare.  8. 
eo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  go,  proceed, 
pass.  27. 

eo,  adv.,  (is),  thither,  there,  to  that  place, 
to  such  an  extent,  on  that  account,  there- 
fore. 67. 

eSdem,  adv.,  (idem),  to  the  same  place, 
purpose,  end,  or  thing.  9. 
ephippiatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  using  saddles. 
iv.  2. 

Sphippium,  i,  n.,  a saddle,  horse-cloth. 
iv.  2. 

Spistola,  ae,  f.,  a letter,  epistle,  v.  48 
(three  times). 

Sptilae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  banquets,  feasts. 
vi.  28. 

eques,  itis,  m.,  (equus),  a horseman , cav- 
alry ; knight,  a member  of  equestrian 
order  in  rank  between  the  patricians 
and  plebeians.  119. 
equester,  tris,  tre,  adj.,  (eques),  of  the 
cavalry,  equestrian.  14. 

Squitatus,  us,  m.,  cavalry.  110. 
equus,  i,  m.,  a horse.  28. 
erectus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (erigo), 
elevated,  erect,  high,  upright,  iii.  13. 
erga,  prep,  with  acc.  towards,  v.  54. 
ergo,  conj.,  therefore,  then.  vii.  77 
(twice). 


436 


VOCABULARY. 


erigo  — exemplum 


erigo,  Sre,  rexi,  rectum,  (e  + rego),  to 
raise,  elevate,  erect,  iii.  13,  vi.  27. 
eripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptum,  (e  -f-  rapio), 
to  snatch  away,  tear  or  take  away, 
wrest;  to  rescue,  liberate.  11. 
erro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  wander,  err,  be 
mistaken,  v.  41,  vii.  29. 
erumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  to  burst 
forth,  break  out,  sally  forth , rush  forth. 
iii.  5. 

eruptio,  onis,  f.,  (erumpo),  a breaking, 
bursting  forth,  a sally,  a sortie.  23. 
essedarius,  m.,  one  who  fought  from  a 
war-chariot.  4. 

essedum,  i,  n.,  a war-chariot  of  the  Gauls 
and  Britons.  6. 

et,  conj.,  and,  even,  also ; et  — et,  both 
— and.  890. 

Stiam,  conj.,  also,  likewise ; yet,  even, 
still.  94. 

etsi,  conj.,  even  if,  althouqh.  18. 
evado,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  escape,  come  out, 
go  out,  go  forth  or  from.  iii.  19. 
evello,  ere,  velli,  vulsum,  to  pluck  or 
pull  out.  i.  25. 

evenio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  come  out, 
happen,  result,  iv.  25. 
eventus,  us,  (evSnio),  an  event,  issue, 
occurrence.  6. 

evocati,  orum,  m pi.,  old  soldiers  who 
after  having  served  out  their  time 
were  called  upon  to  serve  as  volunteers 
evocatus,  a,  um,  part  , (evoco),  called 
out. 

evoco,  5,re,  avi,  atum,  to  call  forth,  chal- 
lenge, summon,  entice,  invite.  15. 
evolo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  fly  out,  sally 
out,  rush  forth,  iii.  28,  vii  27. 
ex.  See  e. 

exactus,  a,  um  See  exlgo. 
exagito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  harass,  dis- 
turb, persecute,  vex,  annoy,  ii.  19,  iv  1. 
examino,  are,  avi,  atum,  (examen),  to 
weigh,  ponder,  examine,  v.  12. 
exanimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  exhaust, 
weaken  ; to  destroy,  kill.  7. 


exardesco,  ere,  arsi,  arsum,  to  blaze 
out,  kindle;  to  be  excited,  inflamed;  to 
break  out.  v.  4. 

exaudio,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  listen  to, 
hear,  regard.  6. 

excedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  to  depart, 
withdraw,  go  out,  retire.  16. 
excello,  ere,  ui,  — , to  excel,  surpass,  be 
eminent,  vi.  13 

excelsus,  a,  um,  adj  , (excello),  lofty, 
high,  elevated,  vi  26. 
excepto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (excipio),  to 
pick  or  take  up.  vii.  47 
excido,  ere,  eidi,  cisum,  (ex  + caedo), 
to  cut  out,  banish,  remove,  destroy,  de- 
molish. vii  50. 

excipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  (ex  + 
capio),  to  take  out,  incur,  receive,  sus- 
tain, meet ; to  succeed,  follow  after  ; to 
undergo.  12. 

excito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  arouse,  excite, 
call  forth,  incite,  impel,  stimulate,  spur 
on;  to  construct,  raise,  erect ; to  kindle. 

10. 

excludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  exclude,  shut 
out,  cut  off;  to  prevent,  hinder.  4. 
excogito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  contrive, 
devise,  consider,  v.  31. 
excrucio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  torment, 
torture,  vi  19,  vii  20,  38. 
excubitor,  oris,  m.,  a sentinel,  guard, 
watch,  vii.  69. 

excubo,  are,  eubui,  ciibltum,  to  lie  out 
on  guard,  watch,  vii.  11,  24  (twice), 
exculco,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ex  ealco), 
to  tread  down.  vii.  73 
excursio,  onis,  f.,  an  excursion,  attack, 
sally,  incursion,  ii  30. 
excusatio,  onis,  f.,  an  excuse,  apology, 
defence,  vi.  4. 

excuso,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  excuse,  plead 
in  excuse,  defend  iv.  22 
exemplum,  i,  n.,  (exlmo),  example,  pat- 
tern, model;  manner,  way,  kind ; copy, 
sample,  precedent;  purport,  i.  8,  31; 
vii.  77. 


exeo  — exspecto 


VOCABULARY. 


487 


exeo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  go  out  or 

away,  depart,  march  oat,  leave.  10. 
exerceo,  ere,  ui.  Itum,  (ex  + arceo), 
to  exercise,  drive  on,  keep  busy,  occupy, 
employ,  practise,  train.  5. 
exercitatio,  onis,  f.,  exercise,  practice.  7. 
exercitatus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (exer- 
cito), exercised,  practised,  versed, 
trained,  i.  36,  ii  20. 
exercito,  are,  avi,  atum,  (exerceo),  to 
practise,  exercise,  i.  36,  ii.  20. 
exercitus,  us,  m.,  an  army.  131. 
exhaurio,  ire,  hausi,  haustum,  to  drain, 
dra  w out,  remove,  v.  42. 
exlgo,  gre,  egi,  actum,  (ex  + ago),  to 
drive  out ; to  complete,  finish  ; to  exact, 
demand  ; to  spend,  pass ; to  ponder, 
consider,  iii  28,  vi.  1. 
exigue,  adv , hardly,  scarcely,  briefly, 
slightly,  shortly,  vii.  71. 
exiguitas,  atis,  f.,  scantiness,  smallness, 
scarcity,  poverty,  shortness,  small  num- 
ber. 5 

exiguus,  a,  um,  adj  , (exlgo),  scanty, 
small,  little,  short,  mean,  sliyht.  5. 
eximius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (exlmo),  distin- 
guished, uncommon,  excellent,  select. 
ii.  8. 

existimatio,  onis,  f.,  judgment,  opinion; 

reputation , good  name,  i 20,  v.  44. 
existimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ex  + aesti- 
mo), to  judge,  consider,  suppose,  think, 
esteem.  78. 

exitus,  us,  m.,  (exeo),  departure ; outlet, 
passage ';  close,  end,  conclusion.  8. 
expedio.  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (ex  + 
pes),  to  extricate,  free,  liberate;  to  ex- 
pedite, facilitate  ; to  arrange,  prepare, 
make  ready  to  procure.  18. 
expeditio,  onis,  f.,  an  expedition,  v. 
10. 

expeditus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (expe- 
dio), unimpeded,  free,  easy,  ready  at 
/•and,  light-armed.  15 
expello,  ere,  puli,  pulsum,  to  drive 
away,  banish,  expel.  13 


expgrior,  Iri,  pertus,  dep.,  to  make  trial 
of,  try,  prove,  put  to  test,  know  by  expe- 
rience, wait.  10. 

expio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make  complete 
satisfaction,  atone  for,  expiate,  make 
good,  make  amends  for.  v.  52. 
expleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  to  fill  up,  com- 
plete, finish,  satisfy,  suit,  appease,  sup- 
ply 6. 

explorator,  oris,  m.,  a spy,  scout.  23 
exploratus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (ex- 
ploro), certain,  ascertained,  sure.  11. 
exploro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  search  out, 
seek,  discover,  explore;  to  examine,  in- 
vestigate, ascertain ; to  reconnoitre,  spy 
out.  14. 

expono,  ere,  posui,  pdsltum,  to  expose ; 
to  land,  disembark ; to  explain,  expound , 
set  forth  ; to  draw  up,  marshal.  9. 
exporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  export,  carry 
out,  convey  away.  iv.  18. 
exposco,  ere,  pdposci,  — , to  ask  earn- 
estly, beg,  request,  entreat,  vii.  19. 
exprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressum,  (ex  + 
premo),  to  press  or  squeeze  out,  extort, 
wrest ; to  express,  declare,  represent ; to 
raise  up,  elevate,  i.  32,  vii.  22. 
expugnatio,  onis,  f.,  the  storming  of  a 
place;  storming,  assault,  vi.  41,  vii. 
36 

expugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  take  by 
assault,  reduce,  subdue,  storm.  12. 
exquiro,  ere,  sivi,  situm,  (ex  + 
quaero),  to  search  diligently;  to  make 
inquiry,  ask,  investigate,  examine,  i.  41, 
iii.  3. 

exsequor,  i,  eutus,  dep.,  to  follow,  pur- 
sue, execute,  perform,  accomplish,  i.  4. 
exsero,  gre,  sgrui,  sertum,  to  thrust  out ; 

to  bare,  uncover,  vii  50. 
exsisto,  gre,  stlti,  stitum,  to  step  out 
or  forth,  appear,  emerge  ; to  proceed, 
become,  arise,  be,  exist.  5. 
exspecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  await,  wait 
for ; to  long  for , desire,  anticipate  ; to 
dread;  to  wait  to  see.  34. 


438 


VOCABULARY. 


exspolio  — fatum 


exspOlio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  spoil,  strip, 
plunder,  vii.  77. 

exstinguo,  §re,  nxi,  netum,  to  extin- 
guish, put  out,  extirpate,  destroy,  anni- 
hilate. v.  29. 

exsto,  are,  stlti,  — , to  stand  out  or  above  ; 

to  appear,  exist ; to  project,  v.  18. 
exstruo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  pile  or  heap 
up  thoroughly ; to  raise,  build,  erect, 
construct.  5 . 

exsul,  ulis,  m.  and  f.,  (ex  + solum),  an 

exile,  v.  55. 

exter  or  exterus,  a,  um,  adj.,  outward, 
external,  outer,  foreign ; comp,  exte- 
rior, sup.  extremus  or  extimus,  ex- 
treme, outermost,  last,  farthest,  most 
remote,  end  of.  27- 

exterreo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  to  disma  y,  ter- 
rify. vii.  43,  77. 

extimesco,  §re,  tlmui,  — , to  dread,  fear 
greatly,  iii.  13. 

extorqueo,  ere,  torsi,  tortum,  to  extort, 
wrest,  vii.  54. 

extra,  prep,  with  the  aec.,  without,  out 
of,  outside  of,  besides,  except,  beyond.  7. 
extraho,  Sre,  traxi,  tractum,  to  draw 
out  or  forth,  withdraw,  release,  spend, 
waste,  v.  22. 

extremus,  a,  um.  See  exter, 
extrudo,  8re,  trusi,  trusum,  to  thrust 
out,  exclude,  keep  bac/c.  iii.  12. 
extuli.  See  effero. 

exuo,  Sre,  ui,  utum,  to  divest,  deprive, 
despoil,  strip  off,  draw  out  or  off.  4. 
exuro,  6re,  ussi,  ustum,  to  burn  up. 
i.  5. 

exutus,  a,  um.  See  exuo. 

P. 

faber,  bri,  m.,  a workman,  artisan,  ar- 
tificer, smith,  v.  11. 
facile,  adv.,  readily,  easily.  39. 
facilis,  e,  adj  , (facio),  easy,  ready, 
courteous,  affable.  7. 


facinus,  5ris,  n.,  (f&cio),  a deed,  action, 
exploit,  crime  ; daring  deed.  9. 
facio,  ere,  feci,  factum,  to  make,  per- 
form, do,  bring  to  pass ; to  construct, 
prepare,  render,  cause  ; to  give,  furnish ; 
castra  facere,  to  pitch  a camp.  324. 
factio,  Snis,  f.,  (factio),  a party,  side, 
faction.  5. 

factum,  i,  n.,  a deed,  act,  exploit.  5. 
factus,  a,  um.  See  fio. 
facultas,  atis,  f.,  (facilis),  ability, power, 
abundance,  number,  stock,  resources, 
means,  opportunity.  27. 
fagus,  i,  f.,  a beech-tree.  v.  12. 
fallo,  6re,  fefelli,  falsum,  to  deceive, 
cheat,  trick,  dupe,  mislead,  disappoint, 
escape  notice,  elude  observation,  ii.  10, 
iv.  13,  vii.  50. 

falsus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (fallo),  unfounded, 
false,  deceitful,  vi.  20. 
falx,  falcis,  f.,  a sickle ; a military  im- 
plement shaped  like  a sickle  used  in 
sieges  to  pull  down  walls.  6. 
fama,  ae,  f.,  report.,  fame,  rumor ; renown, 
reputation,  character.  12. 
fames,  is,  f.,  famine,  hunger.  6. 
familia,  ae,  f.,  a household,  family ; the 
slaves  of  a family.  8. 
familiaris,  e,  adj.,  of  a family,  private, 
intimate ; res  familiaris,  family  estate, 
private  property.  9. 
familiaris,  is,  m.,  a friend.  4. 
familiaritas,  atis,  f.,  familiarity,  inti- 
macy, friendship,  acquaintance,  v.  3. 
fas,  n.  indecl , divine  law,  the  will  of 
heaven;  right,  duty,  justice.  4. 
fastigatus,  a,  um,  partie.  adj.,  (fastigo), 
sloping  to  a point,  descending,  sloping. 
ii.  8,  iv.  17. 

fastigium,  i,  n.,  summit,  top,  height,  emi- 
nence, slope,  descent,  declivitu.  vii.  69, 
73,  85. 

fastigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make  pointed ; 

to  slope  or  incline,  ii.  8,  iv.  17. 
fatum,  i,  n.,  (fari),  fate,  destiny,  an 
oracle,  i.  39. 


faveo  — flo 


VOCABULARY. 


439 


faveo,  ere,  favi,  fautum,  to  favor,  coun- 
tenance. i.  18,  vi.  7. 
fax,  facis,  f , firebrand,  torch,  vii.  24. 
felicitas,  atis,  f.,  happiness, felicit y , good 
fortune,  success,  i.  40,  vi.  43. 
feliciter,  adv.,  happily,  successfully,  aus- 
piciously. iv.  25. 

femina,  ae,  f.,  a female,  a woman,  vi. 
21,  26;  vii.  73. 

femur,  oris,  a.,  the  thigh,  v.  35. 
fgra,  ae,  f.,  a wild  beast,  vi.  25,  28. 
ferax,  acis,  adj.,  (fero),  fruitful,  fertile, 
productive,  ii.  4. 

fere,  adv.,  almost,  nearly,  about,  for  the 
most  part,  generally.  45. 
fero,  ferre,  tiili,  latum,  to  bear,  carry, 
bring,  move ; to  get,  obtain,  acquire  ; 
to  suffer,  tolerate,  endure ; to  report, 
relate,  make  known  ; to  go,  hasten  ; fer- 
tur, it  is  said.  66. 

ferramentum,  i,  n.,  (ferrum),  a tool, 
implement,  v.  42. 

ferraria,  ae,  f.,  (ferrum),  an  iron  mine. 
vii.  22. 

ferreus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  iron,  iron.  4. 
ferrum,  i,  n.,  iron:  sword,  i.  25,  v.  12, 
30. 

fertilis,  e,  adj.,  fertile,  fruitful,  vi.  24, 
vii.  13. 

fertilitas,  atis,  f.,  fertility,  fruitfulness. 
ii.  4. 

ferus,  a,  um,  adj  wild,  rude,  cruel,  bar- 
barous. 5. 

fervefacio,  ere,  feci,  factum,  (ferveo  + 
facio),  to  make  hot,  heat,  melt.  v.  43, 
vii.  22. 

ferveo,  ere,  bui  and  vi,  — , to  be  boiling 
or  red  hot,  glow  with  heat.  v.  43. 
fibula,  ae,  f.,  a clasp,  brace,  iv.  17. 
fictus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (fingo), 
feigned , fictitious,  fal  se.  iv.  4. 
fidelis,  e,  adj.,  (fides ),  faithful,  trusty, 
sure.  iv.  21,  vii  76. 

fldes,  ei,  f.,  faith,  confidence:  reliance, 
belief,  protection,  security  : promise,  en- 
gagement, pledge,  word.  35. 


fiducia,  ae,  f.,  (fido),  confidence,  reli- 
ance, assurance,  courage,  vii.  19,  38, 
76. 

figura,  ae,  f.,  (fingo),  form,  shape  ; kind, 
quality,  species,  nature.  5. 
lllia,  ae,  f.,  a daughter.  4. 
filius,  i,  m.,  a son.  13. 
fingo,  ere,  finxi,  fictum,  to  form,  shape, 
fashion,  frame,  make;  to  contrive,  de- 
vise, invent;  to  feign.  i.  39,  iv.  4,  vi. 
37. 

tlnio,  ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (finis),  to 

limit,  bound,  determine,  fix,  appoint ; to 
finish,  terminate,  compute,  iv.  16,  vi. 
18,  25. 

finis,  is,  m.  and  f .,  an  end,  limit ; boun- 
dary, territory.  126. 
finitimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (finis),  bordering 
upon,  adjoining,  neighboring  ; finitimi, 
orum,  m.  pi  , neighbors.  40. 
fio,  fieri,  factus,  irreg.  pass,  of  faeio,  to 
be  made,  done  ; to  become,  occur,  hap- 
pen; certior  fieri,  to  be  informed; 
fit,  it  happens.  See  facio, 
firmiter,  adv.,  firmly,  resolutely,  iv.  26. 
firmitudo,  Inis,  f.,  firmness,  strength, 
solidity,  iii.  13,  iv.  17. 
firmo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make  firm, 
strengthen,  support.,  establish  ; to  encour- 
age, animate,  vi.  29. 
firmus,  a,  um,  adj.,  strong,  solid,  firm, 
durable  ; brave,  valiant.  11. 
fistuca,  ae,  f.,  a rammer,  pile-driver . 
iv.  17 

flagito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  demand  earn- 
estly, entreat,  importune,  i.  16. 
flamma,  ae,  f.,  flame,  blaze,  glow.  v.  43 
(twice),  vi.  16. 

flecto,  ere,  xi,  xum,  to  bend,  bow,  turn: 
to  persuade,  move,  guide,  direct,  iv.  33, 
vi.  25. 

fleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  to  weep,  cry,  la- 
ment. 6. 

fletus,  us,  m.,  (fleo),  a weeping,  lamen- 
tation. i.  32,  v.  33. 
flo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  flow.  v.  7. 


440 


VOCABULARY. 


florens  — funus 


florens,  entis,  partic.  adj.,  (floreo), 
flourishing , prosperous,  fine,  excellent, 
influential,  i.  30,  iv.  .3,  vii.  32. 
flos,  floris,  m.,  a flower,  vii.  73. 
fluctus,  us,  m.,  (fluo),  a wave.  4. 
flumen,  Inis,  n.,  (fluo),  a river,  stream; 
flumine  secundo,  down  stream ; flu- 
mine adverso,  up  stream.  102. 
fluo,  ere,  xi,  xum,  to  flow.  i.  6,  12. 
fSdio,  6re,  fodi,  fossum,  to  dig,  dig  up, 
dig  out.  vii.  73. 

foedus,  gris,  n.,  a league,  treatg,  com- 
pact. vi.  2. 

forem  = essem,  fore  = futurus  esse, 
foris,  adv.,  without,  abroad,  outside,  out 
of  doors,  vii.  76. 

forma,  ae,  f.,  form,  figure,  shape  ; nature, 
kind;  beauty.  4. 

fors,  fortis,  f.,  (fero),  chance,  hap,  haz- 
ard, fortune  ; forte,  abl.,  by  chance.  5. 
fortis,  e,  adj.,  strong,  brave.  9. 
fortiter,  adv.,  bravely,  firmly.  13. 
fortitudo,  Inis,  f.,  (fortis),  courage, 
bravery,  fortitude,  i.  2. 
fortuito,  adv.,  (fors),  by  chance,  acci- 
dentally. vii.  20. 

fortuna,  ae,  f.,  (fors),  chance,  fortune, 
fate,  lot.  39. 

fortunatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  fortunate,  pros- 
perous, rich.  vi.  35. 

fSrum,  i,  n.,  (foris),  a market-place, 
public  place,  forum,  vii.  28. 
fossa,  ae,  f.,  (fodio),  a trench,  ditch, 
fosse.  27. 

fdvea,  ae,  f.,  a pitfall,  pit.  vi.  28. 
frango,  ere,  fregi,  fractum,  to  break, 
dash  to  pieces,  crush,  subdue,  discour- 
age. i.  31,  iv.  29. 
frater,  tris,  m.,  a brother.  27. 
fraternus,  a,  um,  adj.,  brotherly,  frater- 
nal, of  a brother,  i.  20,  36, 
fraus,  fraudis,  f.,  deceit,  guile,  fraud, 
treachery,  vii.  40. 

frSmltus,  us,  m.,  (fremo),  a murmuring, 
resounding  noise,  clamor,  ii.  24,  iv.  14, 

v.  32. 


frgquens,  tis,  adj.,  frequent,  repeated , 
numerous,  crowded.  iv.  11.  13;  vii 
63. 

fretus,  a,  um,  adj.,  relying  on,  depend- 
ing on,  iii.  21.  vi.  5. 
frigidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  cold.  iv.  1 
j frigus,  oris,  n.,  cold,  coolness.  4. 
frons,  frontis,  f.,  the  forehead,  brow, 
front ; a fronte,  in  front.  6. 
fructuosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  fruitful,  fertile, 
productive,  i.  30. 

fructus,  us,  m.,  (fruor),  fruit,  produce, 
profit,  employment,  result,  effect.  4. 
frumentarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  corn,  fer- 
tile in  corn  ; res  frumentaria,  corn,  a 
supply  of  corn,  provisions.  26. 
frumentatio,  onis,  f.,  a procuring  of 
corn,  foraging,  vi.  39,  vii.  16,  64. 
frumentor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  fetch  corn, 
forage.  7. 

frumentum,  i,  u.,  (fruor),  corn,  grain, 
55. 

fruor,  i,  frultus  and  fructus,  dep.,  to 
enjoy,  iii.  22. 

frustra,  adv.,  in  a deceived  manner,  with- 
out effect,  to  no  purpose,  in  vain.  4. 
fuga,  ae,  f.,  flight.  70. 
fiigio,  ere,  fugi,  fugitum,  to  flee  ; to 
take  to  flight,  run  away,  flee  from, 
avoid,  shun.  18. 

fugitivus,  a,  um,  adj.,  fugitive ; fugi- 
tivus, i,  m.,  a deserter,  i.  23. 
fugo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  cause  to  flee;  to 
put  to  flight,  rout.  vii.  68. 
fumo,  are,  — , — , to  smoke,  vii.  24. 
fumus,  i,  m.,  smoke,  ii.  7,  v.  48. 
funda,  ae,  f.,  a sling.  5. 
funditor,  oris,  m.,  a slinger.  4. 
fundo,  ere,  fudi,  fusum,  to  pour,  shed, 
cast ; to  found ; to  scatter,  throw,  rout, 
prostrate,  iii.  6,  vii.  24. 
fungor,  i,  functus,  dep.,  to  perform,  dis- 
charge, execute,  vii.  25. 
funis,  is,  m.,  a cable,  rope.  4. 
funus,  eris,  n.,  a funeral,  funeral  rites 
vi.  19  (twice). 


furor  — hamus 


VOCABULARY. 


441 


furor,  5ris,  m.,  rage,  madness,  i.  40,  ii. 
3,  vii.  42. 

furtum,  i,  n.,  (fur),  theft,  vi.  16. 
fusilis,  e,  adj.,  (fundo),  melted,  liquid, 
pliant,  molten,  y.  43. 
futurus,  a,  urn,  serves  as  future  partic. 
to  sum. 

G. 

gaesum,  i,  n.,  a long  heavy  javelin  of  the 
Gauls,  iii.  4. 

galea,  ae,  f.,  a helmet,  ii.  21. 

Gallia,  ae,  f.,  Gaul.  160. 

Gallicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Gallic.  16. 
gallina,  ae,  f.,  a hen.  v.  12. 

Gallus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Gallic;  Gallus,  i, 
m.,  a.  Gaul.  101. 

gaudeo,  ere,  gavisus  sum,  semi-dep., 
to  be  glad,  rejoice,  iv.  13. 
gavisus,  a,  um.  See  gaudeo. 
Genabensis,  is,  m.,  an  inhabitant  of 
Genabum,  vii.  11. 
gSner,  Sri,  m.,  son-in-law.  v.  56. 
gSneratim,  adv.,  (genus),  by  kinds, 
classes,  tribes,  nations;  generally,  in 
general,  i.  51,  vii.  19. 
gens,  gentis,  f.,  a tribe,  nation,  race, 
kind,  class,  clan.  8. 

gSnus,  eris,  n.,  birth,  descent,  origin, 
race,  people ; class,  sort,  species,  kind, 
style,  nature.  33. 

Germania,  ae,  f.,  Germany.  7. 
Germanicus,  a,  um,  adj  , German,  Ger- 
manic. iv.  16. 

Germanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  German,  of 
Germany.  88. 

gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestum,  to  bear,  carry  ; 
to  manage,  regulate,  rule,  govern,  carry 
on,  accomplish ; to  wage,  perform,  con- 
duct. 69. 

gladius,  i,  m.,  a sword.  10. 
glans,  glandis,  f.,  an  acorn  ; an  acorn- 
shaped  ball,  bullet,  v.  43,  vii.  81. 
gleba,  ae,  f.,  a clod,  lump,  piece,  vii.  25. 
gloria,  ae,  f.,  glory,  fame,  renown.  5. 


glorior,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  glory,  boast, 
pride  one’s  self.  i.  14. 

Graecus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Greek,  i.  29,  v. 
48,  vi.  14. 

Graecus,  i,  m.,  a Greek,  vi.  24. 
grandis,  e,  adj.,  great,  large.  4. 
gratia,  ae,  f.,  esteem,  regard,  love,  friend- 
ship, influence,  popularity , gratitude, 
acknowledgment ; gratia,  for  the  sake 
of,  on  account  of;  gratias  agere,  to 
thank;  gratiam  referre,  to  recompense, 
return  a favor.  25. 

gratulatio,  onis,  f.,  rejoicing,  congratula- 
tion, joy.  i.  53  v.  53,  vii.  79. 
gratulor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (gratus),  to 
manifest  one’s  joy,  congratulate,  rejoice, 
wish  joy,  thank,  i.  30. 
gratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  pleasing,  agreeable, 
thankful,  grateful,  i.  44,  vi.  16. 
gravis,  e,  adj.,  heavy,  weighty,  grave, 
important,  dignified;  grievous,  severe, 
oppressive.  17. 

gravitas,  atis,  f.,  weight,  heaviness,  dig- 
nity, importance,  power,  influence,  iv.  3, 

v.  16. 

graviter,  adv.,  heavily,  strongly,  griev- 
ously, severely,  with  displeasure,  ill.  18. 
gravo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (gravis),  to  bur- 
den, weigh  down,  oppress ; pass.,  to  be 
burdened,  feel  vexed,  be  reluctant,  i.  35. 
gubernator,  oris,  m.,  a pilot,  iii.  9, 
v.  10. 

gusto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  taste,  partake 
of.  v.  12. 

H. 

habeo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  have,  possess, 
hold,  keep,  consider,  regard ; gratiam 
habere,  to  feel  grateful.  176. 
Haeduus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Haeduan  ; Hae- 
duus,  i,  m.,  an  Haeduan.  122. 
haesito,  are,  avi,  atum,  (haero),  to 
remain  fixed,  stick  fast,  be  rooted. 
vii.  19. 

hamus,  i,  m.,  a hook.  vii.  73. 


442 


VOCABULARY. 


harpago  — ignominia 


harpago,  onis,  m.,  a grappling  hook, 
grapple,  drag.  vii.  81. 
haud,  adv.,  not.  v.  54. 

Helveticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Helvetian,  vii.  9. 
Helvetius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Helvetian.  67. 
Hercynius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Hercynian  ; 
Hercynia  silva,  the  Hercynian  forest, 
in  ancient  Germany,  vi.  24,  25. 
hereditas,  atis,  f.,  (heres),  heirship, 
inheritance,  vi.  13. 
hiberna.  See  hibernus, 
hibernaculum,  i,  n.,  winter  tent,  winter 
quurters.  ii.  35. 

Hibernia,  ae,  f.,  Ireland,  v.  13. 
hibernus,  a,  um,  adj  , (hiems),  of  win- 
ter, winter ; hiberna,  orum,  n.  pl., 
(sc.  castra),  winter  quarters.  46. 
hic,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  adj.  pron.,  this,  this 
one,  this  man,  the  latter,  such,  that ; 
hoc,  on  this  account ; hoc  with  com- 
paratives, the  more,  the.  655 
hie,  adv.,  here,  in  this  place.  4. 
hiemo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (hiems),  to  pass 
the  winter,  winter.  17- 
hiems,  emis,  f.,  winter.  17. 
hinc,  adv.,  hence,  from  this  place,  vi.  25, 
40. 

Hispania,  ae,  f.,  Spain.  6. 

Hispanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Spanish,  v.  26. 
homo,  inis,  m.  and  f.,  a man,  woman, 
human  being.  88. 

honestus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (honor),  respect- 
able, honorable,  esteemed,  distinguished, 
noble,  i.  53,  v.  45,  vii.  3. 
hdnor,  oris,  m.,  honor,  respect,  esteem, 
official  duty,  post  of  honor ; honoris 
causa,  out  of  respect.  8. 
honorificus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (honor 
facio),  honorable,  i.  43. 
hora,  ae,  f.,  an  hour.  16. 
horreo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  dread,  tremble  at. 
i.  32. 

horribilis,  e,  adj.,  to  be  dreaded,  dread- 
ful, horrible,  terrible,  vii.  36. 
horridus,  a,  um,  adj.,  horrid,  dire, 
rough,  rugged,  v.  14. 


hortor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  exhort,  en- 
courage, cheer,  urge,  move.  18. 
hospes,  Itis,  m.  and  f.,  a stranger,  guest, 
visitor,  host.  i.  53,  v.  6,  vi.  23. 
hospitium,  i,  n.,  hospitality , friendship.  5. 
hostis,  is,  m.  and  f.,  an  enemy.  285. 
hue,  adv.,  (hie),  hither,  to  this  place  ; 

thus  far,  to  this.  22. 
huiusmfidi,  adv.,  (hie  + modus),  of 
such  a nature,  of  this  kind,  such.  iii.  3, 
vii.  22. 

humanitas,  atis,  f.,  humanity  ; culture, 
refinement,  i.  1,  47. 

humanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (homo),  human, 
humane;  civilized, polished,  iv.  3,  v.  14. 
humgrus,  i,  m , the  shoulder,  vii.  50,  56. 
hhmllis,  e,  adj  , (humus),  tow,  humble, 
poor,  abject,  base,  vile.  6. 
humilitas,  atis,  f.,  lowness,  weakness, 
insignificance,  meanness,  v.  1,  27. 

I (vowel). 

Ibi,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place;  then.  51. 
ictus,  us,  in.,  (ico),  a blow,  stroke,  i.  25, 
vii,  25. 

idcirco,  adv.,  therefore,  for  this  reason 
v.  3. 

idem,  eadem.  Idem,  dem.  adj.  pron , 
(is  -f-  dem),  the  same,  at  once,  also. 

113. 

Identidem,  adv.,  (idem  + idem),  re- 
peatedly, at  intervals,  now  and  then. 
ii.  19. 

Idoneus,  a,  um,  adj.,  suitable,  fit,  proper, 
worthy,  capable.  20. 

Idus,  uum,  f.  pl.,  the  Ides ; the  13th  day 
of  the  month,  but  the  15  th  of  March, 
May,  July,  and  October,  i.  7. 
ignis,  is,  m.,fire.  13. 
ignobilis,  e,  adj.,  (in  -f  nobilis),  un- 
known, obscure,  humble,  mean,  of  low 
birth,  v.  28. 

ignominia,  ae,  f.,  (in  + nomen),  dis- 
honor, disgrace,  ignominy.  vii.  17 
(twice),  80. 


ignoro  — imploro 


VOCABULARY. 


443 


ignoro,  are,  avi,  atum,  not  to  know,  be 
ignorant  of.  5. 

ignosco,  ere,  novi,  notum,  (in  + nosco), 
to  forgive,  pardon,  excuse.  4. 
igndtus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + notus),  un- 
known. iv.  24. 
illatus,  a,  um.  See  infero, 
ille,  illa,  illud,  dem.  adj.  pron.,  that,  he, 
she.  that  man,  that  woman,  that  thing. 
120. 

illic,  adv.,  there,  in  that  place,  i.  18,  vii 
20. 

illigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (in  + ligo),  to 
bind  on,  fasten,  connect,  iv.  17,  v.  45. 
illo,  adv.,  thither,  to  that  place,  to  that 
thing  or  purp.se.  vi.  13,  vii.  45. 
illustris,  e,  adj.,  light,  clear,  bright,  lu- 
minous ; plain,  evident ; illustrious,  vi. 
19,  vii.  3,  32. 

imbecillitas,  atis,  f.,  (imbecillus),  fee- 
bleness, weakness,  imbecility,  vii.  77. 
imber,  bris,  m.,  a shower,  rain.  4. 
Imitor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  imitate,  copy 
after,  resemble,  counterfeit,  vi.  40,  vii. 
22. 

immanis,  e,  adj.,  enormous,  immense  ; 

wild,  savage,  cruel,  iv.  1,  vi.  16. 
immineo,  ere,  — , — , (in  + mlneo),  to 
hang  over,  project ; to  be  near.  vi.  38. 
immitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  (in  + 
mitto),  to  send  or  let  in  ; to  hurl,  cast, 
throw,  let  loose  upon  ; to  introduce.  5. 
immolo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (in  + mola), 
to  sacrifice,  immolate,  offer,  vi.  16 
(twice),  17. 

immortalis,  e,  adj.,  immortal.  7. 
immunis,  e,  adj.,  (in  + munus),  exempt 
from  public  service  or  taxation  ; free 
from.  vii.  76. 

immunitas,  atis,  f.,  immunity , exemption 
from  public  service,  freedom,  vi.  14. 
imparatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unprepared,  not 
ready,  vi.  30. 

impgdlmentum,  i,  n.,  (impedio),  im- 
pediment, hindrance,  burden,  obstacle; 
plur.,  baggage  of  an  army.  48. 


impgdio,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (in  + pes), 

to  entangle,  hamper,  embarrass,  perplex  ; 
to  bind,  tie  ; to  obstruct,  hinder,  impede. 
39. 

impeditus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (im- 
pedio), obstructed,  difficult,  trouble- 
some. 

impello,  ere,  puli,  pulsum,  (in  + pello), 

to  push,  drive  against,  drive  forward, 
urge  onward,  impel ; to  persuade,  in- 
duce, incite.  9. 

impendeo,  ere,  — , — , (in  + pendeo), 

to  hang  over,  overhang,  impend,  threaten. 

i.  6,  iii.  2. 

impendo,  ere,  di,  sum  (in  + pendo), 

to  expend,  employ,  iv.  2. 
impensus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (im- 
pendo), expensive,  dear ; la’rge,  great. 

iv.  2. 

impgrator,  oris,  ill.,  (impgro),  a com 

mander-in-chief  general ; a chief,  leader 

16. 

imperatum,  i,  n , order,  command.  9. 
imperfectus,  a,  um,  adj.,  imperfect,  un- 
finished. vi.  12. 

impgrltus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + peritus), 

inexperienced,  unskilled,  ignorant,  un- 
acquainted with.  9. 

imperium,  i,  n.,  direction,  command, 
government,  power,  order.  57. 
impgro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (in  + paro), 
to  command,  order,  enjoin,  require,  de- 
mand, order  to  be  provided.  67. 
impetro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (in  + patro), 
to  accomplish,  effect,  procure,  obtain. 
18. 

impgtus,  us,  m.,  (impeto),  attack,  as- 
sault, charge,  onset  ; impetuosity,  force. 

49. 

impius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + pius),  irreve- 
rent, ungodly,  vi.  13. 
implico,  are,  avi,  atum,  or  ui,  Itum, 
(in  + plleo),  to  unfold;  to  involve,  en- 
tangle, entwine,  interlace,  vii.  73. 
imploro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (in  + ploro), 
to  implore,  entreat.  4. 


444 


VOCABULARY. 


impono  — indictus 


impono,  gre,  posui,  positum,  (in  4- 
pono),  to  place  upon,  set  over  ; to  im- 
pose, impose  upon  ; to  embark.  5. 
importo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (in  + porto), 
to  import.  5. 

imprdbus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  -f  prdbus), 

shameless,  wicked,  unprincipled,  i.  17. 
improviso,  adv.,  (improvisus),  suddenly, 
unexpected  I t/ . 

improvisus,  a,  um,  adj  , unexpected,  un- 
foreseen, sudden.  7. 
imprudens,  tis,  adj.,  nut  foreseeing,  im- 
prudent, unaware,  ignorant,  unsuspect- 
ing. iv.  29,  v.  15. 

imprudentia,  ae,  f.,  imprudence,  inad- 
vertence, want  of  foresight.  iv.  27 
(twice),  v.  3. 

impubes,- gris,  adj.,  (in  + pubes),  under 
age,  youthful;  unmarried ; chaste,  con- 
tinent. vi.  21. 

impugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  assail, 
attack,  oppose,  charge,  invade,  i.  44, 
iii.  26. 

impulsus,  a,  um.  See  impello, 
impulsus,  us,  ni.,  (impello),  instigation, 
impulse,  v.  25. 

impune,  adv.,  (in  + poena),  with  impu- 
niti/, without  punishment,  i.  14. 
impunitas,  atis,  f.,  impuniti/,  i.  14. 
Imus,  a,  um.  See  inferus, 
in,  prep,  with  acc.  or  ablat.,  in,  into, 
to,  at,  during  ; among,  with  ; on,  about, 
concerning;  against,  towards;  in  with 
ablat.,  543  ; in  with  acc.,  542 
Inanis,  e,  adj  , empti/,  void  ; useless,  vain, 
idle.  v.  23,  vii.  19. 

incaute,  adv.,  unwarily,  inconsiderately , 
incautiously,  vii.  27. 
incautus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + caveo), 
unwary,  heedless,  inconsiderate,  off 
one's  guard,  vi.  30. 

incendium,  i,  n.,  (incendo),  a confla- 
gration, f re.  6. 

incendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  (in  -f  candeo),  to 
kindle,  set  on  Jire,  burn  ; to  inflame, 
excite.  21. 


incertus,  a,  um,  adj  , doubtful,  uncertain. 

not  sure,  not  to  be  relied  upon  6. 
incido,  gre,  eidi,  casum,  (in  -\-  cado), 
to  fall  into  or  upon,  fall  among,  meet  ; 
to  fall  out,  occur,  happen  5. 
incido,  ere,  cidi,  cisum,  (in  -f  caedo), 
to  cut  into.  ii.  17. 

incipio,  gre,  cepi,  ceptum,  ( in  + capio), 

to  commence,  take  ; to  attempt,  under- 
take. 8. 

incito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  incite,  urge  on. 

encourage,  rouse.  15. 
incognitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unknown,  iv. 
20,  29. 

incolo,  6re,  colui,  cultum,  to  abide  or 
dwell  in  a place,  inhabit.  15. 
incolumis,  e,  adj.,  safe,  uninjured,  unim- 
paired, sound,  whole.  19. 
incommode,  adv.,  unfortunately,  v 33. 
incommodum,  i,  u.,  disadvantage,  loss, 
defeat,  harm. 

incommodus,  a,  um,  adj.,  inconvenient, 
unfortunate,  troublesome , hurtful.  14 
incredibilis,  e,  adj.,  incredible,  wonder- 
ful, astonishing,  strange.  .6. 
incrgplto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (increpo),  to 
reprove,  rebuke,  taunt,  blame,  ii.  15, 
30. 

incumbo,  gre,  ciibui,  cubitum,  to  re- 
cline or  lean  upon  ; to  apply  one’s  self  to, 
attend  to.  vii  76. 

incursio,  onis,  i'.,  an  incursion,  invasion  ; 

an  attack,  assault,  charge.  4. 
incursus,  us,  m.,  attack,  onset,  charge, 
assault,  vii.  36. 

meuso,  are,  avi,  atum,  (in  + causa), 
to  blame,  complain  of,  accuse,  i.  40, 
ii.  15. 

inde,  adv.,  thence,  from  that  place;  after 
that,  next,  then.  15. 

indicium,  i,  n.,  (index),  discovery,  in- 
formation, proof,  token,  mark.  4. 
indico,  gre,  dixi,  dictum,  to  declare, 
disclose,  reveal,  show,  tell.  8. 
indictus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + dico),  un- 
said, unpleaded,  vii.  38. 


indigne  — inieio 


VOCABULARY. 


445 


indigne,  ailv.,  undeservedly,  unworthily, 
basely,  vii.  38. 

indignitas,  atis,  f.,  indignity,  insult,  un- 
worthiness. ii.  4,  vii.  56. 
indignor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  scorn,  dis- 
dain ; to  be  enraged  at,  angry  with,  dis- 
pleased. vii.  19. 

indignus,  a,  nm,  adj.,  unworthy,  dishon- 
orable, shameful, unbecoming,  base,  inde- 
cent. v.  35,  vii.  17,  38. 
indiligens,  tis,  adj.,  careless,  negligent. 
ii.  33,  vii.  71. 

indiligenter,  adv.,  carelessly,  negligently. 
ii.  33. 

indiligentia,  ae,  f.,  negligence,  careless- 
ness. vii.  17. 

induciae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  (induo),  armis- 
tice, truce.  See  indutiae, 
induco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  conduct,  intro- 
duce; to  induce,  influence;  to  cover, 
draw  on.  4. 

indulgentia,  ae,  f.,  favor,  indulgence. 
vii.  63. 

indulgeo,  ere,  si,  turn,  (in  4-  dulcis), 

to  favor,  indulge,  gratify,  i.  40,  vii.  40. 
induo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  to  put  on,  clothe, 
furnish  with ; se  induere,  to  fall  into 
or  'upon;  to  be  entangled  in.  vii.  73,  82. 
industrie,  adv.,  (industrius),  diligently, 
industriously,  vii.  60. 
indutiae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  (induco),  armis- 
tice, truce.  iv.  12,  13. 
ineo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  go  into, 
enter;  to  begin,  commence,  enter  upon, 
form.  21. 

Inermis,  e,  or  Inermus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in 
+ arma),  unarmed,  defenceless,  without 
arms.  4. 

iners,  tis,  adj.,  (in  4-  ars),  sluggish,  indo- 
lent, inactive,  lazy,  spiritless,  iv.  2. 
infamia,  ae,.  f.,  (in  + fama),  dishonor, 
disgrace,  infamy,  vi.  23,  vii  56. 
infans,  tis,  adj.,  (in-j-fari),  that  cannot 
speak.  See  noun. 

infans,  tis,  in,  and  f.,  an  infant,  child. 
vii.  28,  47. 


infectus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  facio),  unac- 
complished, unfinished,  vii.  17. 
infero,  ferre,  intuli,  illatum,  to  bring  or 
carry  into,  bring  on,  inflict  ; to  introduce, 
interpose  ; signa  inferre,  to  attack ; to 
advance  the  standards.  19. 
inferus,  a,  um,  adj.,  below,  underneath, 
low  ; comp,  inferior,  lower,  inferior  ; 
sup.  infimus  or  imus,  the  lowest,  last, 
deepest,  lowest  part  of.  19. 
infestus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unsafe,  insecure; 
hostile,  dangerous ; embittered,  vi.  8, 
51. 

inficio,  ere,  feci,  feetum,  (in  + fScio), 

to  color,  stain,  dye,  v.  14. 
infidelis,  e,  adj  , unfaithful,  treacherous, 
faithless,  vii.  59. 

infigo,  ere,  fixi,  fixum,  to  fasten  in,  fix 
in.  vii.  73. 

infimus,  a,  um.  See  inferus, 
infinitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  without  bounds, 
limitless,  vast,  infinite,  v.  12,  vi.  10,  43. 
infirmitas,  atis,  f.,  infirmity,  weakness, 
feebleness,  inconstancy,  fickleness,  iv. 
5,  13  ; vii.  26. 

infirmus,  a,  um,  adj.,  weak,  inconstant, 
fickle,  light-minded.  5. 
inflecto,  gre,  xi,  xum,  to  bend,  curve  ; 

to  change,  alter,  i.  25,  ii.  17. 
influo,  ere,  xi,  xum,  to  empty  into,  flow 
into.  8. 

infodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossum,  to  dig  in  ; to 
bury.  vii.  73. 

infra,  prep,  with  acc.,  aud  adv.,  under, 
below,  underneath  , smaller  than.  4. 
ingens,  tis,  adj.,  enormous,  huge,  vast. 
i.  39,  iv.  10,  v.  3. 

ingratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unpleasant,  disa- 
greeable, unthankful , ungrateful , unac- 
ceptable. vii.  30 

ingrSdior,  i,  gressus,  (in  + gradior), 

to  get  into  ; to  enter,  advance  ; to  engage 
in,  commence,  ii.  4,  v.  9. 
inicio,  Sre,  leei,  ieetum,  (in  4-  iacio), 
to  cast  into,  inspire,  bring  into;  to  occa- 
sion, cause.  5. 


446 


VOCABULARY. 


inimicitia  — insto 


Inimicitia,  ae.  f.,  (inimicus),  enmity, 
hostility,  vi.  1 2. 

Inimicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in -f  amicus), 

unfriendly,  hostile,  inimical.  7. 
Iniquitas,  atis,  f.,  unevenness,  unfavora- 
ble position,  difficulty,  injustice,  unfair- 
ness. 8. 

Iniquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + aequus), 
uneven , unequal;  disadvantageous,  un- 
favorable, unjust.  16. 

Initium,  i,  n.,  (ineo),  commencement, 
beginning;  element.  23. 
iniungo,  6re,  iunxi,  iunctum,  to  attach, 
fasten  on;  to  inflict,  occasion,  impose, 
bring  upon.  vii.  77. 

iniuria,  ae,  f.,  (in  + ius),  injustice, 
injury,  damage,  wrong.  32. 
iniussu,  ablat.,  uiitmut  command,  i.  19, 

v.  28. 

innascor,  i,  natus,  dep.,  to  be  born  in  ; 
to  arise,  have  its  origin,  grow  in.  i.  41, 
vii.  42. 

innatus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (innascor), 
innate,  inborn,  natural,  i.  41,  vii.  42. 
innitor,  i,  nixus,  dep.,  to  lean  or  rest 
upon  ; to  support  one’s  self  by.  ii.  27. 
innocens,  tis,  adi  , innocent,  harmless. 

vi.  9,  16. 

innocentia,  ae,  f.,  innocence ; upright- 
ness, integrity,  blamelessness.  i.  40. 
Inopia,  ae,  f.,  (inops),  scarcity,  poverty, 
want.  24. 

Indplnans,  tis,  adj.,  (in  + opinor),  not 
expecting,  unawares,  ignorant.  8. 
inquam,  def.,  I say.  13. 
insciens,  tis,  adj.,  (in  + scio),  unaware, 
ignorant,  not  knowing,  i.  19,  v.  7. 
inscientia,  ae,  f.,  (insciens),  inexpe- 
rience, ignorance.  4. 

inscius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + scio),  not 
knowing,  ignorant,  unaware,  iv.  4,  vii. 
77. 

insequor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  to  follow,  pur- 
sue, harass.  18. 

insero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  to  put  in,  insert, 
ingraft,  iii.  14. 


insidiae,  arum,  f.  pi.,  (insideo),  an 

ambush,  ambuscade  ; artifice,  stratagem, 
treachery.  8. 

insidior,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  wait  for, 
watch  for,  lie  in  wait,  form  an  ambus- 
cade. vi.  34. 

insigne,  is,  n.,  (insignis),  a distinctive 
mark,  badge,  decoration.  4. 

insignis,  e,  adj.,  (in  + signum),  re- 
markable, distinguished,  extraordinary. 
i.  12,  ii.  20,  vii.  50. 

insilio,  Ire,  ui  or  ii,  — , (in+  s&lio),  to 

leap  or  spring  into ; to  leap  upon,  spring 
upon.  i.  52. 

inslmiilo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  charqe, 
accuse,  blame,  vii.  20  (twice),  38. 

insinuo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  work  one’s 
way  into;  to  arrive  at,  reach,  come 
among,  iv  33. 

insisto,  6re,  stiti,  — , to  set  foot  upon, 
stand;  to  begin,  adopt,  press  hard 
upon.  5. 

insolenter,  adv.,  (insolens),  in  an  un- 
usual manner,  haughtily,  insolently,  ex- 
cessively. i.  14. 

inspecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  look  at, 
view,  behold,  vii.  25. 

instabilis,  e,  adj.,  (in  + sto),  variable, 
uncertain,  unsteady,  iv.  23. 

instar,  n.  indecl.,  likeness,  image,  ii 
17. 

instigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  incite,  stimu- 
late. v.  56. 

instituo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  (in  -f  statuo), 

to  put,  set,  place  into,  rear,  construct, 
build,  erect ; to  prepare,  make  ready, 
furnish,  provide,  arrange,  institute,  estab- 
lish, appoint;  to  determine,  resolve;  to 
educate;  to  fix  upon.  49. 

institutum,  i,  n.,  (instituo),  a plan, 
purpose,  design  ; habit,  custom  ; institu- 
tion 9. 

insto,  are,  stiti,  statum,  to  stand  on  or 
upon  ; to  follow  closely  up,  pursue  ; to  be 
near  at  hand,  present ; to  draw  near, 
approach;  to  press  on;  to  threaten.  7. 


instrumentum  — interventus  "N  ()C A BULARY. 


447 


instrumentum,  i,  n.,  (instruo),  an  im- 
plement, tool,  utensil,  instrument,  v.  31, 

vi.  30. 

instruo,  ere,  xi,  etum,  to  put  into;  to 
build  into;  to  arrange,  draw  up ; to  fur- 
nish, equip,  prepare  ; to  erect.  19. 
insuefactus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (m  + sues- 
co -f-  facio),  accustomed,  habituated, 
trained,  iii.  24. 

insuetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + suesco)  un- 
accustomed, unused,  unwonted.  v.  6, 

vii.  30. 

insfila,  ae,  f„  an  island.  18. 
insuper,  adv.,  above,  upon,  besides,  more 
over.  iv.  1 7,  vii.  23. 

integer,  gra,  gram,  adj.,  fresh,  new, 
vigorous  ; entire,  whole,  untouched,  unim- 
paired. 11. 

intego,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  cover,  vii.  22, 
73,  79. 

intelllgo,  ere,  lexi,  lectum,  (inter  + 
lego),  to  perceive,  discern,  understand , 
perceive.  45. 

intendo,  ere,  di,  turn  and  sum,  to  direct 
towards,  stretch  out,  endeavor,  strive.  4 
intentus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (intendo), 
attentive,  intent  upon,  on  the  alert,  fixed 
upon,  intent,  iii.  22,  26  ; vii.  80 
inter,  prep,  with  the  acc.,  among,  between, 
amid,  with,  during.  81. 
intercedo,  Sre,  cessi,  cessum,  to  come 
between,  intervene,  intercede,  plead  for. 
10. 

intercipio,  Sre,  cepi,  eeptum,  (inter  + 
capio),  to  seize,  capture,  intercept.  4. 
intercludo,  Sre,  si,  sum,  to  shut  or  cut 
off,  prevent,  hinder,  debar.  13. 
interdico,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  interdict, 
forbid,  prohibit,  exclude.  7. 
interdiu,  adv.,  in  the  daytime;  bi/  day. 
i.  8,  vii.  69,  72. 

interdum,  adv.,  sometimes,  i.  14,  39. 
interea,  adv.,  in  the  meantime,  mean- 
while. 9. 

intereo,  ire,  ii,  Itum,  to  be  lost,  undone  ; 
to  perish.  8. 


interesse.  See  intersum, 
interficio,  Sre,  feci,  feetum,  (inter  + 
facio),  to  slay,  kill,  destroy.  83. 
interlcio,  ere,  ieci,  iectum,  (inter  + 
iacio),  to  throw  or  put  between;  pass., 
to  intervene.  9. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the  mean 
time.  31. 

interior,  us,  comp,  adj.,  inner,  interior ; 

sup.  intimus.  6. 
interiores,  those  in  the  interior. 
interitus,  us,  m.,  (intSreo),  destruction, 
ruin,  annihilation , death,  v.  47. 
intermitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  place 
between,  interjtose,  interrupt,  neglect, 
break  off;  to  cease.  33. 
internSeio,  onis,  f.,  (inter  + neco),  a 
slaughter,  massacre  ; destruction,  i.  13, 
ii.  28. 

interpello,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  disturb, 
interrupt,  hinder,  prevent,  i.  44. 
interpono,  ere,  pdsui,  positum,  to  in- 
terpose, place  between,  allege,  adduce, 
propose,  apply.  8. 

interpres,  etis,  m.  and  f.,  mediator,  inter- 
preter. i.  19,  v.  36. 

interprStor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  expound, 
explain,  interpret,  vi.  13. 
interrogo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  inquire, 
ask;  to  accuse,  vii.  20. 
interrumpo,  Sre,  rupi,  ruptum,  to  inter- 
rupt, break  down.  vii.  19,  34. 
interscindo,  Sre,  Idi,  issum,  to  tear 
down,  destroy,  cut  down.  ii.  9,  vii. 
24. 

intersum,  esse,  fui,  — , to  be  between  ; 
to  be  present ; to  be  occupied  with  ; in- 
terest, imps.,  it  concerns;  it  is  impor- 
tant. 9. 

intervallum,  i,  n.,  (inter  + vallus),  dis- 
tance, interval.  10. 

intervenio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  come 
between ; to  intervene,  arrive,  happen, 
occur,  vi.  37,  vii.  20 
interventus,  us,  m.,  interposition,  inter- 
vention. iii.  15. 


448 


VOCABULARY. 


intexo  — iaeeo 


intexo,  ere,  xui,  xtum,  to  weave  into ; 

to  cover,  interlace,  ii.  33. 
intoleranter,  adv.,  (in  + tolero),  exces- 
sively, immoderately,  vii.  51. 
intra,  prep,  with  ace.,  in,  within,  during. 
19. 

intritus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  (in  + tero),  not 
exhausted ; not  worn  out.  iii.  26. 
intro,  adv.,  within. 

intro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  go  into,  enter, 
penetrate,  ii.  17,  vii.  8,  73. 
introduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  introduce, 
lead  into.  ii.  5,  10;  iii.  20. 
introeo,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  enter,  go 
into.  v.  43. 

introitus,  us,  m.,  access,  entrance,  v.  9. 
intromitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  let  in 
or  send ; to  introduce.  4. 
introrsus,  adv.,  (introversus),  inwardly, 
within,  into  the  interior,  inland.  5. 
introrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  to 
break  or  burst  into  ; to  enter  by  force  ; 
to  break,  v.  51. 

intueor,  eri,  tuitus,  dep.,  to  regard,  be- 
hold, look  at.  i.  32. 

intus,  adv.,  on  the  inside,  within,  v.  45, 
vi.  37. 

Inusitatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uncommon,  un- 
usual, unwonted,  extraordinary,  strange. 
ii.  31,  iv.  25  (twice). 

Inutilis,  e,  adj.,  unprofitable,  useless.  5. 
invenio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  come 
upon,  find,  meet  with  ; to  find  out,  dis- 
cover, contrive.  6. 

inventor,  oris,  m.,  author,  inventor,  origi- 
nator. vi.  17. 

inveterasco,  ere,  ravi,  — , to  grow  old ; 
to  become  established;  to  settle,  ii.  1, 

v.  41. 

invicem,  adv.,  (in  + vieis),  one  after 
another,  by  turns,  mutually,  alternately. 
iv.  1,  vii.  85. 

invictus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unconquered,  un- 
vanquished, invincible,  i.  36. 
invideo,  ere,  vidi,  visum,  to  grudge  ; to 
envy.  ii.  31. 


invidia,  ae,  f.,  envy,  jealousy,  grudge, 
ill-will,  hatred,  malice,  vii.  77. 
inviolatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (in  + violo), 
inviolate,  inviolable,  iii.  9. 
invito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  allude,  entice, 
invite.  4. 

invitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unwilling,  reluctant, 
against  one’s  will.  7. 
ipse,  a,  um,  intens.  pers.  pron.,  himself, 
itself,  herself;  adj.  pron.,  very,  pre- 
cisely, exactly.  190. 

Iracundia,  ae,  f.,  rage,  anger,  passion. 

vi.  5r,  vii.  42. 

Iracundus,  a,  um,  adj.,  passionate, 
angry,  irascible,  i.  31. 
irrideo,  ere,  risi,  rlsum,  (in  + rldeo), 
to  laugh  at,  ridicule,  ii.  30. 
irridicule,  adv.,  unwittily.  i.  42. 
irrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  to  break 
into,  rush  into,  invade ; to  storm,  force 
one’s  way  into.  5. 

irruptio,  onis,  f.,  an  invasion,  attack, 
irruption,  vii.  70. 

Is,  ea,  Id,  dem.  adj.  pron.,  this,  that, 
such;  eo,  ablat.,  on  that  account,  for 
this  reason  ; ea,  ablat.,  in  that  way  ; 
pers.  pron.,  he,  she,  it.  962. 
iste,  a,  ud,  deni.  adj.  pron.,  this  of  yours ; 
that,  this,  such  ; pers.  pron.,  he,  she,  it. 

vii.  77. 

Ita,  adv.,  in  this  way,  thus,  so,  in  such  a 
manner.  42. 

Itaque,  conj.,  therefore,  so,  thus,  to  such  a 
degree.  29. 

Item,  adv.,  likewise,  also,  in  like  manner. 

28. 

Iter,  Itineris,  n.,  (eo),  a march,  journey, 
way.  112. 

ItSrum,  adv.,  again.  4. 

Iturus,  a,  um.  See  eo. 

I (consonant). 

iaceo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  he,  lie  down,  lie 
dead  ; to  extend,  ii.  27,  vii.  25. 


iaeio  — languor 


VOCABULARY. 


449 


iaeio,  ere,  leei,  iaetum,  to  cast,  throw, 
hurl,  fling  : to  throw  up,  construct.  7. 
iacto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (iaeio),  to  throw, 
fling,  toss,  cast,  hurl ; to  speak  or  make 
mention  of;  to  discuss,  examine,  talk 
about,  i.  IS,  25  ; vii.  47. 
iactura,  ae,  f.,  (iaeio),  a throwing  away  ; 
loss,  damage,  hurt,  sacrifice,  vi.  12, 
vii.  26,  77. 

iaeulum,  i,  n.,  a dart,  javelin,  v 43,  45. 
iam,  adv.,  already,  now,  soon.  67. 
iuba,  ae,  f.,  a mane.  i.  48. 
iubeo,  ere,  iussi,  iussum,  to  order-,  com- 
mand, bid.  112. 

iudieium,  i,  n.,  a judging,  trial,  judg- 
ment, decision,  sentence,  opinion,  10. 
iudleo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ius  + dieo),  to 
judge,  determine,  decide,  declare  ; to 
deem,  consider,  think.  19. 
iugum,  i,  n.,  a yoke  ; the  yoke  (formed 
by  a spear  fastened  to  the  top  of  two 
other  spears  set  upright  in  the  ground, 
under  which  the  vanquished  force  was 
made  to  pass  in  token  of  subjection)  ; 
height,  ridge,  summit.  13. 
iumentum,  i,  n.,  a beast  of  burden, 
draught-animat,  ox,  horse,  etc.  7. 
iunctura,  ae,  f.,  (iungo),  a junction, 
joint,  union,  iv.  17. 

iungo,  ere,  iunxi,  iunetum,  to  join, 
unite,  bind,  fasten.  5. 
junior.  See  invents.  vii.  1. 

Iupiter,  Iovis,  m . son  of  Saturn,  and 
king  of  the  gods.  vi.  17. 
iuro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  swear,  i.  31, 

vi.  12. 

ius,  iuris,  n.,  law.  right,  justice,  power, 
authority.  10. 

iusiurandum,  iurisiurandi,  n.,  (ius  + 
iuro),  an  oath.  21. 

iussu,  ablat,,  by  command  ; by  order. 

vii.  3. 

iustitia,  ae,  f , equity,  justice,  upright- 
ness, 4. 

iustrus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ius),  right,  fair, 
just,  customary,  appropriate.  7. 


iuvenis,  e,  adj.,  young ; iuvenis,  is,  m., 
a youth  ; comp.,  iunior.  vii.  1. 
iuventus,  utis,  f.,  uouth  ; uounq  persons. 
iii.  16,  vi.  14,  23. 

iuvo,  are,  iuvi,  iutum,  to  aul,  help, 
assist.  5. 

iuxta,  adv.,  near  by,  close  to,  by,  next  to, 
near  to,  near.  ii.  26. 

K. 

Kalendae,  arum,  f.  pi  , tiie  first  day  of 
the  Roman  month,  i.  6. 

L. 

labor,  i,  lapsus,  dep.,  to  fall  down,  slip 
down  : to  err,  commit  a fault,  make  a 
mistake,  fail.  v.  3,  55. 
labor,  oris,  m.,  toil,  labor,  exertion,  work : 

f atigue,  hardship,  trouble,  distress.  31. 
laboro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  toil,  labor ; to 
suffer,  be  distressed : to  be  in  danger 
or  difficulty.  12. 

labrum,  i,  n.,  a Up.  the  edge  or  rim.  v. 
14,  vi.  28,  vii.  72. 

lae,  lactis,  n.,  milk.  iv.  1,  v.  14.  vi  22. 
lacesso,  ere,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (Iaeio),  to 

attack,  assail,  provoke,  irritate,  chal 
lenge.  10. 

lacrima,  ae,  f.,  a tear.  i.  20,  39. 
laerimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  weep,  vii 
38. 

lacus,  us,  m.,  a lake.  i.  2,  8 : iii.  1 . 
laedo,  ere,  laesi,  laesum,  to  strike,  in- 
jure, violate,  harm.  vi.  9. 
laetatio,  onis,  f.,  gladness,  joy.  v.  22. 
laetitia,  ae,  f.,  gladness,  joy,  exultation, 
delight,  v.  48,  vii.  79. 
laetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  glad,  joyful,  iii.  IS 
languide,  ad \,  feebly,  faintly,  languidly. 
vii.  27. 

languidus,  a,  um,  adj  , feeble,  faint, 
sluggish,  languid,  iii.  5. 
languor,  oris,  m.,  faintness,  languor, 
weariness,  listlessness.  v.  31. 


29 


450 


VOCABULARY. 


lapis  — lis 


l&pis,  Idis,  m.,  a stone.  8. 
laqueus,  i,  m , a snare,  noose,  vii.  22. 
largior,  iri,  itus,  dep.,  to  give  bounti- 
fully, bestow,  distribute,  supply,  impart. 
i.  18,  vi.  24. 

largiter,  adv.,  liberally,  largely,  i.  18. 
largitio,  onis,  f.,  liberal  giving,  i.  9. 
lassitudo.  Inis,  f.,  (lassus),  fatigue , 
weariness,  lassitude,  ii.  23,  iv.  15. 
late,  adv.,  extensively,  widely.  8. 
latebra,  ae,  f.,  a lurking  place,  hiding 
place,  retreat,  covert,  vi.  43. 
lateo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  skulk,  lurk,  lie  hid- 
den, concealed,  ii.  19,  iii  14. 
latitudo,  Inis,  f.,  width,  breadth,  extent.  9. 
latro,  onis,  m.,  a robber,  bandit,  iii.  17, 
vii.  38. 

latrocinium,  i,  n.,  robbery,  vi.  16,23,  35. 
latus,  a,  urn,  adj  , wide,  broad,  spacious, 
extensive.  10. 
latus,  a,  urn.  See  fero. 
latus,  6ris,  n.,  the  flank,  side.  25. 
laudo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (laus),  to  com- 
mend, praise,  v.  8. 

laus,  laudis,  f.,  fame,  praise,  renown, 
merit.  13. 

ravo,  are,  and  ere,  lavi,  lavatum, 
lautum,  and  lotum,  to  bathe,  wash. 
iv.  1. 

laxo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  widen,  open, 
loosen,  extend,  ii.  25. 
legatio,  onis,  f.,  a deputation,  legation, 
embassy.  15. 

legatus,  i,  m.,  (lego),  an  ambassador, 
lieutenant,  deputy,  delegate.  123. 
legio,  onis,  f , (16go),  a legion.  188. 
legionarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  a legion, 
legionary.  7. 

Lemannus,  i,  m.,  the  lake  of  Geneva. 
i . 2,  8 ; iii.  1 . 

lenis,  e,  adj.,  mild,  gentle,  soft,  smooth  ; 

gradually  rising,  sloping.  7. 
lenitas,  atis,  f.,  smoothness,  mildness, 
gentleness,  i 12. 
leniter,  adv.,  mildly,  gently.  5. 
lepus,  oris,  m , a hare.  v.  12. 


lgvis,  e,  adj.,  light,  trifling,  trivial,  slight, 
fickle.  11. 

levitas,  atis,  f.,  fickleness,  inconstancy , 
lightness,  ii.  1,  vii.  43. 
levo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (levis),  to  alle- 
viate, relieve,  aid,  lighten,  v.  27. 
lex,  legis,  f.,  a law.  14. 
libenter,  adv.,  (libens),  cheerfully,  wil- 
lingly. i.  44,  iii.  18,  vi.  4. 
liber,  era,  erum,  adj.,  unrestrained, 
free.  11. 

libSralltas,  atis,  f.,  (libSralis ),  liberality, 
generosity,  i.  18,  4.3. 
liberallter,  adv.,  liberally,  graciously, 
kindly,  ii.  5,  iv.  18,  21. 
libSre,  adv.,  (liber),  frankly,  boldly, 
freely.  4. 

liberi,  orum,  m.  pi.,  children.  15. 
lib6ro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  release,  liber- 
ate, free.  5. 

libertas,  atis,  f.,  (liber),  liberty,  free- 
dom. 19. 

librilis,  e,  adj.,  (libra),  weighing  a pound. 
vii.  81. 

licentia,  ae,  f.,  (licet),  license,  freedom, 
liberty  ; boldness,  lawlessness,  presump- 
tion. vii.  52. 

liceor,  eri,  lleltus,  dep  , to  bid  at  auction. 
i.  18  (twice). 

licet,  ere,  licuit  or  licitum  est,  impers., 

it  is  allowed,  it  is  permitted ; one  may 
or  can.  17. 

lignatio,  onis,  f.,  procuring  wood.  v.  39. 
lignator,  oris,  m.,  a woodman,  wood- 
cutter v.  26. 

lilium,  i,  n.,  a lily  ; a military  work  in 
the  form  of  a lily.  vii.  73. 
linea,  ae,  f.,  a string,  a line.  vii.  23. 
lingua,  ae,  f.,  the  tongue ; speech,  lan - 
guage.  i.  1 (twice),  47. 
lingula,  ae,  f.,  a tongue  of  land  iii  12. 
linter,  tris,  f.,  a skiff,  boat.  i.  12,  53  ; 
vii.  60. 

linum,  i,  n.,  linen,  flax,  iii  13. 
lis,  litis,  f.,  dispute,  strife,  damages,  law- 
suit. v.  1. 


littera  — maritimus 


VOCABULARY. 


451 


littera,  ae,  f.,  n letter  of  the  alphabet; 

pi.,  an  epistle,  letter,  despatches.  22. 
iitus,  oris,  n.,  the  bank,  shore,  coast, 
strand.  6. 

ldcus,  i,  m,  (pi.  Idea  and  loci),  a spot, 
place,  position,  condition,  rank,  station. 

277. 

longe,  adv.,  at  a distance,  far.  65. 
longinquus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  remote,  long, 
removed,  of  long  duration,  long  contin- 
ued. 5. 

longitudo,  Inis,  f.,  length.  11. 
longurius,  i,  m.,  a long  pole,  iii  11,  iv. 
17,  vii.  Si. 

longus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  long,  distant.  83. 
loquor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  to  declare,  sag, 
speak.  8. 

lorica,  ae,  f.,  a coat  of  mail,  corselet , 
breastwork,  parapet,  v.  40,  vii.  72,  86. 
luna,  ae,  f , the  moon.  i.  50,  iv.  29,  vi.  21 
lux,  lucis,  f.,  daylight,  light.  18. 
luxuria,  ae,  f.,  (luxus),  luxury ; extrava- 
gance, excess,  ii.  15. 

M 

maceria,  ae,  f.,  an  inclosure,  a wall,  vii 
69,  7-0. 

machinatio,  onis,  f.,  a machine,  ii  30, 
31,  iv.  17. 

maestus,  a,  um,  adj.,  mournful,  sail, 
sorrowful,  dejected,  vii.  80. 
magis,  comp,  adv.,  rather,  more ; sup. 
maxime.  15. 

magistratus,  us,  m.,a  magistracy,  officer, 
magistrate.  21. 

magnificus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (magnus  + 
facio),  magnificent,  splendid,  vi.  19. 
magnitudo.  Inis,  f.,  size,  magnitude,  ex- 
tent. 28. 

magnopere,  .adv.,  (magnus  -f  opus), 

greatly,  very  much,  exceedingly,  strong- 
ly. 7. 

magnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  great,  large,  ex- 
tensive, spacious  ; powerful,  important: 

comp,  maior,  sup.  maximus.  353. 


maiestas,  atis,  (maius),  honor,  dignity, 
excellence,  splendor,  majesty,  vii.  17 
maior,  comp,  of  magnus. 
maiSres,  um,  m.  pi.,  (maior),  ancestors, 

forefathers.  16. 

malacia,  ae,  f.,  a calm  at  sea,  dead 
culm.  iii.  15. 

male,  adv.,  dl,  badly,  unfortunate,  ad- 
versely, unsuccessfully  ; comp,  peius, 
sup.  pessime,  i.  40. 
maleficium,  i,  n , (male  + facio),  an 
offence,  evil  deed,  damage,  mischief, 
harm.  4. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  (magis  + volo), 

to  choose  rather;  to  prefer,  be  more  will- 
ing. iii.  8,  20. 

malus,  i,  m.,  a pole,  must.  iii.  14,  vii. 
22. 

malus,  a,  um,  adj.,  evil,  bad,  injurious, 
mischievous,  destructive;  comp,  peior, 
eup  pessimus,  i.  40. 
mandatum,  i,  u.,  order,  commission, 
command,  charge.  7. 
mando,  are,  avi,  atum,  (manus  + do), 
to  enjoin,  order,  command ; to  commis- 
sion, bid.  19. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning,  iv.  13,  v.  10, 
vii.  18. 

maneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansum,  to  stay, 
continue,  remain.  9. 
manipularis,  e,  adj.,  of  or  belonging  to  a 
compan  y,  manipular ; in  pin.  as  noun, 
soldiers  of  same  company,  vii.  47,  50. 
manipulus,  i,  m.,  (manus  + plenus), 
a bundle,  handful ; a company  of  soldiers. 
ii  25,  vi.  34,  40. 

mansuefio,  fleri,  factus,  irr.  pass., 
(manus  A suetus  + flo),  to  be  lamed. 
vi.  28. 

mansuetudo,  Inis,  f.,  gentleness,  clem- 
ency, mildness,  ii.  14,  31. 
manus,  us,  f.,  a hand,  an  armed  force, 
band  of  troops  ; art,  power.  47. 
mare,  is,  n.,  the  sea.  16. 
maritimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  maritime,  of  or 
on  the  sea.  11. 


452 


VOCABULARY. 


Mars  — minime 


Mars,  Martis,  in.,  the  god  of  war  ; 
battle,  war,  strij'e.  vi.  17  (twice), 
vii.  19. 

mas,  maris,  ill.,  a male.  vi.  26. 
matara,  ae,  f.,  a pike,  javelin,  i.  26. 
mater,  tris,  f.,  a mother.  6. 
materfamiliae.  See  mater  and  familia, 
materia,  ae,  f , and  materies,  ei,  f., 
(mater),  matter,  material,  wood,  tim- 
ber; materia,  8;  materies,  vii  24. 
materior,  ari,  atus,  to  Jell  or  procure 
timber,  vii.  73. 

matrimonium,  i,  n.,  marriage,  i.  3,  9. 
mature,  adv.,  early,  seasonably  ; speedily, 
soon,  quickly.  5. 

maturesco,  ere,  urui,  — , to  become  ripe, 
ripen,  vi.  29. 

maturo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make  ripe  ; 

to  hasten,  make  haste.  4. 
maturus,  a,  um,  adj  , ripe,  mature ; 
timely,  seasonable,  right,  suitable,  proper, 
Jit.  7. 

maxime,  adv.,  in  the  highest  degree,  very, 
most,  especially,  vii.  68. 
maximus,  a,  um,  sup.  of  magnus, 
medeor,  eri,  dep.,  to  heal,  cure,  remedy  ; 

to  correct,  relieve,  take  care.  v.  24. 
mediocris,  e,  adj.,  (medius),  ordinary, 
middling,  moderate.  7. 
mSdiocriter,  adv.,  ordinarily,  in  an  ordi- 
nary degree,  moderately,  i.  39. 
mediterraneus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (medius  + 
terra),  inland,  remote  from  the  sea. 

v.  12. 

medius,  a,  um,  adj.,  in  the  middle,  in 
the  midst,  middle,  intermediate.  29. 
melior,  us,  comp,  of  bfinus. 
melius,  comp,  of  bene, 
membrum,  i,  n.,  a limb,  member,  iv.  24, 

vi.  16. 

m§mlni,  isse,  defect.,  to  recollect,  remem- 
ber. iii  6,  vii.  37. 

mSmoria,  ae,  f.,  recollection,  memory. 

21. 

mendacium,  i,  n , a falsehood.  vii. 

38. 


mens,  mentis,  f.,  the  soul,  mind  ; feel- 
ings, disposition,  intellect,  judgment, 
reason  ; heart,  soul,  courage.  8. 
mensis,  is,  in.,  a month.  4. 
mensura,  ae,  f.,  (metior),  measurement, 
measure,  v.  13,  vi.  25. 
mentio,  onis,  f.,  mention,  vi.  38. 
mercator,  oris,  m.,  (mercor),  a trader, 
merchant.  11. 

mercatura,  ae,  f.,  (mercor),  traffic,  com- 
merce, trade,  vi.  17. 
merces,  edis,  f.,  (mSreo),  hire,  pay, 
wages,  salary,  reward,  i.  31. 
MercQrius,  i.,  m.,  Mercury,  son  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Maia,  and  messenger  of  the 
gods.  vi.  17. 

mereo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  and  mSreor,  eri, 
itus,  dep.,  to  get,  gain,  acquire,  obtain ; 
to  deserve,  merit,  serve.  15. 
meridianus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  midday, 
noon.  v.  8. 

meridies,  ei,  m.,  (mSdius  + dies),  noon, 
midday,  the  south.  7. 
merito,  adv.,  justly,  deservedly,  accord- 
ing to  desert.  4. 

meritum,  i,  n , desert,  merit,  favor,  kind- 
ness, service.  5. 

metior,  Tri,  mensus,  dep.,  to  measure 
out,  measure,  deal  out.  i.  16,  23  ; 
vii.  71. 

meto,  6re,  messui,  messum,  to  mow, 
reap,  gather  in,  harvest,  iv.  32. 
metus,  us,  ill.,  dread,  fear.  8. 
meus,  a,  um,  poss.  adj.  pron.,  my,  of 
mine,  mine.  4. 

miles,  Itis,  m.  and  f.,  a soldier.  169. 
mllia.  See  mille. 

militaris,  e,  adj.,  warlike,  military, 
soldierly.  18. 

militia,  ae,  f.,  war,  warfare,  military 
service,  vi.  14,  vii.  14. 
mille,  mini.  adj.  and  subs.,  a thousand; 

pin.  milia,  ium.  115. 
minime,  adv.  (sup.  of  parum),  least  of 
all,  least,  by  no  means,  not  in  the  least, 
not  at  all.  7. 


minimus  — multo 


VOCABULARY. 


453 


minimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sup.  of  parvus), 
the  smallest,  least..  4. 
minor,  us,  adj.,  (comp,  of  parvus),  less, 
smaller,  inferior.  19. 
mlnuo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  to  diminish,  im- 
pair ; to  remove,  settle,  put  an  end  to  ; 
to  weaken,  grow  small.  10. 
minus,  adv.,  (comp,  of  parvum),  less, 
not.  33. 

mlror,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  admire,  won- 
der. i.  32,  v.  54,  vii.  44. 
mlrus,  a,  um,  adj.,  wonderful,  i.  34,  41. 
miser,  era,  erum,  adj.,  unfortunate,  piti- 
able, wretched,  lamentable,  i.  32,  ii.  28, 

vi.  35. 

mlsSrlcordia,  ae,  f.,  compassion,  pity, 
mercy.  4. 

miseror,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  lament,  de- 
plore, bewail,  pity,  commiserate,  i.  39, 

vii.  1. 

missus,  us,  m.,  a dispatching,  sending. 
v.  27,  vi.  7. 

mite,  adv.,  gently,  mildly,  vii.  43. 
mitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  let  go,  send, 
dispatch,  dismiss,  break  up,  cast,  hurl, 
throw,  launch.  160. 

mdbllis,  e,  adj.,  (moveo),  movable; 

fickle,  changeable,  iv.  5. 
mobilitas,  atis,  f.,  changeableness ; speed, 
rapidity,  ii.  1,  iv.  33. 
mobiliter,  adv.,  quickly,  rapidly,  easily. 
iii.  10. 

modSror,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (modus), 
to  restrict,  moderate,  manage,  direct, 
regulate,  govern,  iv.  33,  vii.  75. 
modestia,  ae,  f.,  modesty,  unassuming 
conduct,  moderation,  discretion,  vii.  52. 
modo,  adv.,  (modus),  only,  merely,  but, 
just,  even,  lately  ; non  modo,  not  only  ; 
modo  — modo,  sometimes  — some- 
times, now  — now.  23. 
modus,  i,  m.,  extent,  measure,  way , man- 
ner, mode.  26. 

moenia,  ium,  n.  pi.,  (munio),  defensive 
walls,  ramparts,  bulwarks,  fortifications, 
defences,  a walled  town.  4. 


moles,  is,  f.,  a huge  mass ; a mole,  clam, 
dike.  iii.  12'. 

moleste,  adv.,  with  trouble,  in  a trouble- 
some way,  annoying/ y ; moleste  fero, 
I take  it  ill,  I am  displeased,  ii.  1. 
molimentum,  i,  n.,  efi'ort,  exertion,  en- 
deavor. i.  34. 

mSlItus,  a,  um.  See  molo. 
mollio,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  make  soft, 
soften  ; to  make  gentle ; to  lighten,  ease. 
vii.  46. 

mollis,  e,  adj.,  mild,  gentle,  soft,  weak, 
feeble,  sloping,  iii.  19,  v.  9. 
mollitia,  ae,  f.,  weakness,  effeminacy. 
vii.  77. 

mollities,  ei,  f.  irresolution,  effeminacy, 
timidity,  iveakness.  vii.  20. 
molo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  grind,  i.  5. 
momentum,  i,  n.,  weight,  influence, 
moment,  importance,  vii.  39,  85. 
moneo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  warn,  admon- 
ish, advise,  instruct,  teach,  tell,  in- 
form. 8. 

mons,  tis,  m.,  a mountain.  33. 
m5ra,  ae,  f.,  hindrance,  delay,  obstacle.  4. 
morbus,  i,  m.,  sickness,  disease,  vi.  16, 

17. 

morior,  i,  mortuus,  dep.,  to  die.  i.  4, 
iii.  22,  vi.  13. 

moror,  ari,  atus,  to  stay,  tarry,  delay, 
linger,  hinder,  detain.  20. 
mors,  mortis,  f.,  death.  20. 
mos,  moris,  m.,  custom,  manner,  usage, 
character,  practice.  18. 
motus,  us,  m.,  movement,  motion,  rising, 
rebellion,  disturbance,  commotion.  14. 
moveo,  ere,  movi,  m5tum,  to  move,  set 
in  motion;  to  influence,  affect;  to  excite, 
occasion,  remove,  break  up.  17. 
mulier,  dris,  f.,  a woman,  wife.  8. 
mulio,  onis,  m.,  a muleteer,  vii.  45. 
multitudo,  Inis,  f.,  a great  number,  mul- 
titude, crowd,  populace,  the  common 
people.  83. 

multo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  fine,  punish, 
deprive  of  impose  a fine.  vii.  54. 


454 


VOCABULARY. 


multo  — nefarius 


multo,  adv.,  by  far,  much.  12. 
multum,  adv.,  greatly,  much,  far,  espe- 
cially. 17. 

multus,  a,  um,  adj.,  many,  much;  comp. 

plus,  sup.  plurimus.  70. 
mulus,  i,  m.,  a mule.  vii.  45. 
mundus,  i,  m , the  universe  ; the  heavens, 
world,  vi.  14. 

munimentum,  i,  n.,  a fortification,  de- 
fence, rampart,  bulwark,  ii.  17. 
munio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii.  Itum,  to  fortify, 
protect,  secure.  37. 

munitio,  onis,  f.,  a rampart,  defence, 
fortification.  73. 

munitus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (munio), 
secured,  fortified.  20. 
munus,  eris,  n.,  a gift,  present ; func- 
tion, office,  charge,  i.  43,  vi.  18,  vii. 
25. 

muralis,  e,  adj.,  mural,  iii.  14,  v.  40, 
vii.  82. 

murus,  i,  m.,  a wall.  48. 
musculus,  i,  m.,  (mus),  a little  mouse  ; 

a warlike  machine,  vii.  84. 
mutilus,  a,  um,  adj.,  mutilated,  maimed. 
vi.  27. 

muto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  alter,  change  ; 
to  avoid ; to  improve,  vii.  45. 

N. 

nactus,  a,  um.  See  nanciscor, 
nam  or  namque,  conj.,  for.  nam,  46  ; 
namque,  5. 

nanciscor,  i,  nactus,  dep.,  to  meet  with, 
acquire,  find,  obtain.  17. 
nascor,  i,  natus,  dep.,  to  arise,  proceed  ; 

to  be  born,  be  produced.  20. 
natalis,  e,  adj.,  natal,  of  birth,  vi.  18. 
natio,  onis,  i.,  (nascor),  a people,  nation, 
race.  16. 

nativus,  a,  um,  adj.,  natural,  vi.  10. 
natu,  m.,  ablat.,  by  birth,  in  age ; maio- 
res natu,  the  older  persons  (ancestors). 
ii.  13,  28,  iv.  13. 


natura,  ae,  f.,  (nascor),  nature  ; charac- 
ter, disposition.  30. 
natus,  a,  um.  See  nascor, 
nauta,  ae,  in.,  a sailor,  iii.  9,  v.  10. 
nauticus,  a,  um,  adj  , (nauta),  naval, 
nautical,  iii.  8. 

navalis,  e,  adj.,  naval , iii.  19,  v.  22 
navicula,  ae,  f.,  (navis),  a skiff,  little 
boat.  i.  53. 

navigatio,  onis,  f.,  (navigo),  a sailing, 
navigation,  voyage.  6. 
navigium,  i,  n , a vessel,  iii.  14,  iv.  26, 
v.  8. 

navigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (navis  + ago), 

to  steer  or  navigate  a ship,  navigate, 
sail  over.  7. 

navis,  is,  f.,  a ship,  bark,  vessel ; navis 
longa,  a ship  of  war.  115. 
navo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  perform  vigor- 
ously or  diligently,  ii.  25. 
ne,  conj.,  that  not,  lest ; ne  — quidem, 
not  even.  153. 

nS,  enclit.  conj.,  whether;  ne  — ne, 
whether  — or  (in  direct  questions  often 
omitted  in  translating).  10. 
nec,  conj.,  neither,  nor,  and  not,  but  not ; 
nee  — nec,  or  neque  — neque,  neither 
— nor.  nee,  31  ; lieque,  263. 
necessario,  adv.,  necessarily,  of  neces- 
sity. 15. 

nScessarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  necessary, 
pressing.  20. 

necessarius,  i,  m.,  a relative,  friend, 
kinsman,  i.  11. 

necesse,  adj.,  iudecl.,  necessary.  9. 
necessitas,  atis,  f.,  necessity.  6. 
necessitudo,  inis,  f.,  necessity,  need, 
want;  relationship,  intimacy,  friend- 
ship. i.  43. 

necne,  conj.,  (nec  -|-  ne),  or  not.  i.  50. 
neeo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  kill,  destroy, 
slay.  6. 

necubi,  adv.,  lest  anywhere,  that  nowhere. 
vii.  35. 

nefarius,  a,  um,  adj  .,  wicked,  impious, 
base,  abominable,  vii.  38,  77. 


nefas  — nox 


VOCABULARY. 


455 


nSfas,  n.,  indecl.,  criminal,  impious  ; 
a disgrace,  impiety,  abomination,  vil- 
lam/. vii.  40. 

negllgo,  ere,  lexi,  lectum,  (nec  + lego), 
to  disregard,  slight,  neglect.  12. 
nego,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  refuse,  deny, 
say  no.  5. 

neg5tior,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  trade,  carry 
on  a business,  traffic,  vii.  3,  42,  55. 
nSgotium,  i,  n.,  (nee  + otium),  occupa- 
tion, business  ; matter,  affair,  difficulty, 
fact.  14. 

nemo.  Inis,  m.  and  f.,  (ne  + homo), 
no  one,  nobody,  no  man.  14. 
nequaquam,  adv.,  in  no  wise,  by  no 
means,  iv.  23,  vii.  77. 
neque,  conj.,  (ne  + que).  See  nee. 
nequiquam,  adv.,  in  vain,  to  no  purpose. 
ii.  27. 

nequis  is  more  properly  written  ne  quis. 
See  quis. 

Nervicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Nervian,  ii.  27. 
nervus,  i,  m.,  a nerve,  sinew ; strength, 
vigor,  force,  i.  20,  vi.  21. 
neu  or  neve,  conj.,  and  not,  nor,  neither. 

neu,  11  ; neve,  4. 

neuter,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  (ne  + uter), 

neither  of  two,  neither,  ii.  9,  vii.  63. 
nex,  necis,  f.,  death,  murder,  slaughter. 
i.  16,  vi.  19,  23. 

nihil,  n.,  indecl.,  nothing,  nought ; nihilo 
secius,  nevertheless  ; nihilo  minus, 
nevertheless.  54. 

nlmis,  adv.,  very,  too  much,  exceedingly. 

vii.  36. 

nimius,  a,  um,  adj.,  too  much,  too  great, 
excessive,  immoderate,  vii.  29. 
nisi,  conj.,  if  not,  except,  unless.  24. 
nitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus,  dep.,  to  en- 
deavor, strive,  exert  one’s  self,  attempt. 
i.  13,  vi.  37,  63. 

nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow.  vii.  8 (twice),  55. 
nobilis,  e,  adj.,  (nosco),  noted,  re- 
nowned, famous,  illustrious,  noble.  10. 
nobilitas,  atis,  f , reputation,  renown, 
fame,  worth,  nobleness.  7. 


nocens,  tis,  partie.  adj.,  hurtful,  per- 
nicious, guilty,  criminal,  vi.  9. 
noceo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  hurt,  injure, 
harm.  12. 

noctu,  adv.,  by  night.  16. 
nocturnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  night,  noctur- 
nal. 10. 

nodus,  i,  in  , a joint ; knot,  tie,  bond. 
vi.  27. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  — , irr.,  (non  volo), 

to  be  unwilling ; to  dislike,  not  to  wish 
well  to.  11. 

nomen,  Inis,  n.,  (nosco),  a name  ; rea- 
son, account,  excuse,  pretence.  18. 
nomlnatim,  adv.,  (nomino),  by  name, 
expressly.  4. 

ndmlno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  call  by  name; 
to  appoint,  nominate.  ii.  18,  vii.  39, 
73. 

non,  adv.,  not,  no.  313. 
nonaginta,  num.  adj.,  ninety,  i.  29. 
nondum,  adv.,  not  yet.  9. 
nonnihil,  adv.,  something , somewhat,  iii. 
17. 

nonnullus,  a,  um,  adj.,  some.  24. 
nonnumquam,  adv.,  sometimes.  4. 
nonus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  the  ninth. 
ii.  23,  iv.  23,  v.  53. 

Noricus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Norican,  i.  5,  53. 
nosco,  Sre,  novi,  ndtum,  to  learn,  be- 
come acquainted  with,  know.  12. 
noster,  tra,  trum,  poss.  adj.  pron.,  ours, 
of  ours,  our.  233. 

notitia,  ae,  f.,  knoivledqe,  acquaintance. 
vi.  21,  24. 

notus,  a,  um,  partie.  adj.,  (nosco), 
known,  well  known,  noted.  7. 
novem,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  nine.  4. 
novitas,  atis,  f.,  newness,  novelty,  strange- 
ness. iv.  34,  vii.  58. 

novus,  a,  um,  adj  , new,  strange,  recent, 
unusual;  sup.  novissimus,  the  latest, 
last,  newest ; agmen  novissimum,  the 
rear  ; novissimi,  the  rear,  rear  men. 
34. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night.  46. 


456 


VOCABULARY. 


noxia  — obtineo 


noxia,  ae,  f.,  (noceo),  crime,  offence, 
fault,  vi.  16. 

nubo,  gre,  nupsi,  nuptum,  to  veil ; 

to  marry,  be  married,  i.  18. 
nudo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  uncover,  bare, 
strip,  expose ; to  deprive.  7. 
nudus,  a,  um,  adj.,  naked,  bare,  unpro- 
tected, uncovered,  i.  25,  vi.  21,  vii.  47. 
nullus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ne  + ullus),  none, 
no,  not  am/.  56. 

nnm,  iuterrog.  adv.,  whether,  i.  14. 
numen.  Inis,  u.,  (nuo),  the  will  of  the 
gods;  command,  deity,  divinity,  vi.  16. 
numgrus,  i,  m.,  quantity,  number, position, 
rank,  estimation,  account.  105. 
Niimlda,  ae,  m.,  a Nitmidian.  ii.  7, 
10,  24. 

nummus,  i,  m.,  a piece  of  money,  coin. 
v.  12  (twice). 

nunc,  adv.,  at  present,  now.  8. 
nuntio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  announce, 
bring  news,  report,  inform,  warn.  28. 
nuntius,  i,  m.,  tidings,  news,  message, 
order ; messenger,  courier.  34. 
nuper,  adv.,  recently,  lately,  not  long 
ago.  4. 

nusquam,  (ne  + usquam),  adv.,  nowhere, 
in  no  case.  vii.  17. 

nutus,  us,  m.,  (nuo),  a nod,  beck,  will; 
command,  pleasure  ; gravity,  weight, 
i.  31,  iv.  23,  v.  43. 

O. 

5b,  prep  with  aec.,  on  account  of  for, 
for  the  sake  of.  15. 

obaeratus,  a,  um,  adj  , (ob  + aes), 
involved  in  debt.  i.  4. 

Sbaeratus,  i,  m.,  a debtor,  i.  4. 
obduco,  gre,  duxi,  duetum,  to  lead 
against  or  to,  draw  forward,  draw  out ; 
to  construct,  ii.  8. 

5beo,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  traverse, 
go  through,  come  to,  go  against ; to  exe- 
cute, perform,  do.  v.  33. 


obitus,  us,  m.,  (obeo),  death,  ii.  29. 
oblcio,  ere,  ieei,  iectum,  (ob  + iacio), 

to  throw  before,  throw  up,  expose,  oppose; 
to  present,  offer.  6. 

obiectus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (obicio), 
lying  before  or  opposite,  open  to,  ex- 
posed, intervening,  vi.  10,  37  , vii.  59. 
oblatus,  a,  um.  See  offero, 
oblique,  adv.,  obliquely,  iv.  17. 
obliquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  oblique,  slanting, 
sidewise,  vii.  73. 

obliviscor,  i,  oblitus,  den.,  to  forget. 
i.  14,  vii.  34. 

obsgcro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ob  + sScro), 

to  implore,  entreat,  beseech,  i.  20,  vii. 
8,  38. 

obsgquentia,  ae,  f , (obsgquens),  obse- 
quiousness, compliance,  vii.  29. 
observo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  observe, 
watch,  regard,  notice  . to  obey.  4. 
obses,  Idis,  m.  and  f , (ob  + sgdeo), 
a pledge,  security,  hostage.  71. 
obsessio,  onis,  f.,  (obsideo),  a siege. 
vi.  36,  vii.  36. 

obsideo,  eri,  sedi,  sessum,  (ob  + 
sgdeo),  to  besiege,  blockade,  6. 
obsidio,  onis,  f.,  (obsideo),  a blockade, 
siege;  imminent  pen!.  7. 
obsigno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  seal,  sign, 
execute,  make,  i 39. 
obsisto,  gre,  stlti,  stltum,  to  resist,  op- 
pose, withstand,  stop,  hinder,  vii.  29. 
obstinate,  adv.,  firmly,  resolutely,  v.  6. 
obstringo,  ere,  inxi,  ictum,  to  tie,  bind, 
fetter ; to  oblige,  put  under  obligation. 
i.  9,  31. 

obstruo,  6re,  xi,  ctum,  to  barricade, 
stop  up,  block  up.  v.  50,  51,  vii.  41. 
obtempgro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  submit 
to,  comply  ivith,  obey.  iv.  12. 
obtestor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  call  solemnly 
to  witness,  protest ; to  supplicate,  adjure, 
beseech.  4. 

obtineo,  ere,  tlnui,  tentum,  (ob  + 
teneo),  to  possess,  hold,  retain,  obtain, 
accomplish,  effect,  preserve.  25. 


obtuli  — opportune 


VOCABULARY. 


457 


obtuli.  See  offero. 

obvenio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  meet ; to 
occur,  happen,  befall,  ii.  23,  vii.  28,  81. 
obviam,  adv.,  (obvius),  in  the  way, 
against,  towards,  vii.  12,  28. 
occasio,  onis,  1'.,  (occido),  opportunity, 
occasion.  6. 

occasus,  us,  m.,  (occido),  a setting, going 
down  ; the  west ; destruction,  downfall, 
end.  7. 

occidens,  tis,  partic.  adj  , (occido),  going 
down,  setting,  v.  13. 
occido,  ere,  eidi,  occasum,  (ob  + cado), 
to  perish,  fall ; to  set,  go  down.  vi.  37. 
occido,  ere,  cidi,  eisutn,  (ob  + eaedo), 
to  kill,  cut  down,  slay ; to  beat  severely. 
18. 

occultatio,  onis,  f.,  conceal ment.  vi.  21. 
occulte,  adv.,  secretly,  privately,  vii  83. 
occulto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (occulo),  to  se- 
crete, cover,  conceal,  hide.  13. 
occultus,  a,  um,  part,  adj.,  (occulo), 
concealed,  hidden,  secret.  9. 
occupatio,  onis,  f.,  (occupo),  a seizing, 
occupying  ; employment,  occupation,  iv. 
16,  22. 

occupo,  'are,  avi,  atum,  (ob  -f-  capio), 
to  occupy,  seize  upon,  attack,  invade  ; 
to  engross,  employ.  28. 
occurro,  Sre,  curri  or  cucurri,  cursum, 
(ob  + curro)  to  go,  come  or  run  to  meet, 
fall  in  with  ; to  resist,  oppose  ; to  occur, 
present  itself.  14. 
oceanus,  i,  in.,  the  ocean.  16. 
octavus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  the  eighth. 

ii.  23,  v.  35. 

octigenti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  (octo  + cen- 
tum), eight  hundred,  iv.  12,  v.  8,  13. 
octo,  num.  adj.,  eight.  7. 
octodecim,  num.  adj.,  eighteen.  4. 
octoginta,  num.  adj.,  eighty.  7 
octoni,  ae,  a,  distr.  num.  adj.,  eight  by 
eight,  eight  each,  eight,  vii.  73,  75. 
oeulus,  i,  m.,  the  eye.  6. 
odi,  odisse,  defect.,  I hate,  detest  i.  IS, 

iii.  10. 


odium,  i,  n.,  enmity,  odium,  hatred,  ill- 
will,  dislike,  detestation,  vi.  5,  9. 
offendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  to  run  or  hit 
against  ; to  offend,  take  offence  ; to 
blame,  displease,  i.  19,  vi.  36. 
offensio,  onis,  1'.,  harm,  offence;  aver- 
sion, dislike,  i.  19. 

offSro,  ferre,  obtuli,  oblatum,  to  bring 
before,  offer,  give,  present ; to  expose  ; to 
promise.  10. 

officium,  i,  n.,  (officio),  a favor,  service, 
kindness  ; honor,  respect,  deference  ; 
employment,  office,  charge.  16. 
omitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  (ob  4-  mit- 
to), to  omit,  let  go,  lay  aside;  to  post- 
pone; to  slight,  cease,  disregard,  ii.  17, 
vii.  34,  88. 

omnino,  adv.,  entirely,  ivholly,  altogether, 
utterly,  only.  21. 

omnis,  e,  adj.,  every,  all,  the  whole,  of 
every  kind.  519. 

dnerarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (onus),  fitted 
for  burdens,  transport ; navis  oneraria, 
a transport  ship.  4. 

onero,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  load,  lade, 
fill.  v.  1. 

onus,  eris,  n.,  a load,  burden  ; freight, 
cargo ; trouble.  5. 

opera,  ae,  f.,  labor,  work , pains;  help, 
assistance  ; operam  dare,  to  take 
pains.  11. 

opinio,  onis,  f.,  belief  opinion,  suppo- 
sition; rumor,  fame.  25. 
oportet,  ere,  uit,  — , impers.,  it  is  prop- 
er, it  behooves,  it  ought,  it  must  be,  it  is 
necessary.  18. 

oppidani,  orum,  m.  pi.,  citizens,  towns- 
people. 

oppidanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  a town.  5. 
oppidum,  i,  n , a town.  130. 
oppono,  Sre,  posui,  positum,  (ob  4- 
pono),  to  place  against  or  opposite, 
station,  place,  vi.  36,  vii.  56,  65. 
opportune,  adv.,  seasonably,  fitly,  oppor- 
tunely, suitably,  properly,  conveniently. 
iv.  13,22. 


458 


VOCABULARY. 


opportunitas  — paluster 


opportunitas,  atis,  i.,  fitness,  convenience, 
advantage,  favorableness,  opportunity, 
the  right  chance.  7. 

opportunus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ob  -f-  portus), 

suitable,  convenient,  ft,  proper.  10. 
oppositus,  a,  um,  adj.  See  oppono, 
opprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressum,  (ob  + 
premo),  to  suppress,  press  down;  to 
overthrow,  overpower,  prostrate,  fall  upon 
suddenly,  surprise.  11. 
oppugnatio,  onis,  f.,  assault,  attack, 
siege,  an  assaulting  19. 
oppugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ob -f  pugno), 
to  attack,  assail,  beset , fight  against. 
23. 

ops,  opis,  f.,  strength,  power,  assistance, 
aid,  succor ,-  interest,  influence.  9. 
optatus,  a,  um,  partie.  adj.,  (opto), 
longed  for,  wished  for,  dear,  desired, 
wished,  vi.  42. 

optime,  adv.,  (sup.  of  bSne),  most  excel- 
lently, best.  i.  45,  \ii.  71. 
optimus,  a,  um,  adj  , (sup.  of  bonus), 
most  excellent,  best,  very  good.  4. 
opus,  Sris,  n,  a work,  labor,  art,  deed, 
business;  tanto  opere,  so  greatly; 
quanto  opere,  how  much,  how  greatly. 
46. 

Spus,  n.,  mdecl.,  necessity,  need.  8. 
ora,  ae,  f.,  the  margin,  shore,  edge, 
region.  4. 

oratio,  onis,  f , (oro),  language,  speech, 
oration,  harangue.  22. 
orator,  oris,  m , (oro),  an  orator,  speaker. 

iv.  27. 

orbis,  is,  m.,  a circle  ; a region  of  country; 
a rank  or  file  of  soldiers  ; orbis  ter- 
rarum, the  world,  earth.  4. 
ordo,  Inis,  m.,  order,  series,  row ; method, 
arrangement.  27. 

orior,  Iri,  ortus,  dep.,  to  arise,  begin, 
rise  ; to  spring.  21. 

ornamentum,  i,  n.,  ornament,  embellish- 
ment, honor,  i.  44,  vii.  15. 
ornatus,  a,  um,  partie.  adj.,  (orno), 
furnished,  equipped,  iii.  14. 


orno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  equip,  furnish, 
ornament,  adorn,  honor.  iii.  14,  vii. 
33. 

oro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  entreat,  implore, 
beseech,  ask.  11. 

ortus,  us,  ni , (orior),  a rising,  vii.  41. 
os,  oris,  n.,  the  mouth,  countenance,  face. 

v.  35,  vi.  39. 

ostendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  (ob  + tendo), 

to  display,  show,  manifest,  disclose.  20. 
ostentatio,  onis,  f.,  display,  show,  pre- 
tence. vii.  45,  53. 

ostento,  are,  avi,  atum,  (ostendo), 
to  display,  show,  manifest,  exhibit.  4. 
otium,  i,  n.,  ease,  quiet,  leisure,  rest, 
idleness,  vii.  66. 
ovum,  i,  n.,  an  egg,  iv.  10. 

P. 

pabQlatio,  onis,  f.,  a foraging.  7. 
pabfilator,  oris,  m.,  a forager,  v.  17. 
pabrlor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  forage,  v.  17. 
vii.  14,  18. 

pabtilum,  i,  n., forage, fodder.-  6. 
pacatus,  a,  um,  partie.  adj..  (paco), 
peaceful,  pacified,  quiet,  calm,  serene. 

10. 

paco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  tranquillize,  sub- 
due, conquer.  11 

pactum,  i,  n , (paciscor),  a compact, 
agreement,  rule,  condition,  vii.  83. 
paene  or  pene,  adv.,  nearly,  almost.  17. 
paenltet,  ere,  uit,  impers.,  to  repent,  be 
sorry,  regret ; me  paenitet,  1 repent, 
am  sorry,  iv.  5. 

pagus,  i,  m.,  a district,  canton.  11. 
palam,  adv.,  publicly,  openly.  v.  25, 

vi.  7,  18. 

palma,  ae,  f.,  the  palm  of  the  hand ';  the 
palm-tree  ; victory,  vi.  36. 
palus,  udis,  f.,  a marsh,  swamp,  fen,  bog. 
24. 

paluster,  tris.tre,  adj.,  (palus),  marshy, 
boggy,  swampy,  vii.  20. 


pando  — pedalis 


VOCABULARY. 


459 


pando,  Sre,  di,  passum  or  pansum, 

to  open,  throw  open,  spread  out.  4. 
par,  paris,  ad].,  equal,  like,  even,  similar, 
strong.  18. 

paratus,  a,  um,  partie.  ad].,  (paro), 
prepared , ready,  furnished , provided, 
fitted.  13. 

parce,  adv.,  sparingly,  moderately , fru- 
gally. v.  71. 

parco,  gre,  peperci  or  parsi,  parel- 
tum  or  parsum,  lo  abstain,  forbear, 
spare.  7. 

parens,  tis,  m.  and  f.,  (pario),  a parent, 
mother  or  father,  v.  14,  vi.  14,  vii.  66. 
parento,  are,  avi,  atum,  (parens),  to 
perform  funeral  rites  of  parents  or  near 
relatives;  to  avenge,  appease,  vii.  17. 
pareo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  comply  with, 
submit  to,  obey.  6. 

pario,  ere,  peperi,  partum,  to  bring 
forth,  produce  ; to  gain,  acquire,  v.  4.3, 
vi.  40 

pariter,  adv.,  (par),  equally. 
paro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  provide,  order, 
dispose, procure, furnish,  obtain,  acquire. 

33. 

pars,  tis,  f share,  portion,  part ; parly, 
side;  region,  place ; exparte,  in  part. 
244. 

partim,  adv.,  partly,  in  part.  6. 
partio,  ire,  Ivi  or  ii.  Itum,  partior.  In, 
Itus,  dep.,  to  divide,  distribute.  5. 
partus,  a,  um.  See  pario, 
parum,  adv.,  too  little,  not  enough,  not 
much  ; comp,  minus,  sup.  minime, 
iii.  18,  vii.  66. 

parvulus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (dim.  parvus), 
little,  small,  slight,  puny,  trifling.  5. 
parvus,  a,  um,  adj.,  small,  little,  slight  ; 

comp,  minor,  sup.  minimus.  5. 
passim,  adv.,  (pando),  everywhere,  here 
and  there,  iv.  14. 

passus,  us,  m.,  (pando),  a pace,  a meas- 
ure of  five  Roman  feet  ; mille  pas- 
suum, a Roman  mile.  62. 
passus,  a,  um.  See  pando. 


passus,  a,  um.  See  patior, 
patgfacio,  ere,  feci,  factum,  (pateb  + 
facio),  to  throw  open ; to  discover,  dis- 
close, open.  ii.  32,  vii.  8. 
patefio,  fleri,  factus,  irreg.  pass,  of 
patefacio,  iii.  1. 

patens,  tis,  partie.  adj.,  (pateo),  unob- 
structed, accessible,  open.  i.  10,  vii. 
28. 

pateo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  be.  open,  accessible, 
extend  ; to  be  clear,  evident  or  known. 

13. 

pater,  tris,  m.,  a father.  14. 
paterfamiliae.  See  pater  aud  familia, 
patienter,  adv.,  (patior),  tamely,  pa- 
tiently. vii.  77. 

patientia,  ae,  f.,  a suffering,  enduring, 
patience,  vi.  24,  36. 

patior,  i,  passus,  dep.,  to  endure,  suffer, 
bear;  to  permit,  allow.  19. 
patrius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (pater),  paternal, 
fatherly,  native,  ii.  15. 
patronus,  i,  m.,  (pater),  protector,  pa- 
tron, defender,  advocate,  champion,  vii. 
40. 

patruus,  i,  m.,  (pater),  father’s  brother, 
uncle,  vii.  4. 

pauci,  ae,  a,  adj.,  a few,  few.  38. 
paucitas,  atis,  f.,  small  number,  few- 
ness. 9. 

paulatim,  adv.,  by  degrees,  gradually. 

11. 

paulisper,  adv.,  a short  time,  for  a little 
while.  7. 

paulo.  See  paulum 
paululum,  adv.,  somewhat,  a little,  ii.  8. 
paulum,  adv.,  somewhat,  a little  ; paulo, 
ablat.  of  paulus,  a little.  50. 
pax,  pacis,  i.,  peace.  27. 
pecco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  offend,  err, 
injure,  transgress,  mistake,  i.  47. 
pectus,  oris,  m.,  the  breast,  vii.  47. 
pecunia,  ae,  f.,  money,  wealth.  12. 
pecus,  oris,  n.,  a herd,  cattle.  13. 
pedalis,  e,  adj.,  (pes),  of  a foot,  a foot 
long  or  broad,  iii.  13. 


460 


VOCABULARY. 


pedes  — permaneo 


p6des,  Itis,  m.,  (pes),  a font-soldier, 
infantry.  10. 

pedester,  tris,  tre,  adj.,  (pes),  infantry; 

on  land  ; on  foot,  pedestrian.  8. 
peditatus,  us,  in.  infantry.  10. 
peior,  us,  adj.,  (comp,  of  malus),  worse; 

a worse  thiny.  i.  31. 
pellis,  is,  1'.,  a hide,  skin;  tent.  7. 
pello,  ere,  pgpuli,  pulsum,  to  expel, 
dri  ve  away,  dispossess,  discomfort , rout. 
20. 

pendo,  ere,  pgpendi,  pensum,  to  weiyh, 
consider,  think  upon;  to  pay  ; to  under- 
go. 6. 

penitus,  adv.,  inwardly,  within,  vi.  10. 
per,  prep,  with  the  acc.,  through,  through 
the  midst  of,  throughout,  during ; over, 
along  ; on  account  of,  for  the  sake  of, 

for.  103. 

pertlgo,  gre,  egi,  actum,  to  accomplish, 
finish,  end,  carry  through,  complete.  4. 
perangustus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very  narrow. 
vii.  15. 

percipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  (per  + 
capio),  to  acquire,  obtain;  to  learn,  per- 
ceive, hear  of.  4. 

percontatio,  5nis,  f.,  injury,  i.  39,  v.  13. 
percunctatio.  See  percontatio, 
percurro,  gre,  cucurri  or  curri,  cur- 
sum, to  traverse  ; to  run  through  and 
over.  iv.  33. 

percutio,  gre,  cussi,  cussum,  (per  + 
quatio),  to  smite,  kill,  slay.  v.  44. 
perdisco,  gre,  dldlei,  — , to  learn  by 
heart,  learn  thoroughly,  vi.  14. 
perditus,  a,  um,  partio,  adj.,  (perdo), 
profligate,  abandoned,  iii.  17,  vii.  4. 
perdo,  gre,  didi,  dltum,  (per  + do), 
to  destroy,  lose,  ruin.  iii.  17,  vii.  4. 
perduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  convey  through , 
bring,  lead;  to  persuade;  to  promote,  \ 
advance;  to  protract,  prolong . 13. 

perendinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  after  to-morrow. 

v.  30. 

pereo,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  die,  be  lost, 
perish.  4. 


pgrgqulto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  ride 
around,  ride  through,  iv.  33,  vii.  66. 
perexiguus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very  little, 
small,  v.  15. 

perfacilis,  e,  adj.,  very  easy.  i.  2,  3, 
vii.  64. 

perfgro,  ferre,  tali,  latum,  to  bear  or 
carry  through;  to  convey,  bring;  to  suffer, 
support,  undergo  ; to  bring  news,  report. 

20. 

perficio,  gre,  feci,  fectum,(per+fiIcio), 

to  accomplish,  perform,  finish,  complete, 
cause.  14. 

perfidia,  ae,  f.,  treachery,  perfidi/.  6. 
perfringo,  gre,  fregi,  fractum,  (per  + 
frango),  to  burst  through,  break  through, 
rout,  shatter ; to  infringe,  violate,  i.  25, 
vii.  85. 

perfuga,  ae,  m.,  a deserter.  6. 
perfQgio,  gre,  fugi,  fugitum,  to  fiee  for 
succor,  take  refuge;  to  desert,  i 27,  v.  45. 
perfugium,  i,  n.,  a shelter,  refuge,  iv. 
38. 

pergo,  gre,  perrexi,  perrectum,  (per 
+ rggo),  to  continue,  go  on,  proceed. 
iii.  18. 

pgrlclltor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (periculum), 
to  prove,  try,  essay  ; to  be  in  danger, 
risk,  hazard,  ii.  8,  vi.  34,  vii.  56. 
pgriculosus,  a,  um,  adj., perilous,  hazard- 
ous. i.  33,  vii.  8. 

perlcBlum,  i,  n.,  experiment,  trial ; peril, 
hazard,  danger,  risk.  55. 
pgritus,  a,  um,  adj.,  acquainted  with, 
experienced,  skilled,  i.  21,  iii.  21,  vii. 
83. 

perlatus,  a,  um.  See  perfero, 
perlggo,  ere,  legi,  lectum,  to  read 
through,  v.  48. 

perluo,  gre,  ui,  utum,  to  wash,  bathe. 

vi.  21. 

permagnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very  great. 

vii.  31. 

permaneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansum,  to 

continue,  remain  ; to  hold  out,  persist, 
endure.  10. 


permisceo  — planities 


VOCABULARY. 


461 


permisceo,  ere,  cui,  istum  or  ixtum, 

to  mingle,  mix  together,  blend,  confuse. 

vii.  62. 

permitto,  Sre,  misi,  missum,  to  send 
through  ; to  entrust,  commit,  allow,  grant, 
suffer,  permit.  10. 
permixus,  a,  um.  See  permisceo, 
permoveo,  ere,  movi,  mStum,  to  move 
through,  stir  up  well;  to  influence,  in- 
duce: to  arouse,  excite.  16. 
permulceo,  ere,  si,  sum  or  ctum,  to  ap- 
pease, allay,  soothe,  iv.  6. 
pernicies,  ei,  f.,  (perneco),  ruin,  de- 
struction, disaster,  i.  20,  36. 
perpauci,  ae,  a,  adj.,  very  few.  7. 
perpendiculum,  i,  n.,  (per  + pendo), 
a plumb-line,  plummet,  iv.  1 7. 
perpetior,  i,  pessus,  dep.,  (per  + 
patior),  to  suffer  patiently,  bear,  en- 
dure. vii.  10. 

perpetuo,  adv.,  perpetually , continuously, 

i.  31,  vii  41. 

perpetuus,  a,  um,  adj  , (per  + peto), 
uninteii'upted , continuous,  perpetual. 

16. 

perquiro,  §re,  sivi,  situm,  (per  + 
quaero),  to  search  for,  ask,  inquire; 
to  investigate,  vi.  9. 

perrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  to  break 
through,  burst  through,  enter  forcibly . 8. 
perscribo,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  to  describe, 
record,  write  out.  v.  47,  49. 
persequor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  to  pursue, 
press  upon,  fo’low,  avenge,  revenge ; 
to  accomplish,  perform.  7. 
persevero,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  continue, 
persevere,  persist,  i.  13,  v.  36. 
persolvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutum,  to  dis- 
charge, release ; to  pay  completely,  pay  ; 
poenas  persolvere,  to  suffer  punish- 
ment. i.  12. 

perspicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectum,  (per  -f- 
specio),  to  see  through,  look  through, 
observe,  perceive,  examine,  view.  24. 
persto,  are,  stiti,  statum,  to  persist, 
stand  fast,  continue,  persevere,  vii.  26. 


persuadeo,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  convince, 
persuade.  20 

perterreo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  terrify, 
frighten  greatly.  33. 
pertinacia,  ae,  f.,  obstinacy,  perversity, 
stubbornness,  pertinacity . i.  42,  v.  31. 
pertineo,  ere,  ui,  — , (per  + teneo), 
to  extend,  stretch  out ; to  belong,  pertain  ; 
to  tend.  22. 
pertiili.  See  perfero, 
perturbatio,  onis,  f.,  confusion,  disturb- 
ance, trouble,  iv.  29. 
perturbo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  disturb 
greatly,  confuse,  trouble,  embroil,  em- 
barrass. 19. 

pervagor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  rove  about, 
wander  about,  vii.  9. 
pervenio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  come  to, 
arrive  at,  reach,  come,  arrive.  58. 
pes,  pedis,  m.,  a foot,  step ; pedem 
referre,  to  draw  back,  retire.  44. 
peto,  ere,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  request,  seek ; 
to  attack,  assail ; to  covet ; to  repair  to, 
travel  to.  66. 

phalanx,  ngis,  f.,  a phalanx.  4. 
pietas,  atis,  f.,  dutiful  conduct,  piety,  de- 
votion, performance  of  duty.  v.  27. 
pilum,  i,  n.,  clart,  javelin.  11 
pilus,  i,  m.,  a company  of  the  triarii ; 
a company  of  soldiers  armed  with  the 
pilum,  iii.  5,  v.  35,  vi.  38. 
pinna,  ae,  f.,  a feather  ; parapet,  pin- 
nacle. v.  40,  vii.  72. 
piscis,  is,  m.,  a fish.  iv.  10. 
pix,  pleis,  f.,  pitch,  vii.  22,  24,  25. 
placeo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  be  agreeable, 
please,  satisfy,  soothe,  calm.  7. 
placide,  adv.,  quietly,  calmly,  mildly, 
gently,  vi.  8. 

placo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  calm,  reconcile, 
appease,  vi.  16. 

plane,  adv.,  clearly,  plainly,  distinctly, 
quite,  entirely,  iii.  26,  vi.  43. 
planicies.  See  planities, 
planities,  ei,  f.,  a plain  ; aflat  surface, 
level  ground.  9. 


462 


VOCABULARY. 


planus  — postulo 


planus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  level,  plain,  even, 
smooth,  iii  13,  iv  23. 
plebes,  ei,  f.,  and  plebs,  plebis,  f., 

plebeians,  the  common  people,  popu- 
lace. 9. 

plene,  adv.,  entirely,  fully,  iii.  3. 
plenus,  a,  um,  adj.,  full,  entire,  complete. 
iii.  2,  iv.  29,  vii.  76. 

plerumque,  adv.,  generally,  commonly. 

15. 

plerusque,  ilque,  umque,  adj.,  the  most, 
most ; pi.,  very  many,  most  7. 
plumbum,  i,  n.,  lead ; plumbum  al- 
bum, tin.  v.  12. 

plurimum,  adv.,  (sup.  of  multum),  most 
of  all,  especially,  exceeding! y . 11. 
plurimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sup.  of  multus), 
most,  very  much ; pi.,  very  many,  most.  8. 
plus,  adv.,  (comp,  of  multum),  more:  8. 
plus,  pluris,  adj  , (comp,  of  multus), 
more ; plures,  more,  many,  several. 

16. 

pltiteus,  i,  m.,  a parapet,  breastwork. 
vii.  25,  41,  72. 

poculum,  i,  n.,  goblet,  cup.  vi.  28 
poena,  ae,  f.,  atonement,  satisfaction, 
punishment,  penalty.  10. 
pollex,  Icis,  m.,  the  thumb,  iii.  13. 
polliceor,  eri,  Itus,  dep.,  to  promise  ; to 
offer  one’s  self  for.  26. 
pollicitatio,  onis,  f.,  a promise.  5. 
pondus,  gris,  n.,  a burden,  weight,  load, 
heaviness.  4. 

pono,  ere,  pSsui,  positum,  to  place,  set; 
to  build,  erect  ; to  lay  aside,  regard ; to 
station,  post.  43. 
pons,  tis,  m.,  a bridge.  32. 
poposci.  See  poseo. 
populatio,  onis,  f.,  (populor),  a laying 
waste,  ravaging,  depopulating , plunder- 
ing. i.  15. 

populor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  (populus), 

to  lay  waste,  ravage,  pillage,  spoil,  plun- 
der. 5. 

populus,  i,  m.,  a nation,  people.  82. 
porrectus,  a,  um.  See  porrigo. 


porrigo,  gre,  rexi,  rectum,  (pro  -)- 
rego),  to  stretch,  spread  out,  extend; 
hold  out,  offer,  ii.  19. 
porro,  adv.,  farther  on,  forward,  besides. 
v.  27. 

porta,  ae,  f.,  a gate.  34. 
porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  convey,  can't/, 
conduct,  bear.  5. 

portorium,  i,  n.,  (porto),  a duty,  tax, 
impost,  i.  18,  iii  1. 

portus,  us,  m.,  a harbor,  port;  asylum, 
shelter.  16. 

posco,  gre,  poposci,  — , to  ask  for,  de- 
mand, call  for.  5. 
positus,  a,  um.  See  pono. 
possessio,  onis,  f.,  a property,  possession, 
estate.  4. 

possideo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to  hold, 
occupy,  own,  possess.  4. 
possum,  posse,  potui,  irr , (potis  -f 
sum),  to  be  able  ; to  have  power,  avail, 
have  influence  ; plurimum  posse,  to  be 
very  powerful  306 

post,  adv.,  and  prep,  with  theacc .,  behind, 
since,  after,  below,  beneath.  41. 
postea,  adv.,  afterwards.  12. 
postea  quam,  adv.,  after.  9. 
postgrus,  a,  um,  adj.,  coming  after,  fol- 
lowing, next,  ensuing ; postgri,  orum, 
m.  pi.,  descendants,  posterity ; comp, 
posterior,  sup.  postremus  and  postu- 
mus. 29. 

postpono,  gre,  posui,  positum,  to  value 
less  ; to  postpone,  neglect,  disregard. 
v.  7,  vi.  3. 

postquam,  conj.,  after,  after  that,  as  soon 
as.  8. 

postremo,  adv.,  finally,  at  last.  4. 
postremus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sup.  of  postg- 
rus), the  last,  latest,  hindmost. 
postridie,  adv.,  the  day  after,  on  the  fol- 
lowing day.  7. 

postulatum,  i,  n,  (postulo),  a request, 
demand.  4. 

postulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  require,  de- 
mand, ask,  bey.  21. 


potens  — praesentia 


VOCABULARY. 


potens,  tis,  adj.,  (possum),  able,  power- 
ful, strong ; rich.  9. 
potentatus,  us,  m.,  dominion,  power,  rule. 
i.  31. 

potentia,  ae,  f.,  power.  7. 
potestas,  atis,  f.,  power,  ability ; virtue, 
efficaci/  ; rule,  empire,  dominion.  27. 
pStior,  iri,  itus,  dep.,  (potis),  to  become 
master  of;  to  gain,  acquire,  take,  ob- 
tain. 15. 

potius,  comp,  adv  , sooner,  rather  ; sup. 

potissime  and  pdtisslmum.  6. 
prae,  prep,  with  the  ablat.,  for,  through, 
by  reason  of,  on  account  of.  ii.  30,  vii.  44. 
praeacutus,  a,  um,  adj.,  pointed,  sharp- 
ened, made  sharp.  6. 
praebeo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  (prae  + habeo), 
to  offer,  afford,  furnish;  to  present;  to 
exhibit,  show.  5. 

praecaveo,  ere,  cavi,  cautum,  to  take 
precaution,  be  on  one’s  guard  against. 
i.  38. 

praecedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  to  go  be- 
fore, precede  ; to  surpass,  excel,  be  supe- 
rior to.  i.  1. 

praeceps,  clpltis,  adj.,  (prae  + caput), 

rapid,  headlong,  hastg  ; sudden,  steep, 
precipitous,  ii.  24,  iv.  33,  v.  17. 
praeceptum,  i,  n.,  direction,  instruction  ; 
precept,  counsel.  5.' 

praecipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  (prae  + 
capio),  to  anticipate  ; to  order,  instruct, 
direct.  8. 

praecipito,  are,  avi,  atuin,  (praeceps), 

to  precipitate,  plunge,  throw  headlong. 
iv.  15,  vii.  50. 

praecipue,  adv.,  particulari u,  especially. 

i.  40,  vii.  40. 

praecipuus,  a,  um,  adj.,  especial,  par- 
ticular, peculiar,  remarkable,  v.  54. 
praecludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  hinder,  shut 
up,  close,  v.’  9. 

praeco,  onis,  m.,  a herald,  v.  51. 
praecurro,  ere,  cucurri  or  curri,  cur- 
sum, to  precede,  run  before  ; to  surpass, 
excel,  outstrip,  vi.  39,  vii.  9,  37. 


463 

praeda,  ae,  f.,  bootg,  plunder,  spoil,  prey. 
19. 

praedico,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  publish,  de- 
clare, report,  assert.  4. 
praedor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  pillage,  rav- 
age, spoil,  rob.  7. 

praeduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  construct; 

to  draw  before,  vii.  46,  69. 
praefectus,  i,  in.,  (praeficio),  a com- 
mander of  cavalry  ; overseer.  8. 
praefero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  irr.,  to  pre- 
fer ; to  bear  before,  ii.  27,  v.  54. 
praeficio,  gre,  feci,  fectum,  (prae  + 
faeio),  to  set  over, preside  over,  delegate, 
depute,  constitute.  26. 
praefigo,  gre,  xi,  xum,  to  set  up  in 
front,  fasten  before,  v.  18. 
praefui.  See  praesum, 
praemetuo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  fear  before- 
hand, fear.  vii.  49. 

praemitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  send 
in  advance  ; to  dispatch.  15. 
praemium,  i,  n.,  advantage,  profit  ; rec- 
ompense, reward.  18. 
praeocctipo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  pre- 
occupy, seize  beforehand,  vi.  41,  vii. 
26. 

praeopto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (prae  + 
opto),  to  choose  rather,  wish  in  prefer- 
ence. i.  25. 

praeparo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  provide, 
prepare.  4. 

praepono,  gre,  pSsui,  positum,  to  ap- 
point over,  set  over ; to  place  first,  i.  54, 
vi.  40. 

praerumpo,  gre,  rupi,  ruptum,  to  tear 
away,  break  off.  iii.  14,  vi.  7,  vii.  86. 
praeruptus,  a,  um,  partie.  adj  . (prae- 
rumpo), steep,  abrupt,  vi.  7,  vii.  86. 
praescribo,  gre,  psi,  ptum,  to  write  be- 
fore ; to  order,  appoint,  dictate.  4. 
praescriptum,  i,  n.,  direction,  order, 
command,  i.  36. 

praesens,  tis,  adj.,  present,  in  person,  at 
hand.  8. 

praesentia,  ae,  f.,  the  present,  presence.  5. 


464 


VOCABULARY. 


praesentio  — procul 


praesentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensum,  to  see 

beforehand.,  foresee,  presage,  foretell, 
foreknow,  v.  54,  vii.  30. 
praesepio,  ire,  psi,  ptum,  to  block  up, 
barricade,  vii.  77. 

praesertim,  adv.,  particularly , especially . . 

11. 

praesidium,  i,  n.,  (prae  + sSdeo),  pro- 
tection, defence;  guard,  reserve,  escort; 
post,  station.  64. 

praesto,  are,  stiti,  stitum,  to  excel,  sur- 
pass, be  superior  to  ; to  afford,  furnish  , 
to  exhibit,  show.  16. 
praesto,  adv.,  ready,  present,  at  hand. 
v.  26. 

praesum,  esse,  fui,  — , irr.,  to  he  over, 
rule  over,  have  command  over.  26. 
praeter,  prep,  with  the  acc  , beyond,  ex- 
cept, besides  ; against,  contrary  to.  15. 
praeterea,  adv  , moreover,  besides.  11. 
praetereo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  pass 
or  go  by,  pass  over,  neglect,  omit,  leave 
out.  4. 

praeteritus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (prae- 
tereo), past. 

praetermitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to 

pass  over,  omit,  neglect,  let  pass  by. 
iv.  1.3,  vi.  34,  vii.  55. 

praeterquam,  adv.,  besides,  beyond,  ex- 
cept. i.  5,  vii.  77. 

praetor,  oris,  m , a praetor,  leader,  chief, 
commander,  magistrate,  i.  21. 
praetorius,  a,  um,  adj.,  befitting  a prae- 
tor, praetorian,  belonging  to  a general. 
i.  40,  42. 

praeuro,  §re,  ussi,  ustum,  to  burn  at 
the  end.  v.  40,  vii.  22,  73. 
praevertc,  ere,  ti,  sum,  to  prewrit ; 
to  prefer ; to  get  the  start  of,  anticipate. 
vii.  33. 

pravus,  a,  um,  adj.,  crooked,  distorted  ; 
bad,  wrong,  depraved,  wicked.  vii. 
39. 

preces.  See  prex. 

prehendo  or  prendo,  Sre,  di,  sum, 

to  la y hold  of,  seize,  grasp,  i.  20. 


prSmo,  ere,  pressi,  pressum,  to  press 
upon,  press,  strain,  harass,  pursue,  urge 
24. 

prendo.  See  prehendo, 
pretium,  i,  n.,  value,  worth,  price,  i.  18, 
iv.  2. 

prex,  prScis,  f.,  an  entreaty,  prayer; 
imprecation.  8. 

pridie,  adv.,  on  the  day  before.  5. 
primo,  adv.,  at  first.  12. 
primipilus,  m.,  (primus  + pilus),  the 

chief  centurion.  4. 

primum,  adv.,  first,  in  the  beginning; 
quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possible  ; 
cum  primum,  as  soon  as.  22. 
primus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sup.  of  prior), 
first,  foremost,  principal,  excellent,  illus- 
trious ; in  the  van,  in  front.  62. 
princeps,  ipis,  adj.,  (primus  + capio), 
foremost,  the  first.  11. 
principes,  rulers,  chiefs,  leaders.  39. 
principatus,  us,  m.,  pre-eminence,  sove- 
reignty, rule,  dominion.  11. 
prior,  us,  gen.  oris,  adj.,  first,  former, 
previous,  foremost.  4. 
pristinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  old,  former, 
ancient,  original.  9. 
prius,  adv.,  sooner,  before,  vii.  47. 
priusquam,  adv.,  before.  30. 
privatim,  adv.,  privately,  in  private. 
i.  17,  v.  3,  55. 

privatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  private.  8. 
privatus,  i,  m.,  a private  citizen.  4. 
pro,  prep,  with  the  ablat.,  before,  m front 
of,  right  opposite  to ; on,  in  ; according 
to,  for ; in  place  of  instead  of  as.  79. 
probo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  approve,  be 
satisfied  ; to  examine,  try ; to  prove, 
show,  demonstrate.  16. 
procedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  to  advance, 
proceed,  go  forth.  15. 
proclino,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  bend  for- 
ward, incline,  vii.  42. 
proconsul,  ulis,  m.,  a proconsul,  iii.  20, 
vi  1. 

procul,  ad y.,  far,  far  off,  at  a distance.  11. 


procumbo  — propono 


VOCABULARY. 


465 


procumbo,  ere,  cubui,  cubitum,  to  fall 
forward,  fall  down,  Iran.  5. 
procuro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  take  care  of, 
attend  to.  Look  after,  vi.  13. 
procurro,  ere,  cucurri  or  curri,  cur- 
sum, to  rush  forward,  run  forth  5. 
prodeo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  advance, 
proceed,  come  forth,  go  out.  4. 
proditio,  onis,  f.,  treachery  ; discov- 
er!/. 4. 

proditor,  oris,  m.,  a traitor,  vi.  23. 
prodo,  ere,  didi,  dltum,  to  give  or  bring 
forth,  divulge,  disclose,  manifest ; tore- 
port,  relate,  hand  down  ; to  betray,  aban- 
don. 7. 

produco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  lead  forth, 
bring  out  ; to  draw  out,  lengthen,  pro- 
long. 14 

proelior,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  combat,  con- 
tend, fight.  6. 

proelium,  i,  u , a battle.  121. 
profectio,  onis,  f.,  a departure  10 
profectus,  a,  um.  See  proficio, 
profectus,  a,  um.  See  proficiscor 
profero,  ferre,  tfili,  latum,  to  bring 
forth,  say,  produce  ; to  defer,  put  off; 
to  enlarge,  prolong,  vii.  48,  82,  84. 
proficio,  ere,  feci,  fectum,  (pro  + 
faeio),  to  advance,  gain  ground  ; to  ob- 
tain, effect,  accomplish,  bring  about.  7. 
proficiscor,  i,  fectus,  dep.,  to  set  out,  go, 
travel,  march,  depart,  proceed.  79. 
profiteor,  eri,  fessus,  dep.,  (pro  + fa- 
teor), to  declare  publicly,  acknowledge, 
confess,  avow ; to  promise.  4. 
profligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  throw  or 
dash  down ; to  overthrow,  conquer,  over- 
come, destroy,  ii.  23,  vii.  13. 
profluo,  Sre,  xi,  xum,  to  issue,  flow  forth. 
iv.  10 

profugio,  Sre,  fugi,  fugitum,  to  flee, 
flee  from;  to  escape;  to  flee  for  refuge. 

12. 

profui.  See  prosum. 
prognatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  descended, 
sprung  from,  born.  ii.  29,  vi.  18. 


progredior,  i,  gressus,  (pro  + gra- 
dior), to  go  forth, advance,  proceed.  27. 
prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  (pro -f  habeo), 

to  hold  back,  keep  in  check,  restrain, 
hinder,  keep  from  ; to  preserve,  keep, 
defend.  43. 

proicio,  ere,  ieci,  iectum,  (pro  + iacio), 
to  cast  forth  or  forward  ; to  throw  away, 
fling  down;  to  resign,  renounce,  reject; 
to  abandon,  forsake,  neglect.  10. 
proinde,  adv.,  therefore,  then,  hence.  4. 
prolatus,  a,  um.  See  profero, 
promineo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  stand  or  jut  out, 
overhang , project,  vii.  47. 
promiscue,  adv.,  promiscuously,  vi.  21. 
promitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  prom- 
ise; to  let  clown,  v.  14. 
promontorium,  i,  u.,  (pro  -j-  mons), 
a lieaidlland,  promontory,  iii.  12. 
promoveo,  ere,  m5vi,  motum,  to  move 
forwards,  advance,  push  awa  /.  4. 

promptus,  a,  um,  adj.,  quick,  active, 
prompt,  iii.  19. 

prone,  adv.,  in  an  inclined  position,  lean- 
ing forward,  iv.  17. 
pronuntio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make 
known  publicly,  announce,  proclaim,  re- 
port, tell,  narrate.  15. 
prope,  prep,  with  the  acc.  and  adv.,  near. 
23. 

propello,  ere,  pCili,  pulsum,  to  drive  or 
push  forward , propel,  impel,  urge  on  ; to 
put  to  flight,  rout.  4. 
propero,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make  haste, 
hasten,  be  quick,  ii.  1 1 , 35  ; v.  33. 
propinquitas,  atis,  f , nearness,  proxim- 
ity ; relationship.  7. 
propinquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  neighboring , 
near,  not  far  off,  related  ; propinquus, 
i,  m.,  a kinsman,  relative.  18. 
propior,  ius,  gen.  oris,  comp,  adj., 
nearer;  sup.  proximus.  12. 
propono,  ere,  posui,  positum,  to  put, 
place  or  set  forth  ; to  present,  expose  ; 
to  explain,  represent ; to  make  known, 
declare,  say,  relate.  17. 


30 


466 


VOCABULARY. 


1 roprius  — Pyrenaeus 


proprius,  a,  um,  ad].,  one’s  own,  peculiar, 
special,  particular,  vi.  22,  23. 
propter,  prep,  with  the  ace.,  bp  reason 
of;  on  account  of;  for,  because  of.  58. 
propterea,  conj.,  therefore,  on  that  ac- 
count. 20. 

prdpugnator,  oris,  m.,  a defender,  vii. 
25. 

propugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  go  forth  to 
fght;  to  defend;  to  make  sorties;  to 
defend  one’s  self.  ii.  7,  v.  9,  vii.  86. 
propuli.  See  propello, 
propulso,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  repel,  re- 
pulse, drive  buck.  i.  49,  vi.  15. 
prora,  ae,  f.,  the  prow.  iii.  13. 
proruo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  to  demolish,  pull 
down.  iii.  26. 

prosSquor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  to  follow,  ac- 
company ; to  pursue,  attack,  assail.  4. 
prospectus,  us,  m.,  a sight,  view,  pros- 
pect. ii.  22,  v.  10,  vii.  81. 
prospicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectum,  (pro  + 
spScio),  to  look  forward  ; to  take  care 
of,  provide  for.  i.  23,  v.  7,  vii.  50. 
prosterno,  ere,  stravi,  stratum,  to 
throw  down,  prostrate,  overthrow,  vii. 
77. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  — , to  be  of 

use,  do  good ; to  benefit, profit ; to  avail: 
to  conduce,  vi.  40. 

protfigo,  Sre,  xi,  ctum,  to  shelter,  pro- 
tect, defend,  v.  44. 

proterreo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  frighten 
away,  terrify,  v.  58,  vii.  81. 
protinus,  adv.,  right  on ; continually , 
constantly  ; immediately , instantly.  5. 
proturbo,  are,  avi,  atum,  repel,  repulse, 
drive  off.  ii.  19,  vii.  81. 
proveho,  Sre,  vexi,  vectum,  to  carry 
forwards,  convey  away  ; to  drive  away  ; 
provehor  as  dep.,  to  sail,  ride,  drive. 
iii.  28,  v.  8. 

provenio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  appear, 
come  forth  ; to  turn  out.  v.  24. 
proventus,  us,  m.,  a fortunate  issue;  com- 
ing forth  ; success  ; result,  vii.  29,  80. 


provideo,  ere,  vldi,  visum,  to  see  be- 
fore; to  discern;  to  look  out  for,  take 
care  of ; to  foresee.  19. 
provincia,  ae,  f.,  u province.  47 
provincialis,  e,  adj.,  provincial,  of  a 
province,  vii.  7. 

provolo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  fly  forth, 
hasten  forth,  rush  out.  ii.  19. 
proxime,  adv.,  last,  lately.  6. 
proximus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sup.  of  prS- 
pior),  next,  nearest,  last.  47. 
prudentia,  ae,  f.,  foresight,  wisdom,  pru- 
dence, discretion,  ii.  4. 
pubes  and  puber,  eris,  adj.,  adult,  grown 
up.  puberes,  um,  m.  pi.,  adults,  men 
v.  56. 

publice,  adv.,  publicly;  by  the  state,  in 
the  name  of  the  state.  6. 
publico,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  confiscate, 
make  public  property,  v.  56,  vii.  43. 
publicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  public,  common, 
of  the  state.  27. 

phdet,  ere,  uit  or  pQdltum  est,  im- 

pers.,  to  be  ashamed ; me  phdet,  I am 
ashamed,  vii.  42. 

pudor,  oris,  m.,  modesty,  shame  ; re- 
spect, regard ; disgrace,  ignominy,  i. 
39,  40. 

puer,  Sri,  m.,  a boy.  5. 
puerilis,  e,  adj.,  boyish,  childish,  youth- 
ful. vi.  18. 

pugna,  ae,  f.,  fight,  battle.  34. 
pugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  combat,  con- 
tend, fight.  58. 

pulcher,  chra,  ehrum,  adj.,  fair,  beauti- 
ful; noble,  glorious,  vii.  15,  77. 
pulsus,  a,  um.  See  pello, 
pulsus,  us,  m.,  a stroke,  iii.  13. 
pulvis,  eris,  m.,  dust.  iv.  32. 
puppis,  is,  f.,  the  stern,  iii.  13,  14. 
purgo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  cleanse,  make 
clean  ; to  excuse,  exculpate,  clear.  4. 
phto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  suppose,  think ; 
to  count-,  to  hold;  to  judge,  decide. 
20. 

Pyrenaeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Pyrenean,  i.  1. 


qua  — quis 


VOCABULARY. 


467 


Q. 

qua,  adv.,  in  which  place ; where,  where- 
ever ; how;  on  which  side.  9. 
quadrageni,  ae,  a,  dist.  num.  adj.,  forty 
each.  iv.  17,  vii.  23. 
quadraginta,  num.  adj.,  forty.  5. 
quadringenti,  ae,  a,  num.  &&].,  four  hun- 
dred. i.  5,  v.  46,  vii.  72. 
quaero,  ere,  sivi,  situm,  to  seek,  search 
for;  to  get,  procure,  obtain ; to  need,  ask, 
require  ; to  investigate,  examine  into. 
15. 

quaestio,  onis,  f.,  inquiri/,  investigation, 
examination;  question;  trial.  5. 
quaestor,  oris,  m.,  a quaestor.  8. 
quaestus,  us,  m.,  (quaero),  prof  t,  gain , 
acquisition,  vi.  17. 

qualis,  e,  adj.,  of  what  nature,  of  what 
sort,  what ; as,  such  as.  i.  21  (twice), 
quam,  adv.  and  conj.,  how,  how  much,  in 
what  manner ; as,  than  ; with  sup.,  as 
possible  ; quam  maximus,  as  large  as 
possible.  113. 

quamdiu,  adv.,  as  long  as,  how  long.  i. 

17. 

quamobrem,  conj.,  wherefore.  8. 
quamvis,  adv.,  as  much  as  you  will;  as 
you  will;  however,  although,  though, 
very.  iv.  2. 

quando,  adv.,  when  ; si  quando,  if  ever. 
iii.  12. 

quantopere,  adv,  (quantus  + opus), 
how  much,  how  greatly,  ii.  5,  vii. 
52. 

quantus,  a,  um,  adj  , how  great,  how 
much,  so  much  ; quanto  — tanto,  the  — 
the.  40. 

quantusvis,  tavis,  tumvis,  adj.,  as 
much  as  you  will ; however  much,  how- 
ever great ; any.  v.  28. 
quare,  conj.,  wherefore,  why.  8. 
quartus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  fourth. 
13. 

quasi,  conj.,  as  if,  as  it  were,  just  as  if; 
nearly,  vii.  38. 


quStuor,  num.  adj.,  four.  20. 
que,  conj.,  and ; que  — que,  or  que  — 
— et,  both  — and.  892. 
quemadmodum,  adv.,  after  the  manner 
of,  just  as,  how,  as.  See  quis  and 
modus. 

queror,  i,  questus,  dep.,  to  lament,  com- 
plain of,  bewail.  10. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  and  adj.  prom, 
who,  which,  what,  that.  1214. 
quieumque,  quaecumque,  quodeum- 
que,  indef.  prom,  whoever,  whatever, 
whosoever;  all  that,  every,  all.  12. 
quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  and  quid- 
dam,  indef.  prom,  a certam  one* some 
one,  some,  something,  somebody.  tor7. 
quidem,  adv.,  truly,  indeed,  at  least,  as- 
suredly, in  truth  ; ne  — quidem,  not 
even.  43. 

quies,  etis,  f.,  quiet,  rest,  repose.  5. 
quietus,  a,  um,  adj.,  at  rest,  calm,  quiet, 
peaceful.  4. 

quin,  conj.,  (qui  + ne),  but  that;  that 
not;  that,  but;  quin  etiam,  moreover, 
nay  even.  25. 

quinam,  quaenam,  quodnam,  interrog. 
adj.  prom,  who?  which?  what?  nam 
has  the  force  of  pray.  ii.  30,  v.  44. 
quincunx,  uncis,  m.,  (quinque  + uncia, 
a twelfth),  five  twelfths ; the  five  spots 
on  dice ; in  quincuncem,  after  the 
manner  of  these  spots,  — vii.  73. 
quindecim,  num.  adj.,  fifteen.  8. 
quinetiam.  See  quin 
quingenti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  (quinque  + 
centum),  five  hundred.  5. 
quini,  ae,  a,  dist.  num.  adj.,  five  each, 
five.  4. 

quinquaginta,  num.  adj.,  fifty.  6. 
quinque,  num.  adj.,  five.  10. 
quintus,  a,  um,  num.  adj  , fifth.  4. 
quis,  quae,  quid,  interrog.  prom,  who? 
which?  what?  quid,  adv.,  why?  how? 
indef.  pron.,  any  one,  one:  somebody, 
something.  After  ne,  si,  nisi,  the  fem. 
sing,  is  qua,  as  nequa,  etc.  158. 


468 


VOCABULARY. 


quisnam  — reclino 


quisnam,  quaenam,  quidnam,  interrog. 
pron.,  who,  pray?  which,  pray?  what, 
pray  ? The  nam  has  the  force  of 
pray.  See  quinam, 
quispiam,  quaepiam,  quodpiam  or 
quidpiam,  or  quippiam,  inclef,  prou., 
some,  any  ; some  one,  any  one  ; some- 
thing, anything,  v.  35,  vi.  17. 
quisquam,  quaequam,  quidquam  or 
quicquam,  indef.  pron.,  some,  any, 
any  one,  anything.  26. 
quisque,  quaeque,  quodque  or  quid- 
que, or  quicque,  indef.  prou.,  each, 
every , every  one,  all,  everything.  45. 
quis<  ’is,  quaequae,  quodquod  or 
qu|  Auid,  or  quicquid,  indef.  pron., 
whit ver,  whatever,  each,  all.  ii.  17, 
vii.  46. 

quivis,  quaevis,  quodvis  or  quidvis, 
indef.  pron.,  any  one  you  please;  every 
one,  any  one  ; whoever ; anything,  ii. 
31,  iii.  13,  iv.  2. 

quo,  adv.  and  conj.  ; as  aclv.,  old  dat.  of 
qui,  whither,  where  ; to  what  place ; after 
si,  to  any  place,  anywhere,  quo  as  a 
conj.  is  the  ablat.  of  qui,  that,  in  order 
that  (usually  with  comparatives).  42. 
quoad,  adv.,  as  long  as,  as  far  as ; till, 
until.  4. 

quod,  conj.,  because,  that,  in  that,  in  so 
far  as;  quodsi,  and  if  but  if  299. 
quominus,  conj.,  (see  quo),  that  not,  so 
that  not.  iv.  22,  vii.  19. 
quoniam,  conj  , because,  since.  15. 
quoque,  conj.,  too,  also.  10. 
quoqueversus,  adv.,  in  every  direction. 
iii.  23. 

quot,  indeed,  adj.,  as,  as  many  as  ; how 
many.  vii.  19. 

quotannis,  adv.,  (quot  + annus),  year- 
ly, every  year.  4. 

quotidianus,  a,  um,  adj.,  every  day, 
daily;  usual.  8. 

quotidie,  adv.,  every  day,  daily.  11. 
quotiens,  adv.,  as  often  as ; how  often. 
i.  43,  v.  34. 


R. 

radix,  leis,  f.,  a root;  the  base  of  a moun- 
tain. 5. 

rado,  ere,  rasi,  rasum,  to  smooth,  scrape, 
shave,  v.  14. 

ramus,  i,  m.,  a bough,  branch.  4. 
rapiditas,  atis,  f.,  velocity,  swiftness, 
rapidity,  iv.  17. 

rapina,  ae,  f.,  (rapio),  robbery,  rapine, 
plundering,  i.  15. 

rarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  far  apart,  scattered, 
thin,  scanty,  dispersed ; single;  few.  6. 
ratio,  onis,  f.,  account,  calculation,  reckon- 
ing, computation;  transaction,  affair; 
regard,  respect,  concern,  care,  considera- 
tion ; judgment,  understanding,  reason  ; 
method,  manner,  fashion  ; motive.  41. 
ratis,  is,  f.,  a raft,  i.  8,  12;  vi.  35. 
rSbellio,  onis,  f.,  a rebellion,  revolt,  iii. 
10,  iv.  30,  38. 

recedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  to  retreat, 
withdraw,  depart,  retire,  v.  43. 
recens,  tis,  adj.,  recent,  fresh,  new,  vigor- 
ous. 9. 

recenseo,  ere,  ui,  Itum  or  sum,  to 

reckon  up,  enumerate,  review,  count  over. 
vii.  76. 

receptaculum,  i,  n.,  a shelter;  a recep- 
tacle; a lurking  place,  vii.  14. 
receptus,  a,  um.  See  rScipio. 
receptus,  us,  m.,  a retreat,  shelter,  ref- 
uge. iv.  33,  vi.  9,  vii.  47. 
recessus,  us,  m.,  a retreat,  v.  43 
rSeldo,  6re,  eidi,  casum,  (re  + cado), 
to  fall  back,  recoil;  to  occur,  happen; 
to  fall  upon,  light  upon.  vii.  1. 
rScipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  (re  + capio), 
to  receive,  take  back ; to  recover,  get 
again  ; to  take,  capture ; to  engage, 
undertake;  se  recipere,  to  withdraw, 
betake  one’s  self.  76. 
recito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  read  aloud. 
v.  48. 

reclino,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  lean  back- 
wards, recline,  vi.  27  (twice). 


recte  — remollesco 


VOCABULARY. 


460 


recte,  adv.,  in  a straight  line ; correctly, 
well.  vii.  6,  80. 

rectus,  a,  um,  adj  , direct,  exact,  straight. 

vi.  25,  vii.  23,  46. 

rgcupgro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (re  + 
capio),  to  recover,  regain,  v.  27,  vii. 
1,  76. 

rScuso,  are,  avi,  atum,  (re  + causa), 
to  object,  refuse,  decline,  reject.  9. 
reda,  ae,  f.,  a wagon,  i.  51,  vi.  30. 
redactus,  a,  um.  See  redigo, 
reddo,  gre,  didi,  ditum,  to  give  bach, 
return,  restore ; to  yield,  give  up,  sur- 
render ; to  grant  ; to  cause!  11. 
rgdemptus,  a,  um.  See  rSdimo. 
rgdeo,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  return, 
come  back  ; to  be  reduced  ; to  descend. 
10. 

rgdlgo,  ere,  egi,  actum,  (re  + ago), 

to  drive  or  bring  back  ; to  render  ; to  re- 
duce, diminish;  to  make,  compel,  force. 

10. 

rSdimo,  gre,  emi,  emptum,  (re  + emo), 

to  buy  back;  to  release,  redeem,  ran- 
som; to  hire,  procure,  farm,  acquire, 
purchase,  i.  18,  37,  44 
redintegro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  restore, 
renew,  revive,  recruit.  9. 
rSditio,  onis,  f.,  a return,  i.  5. 
reditus,  us,  m.,  a return,  iv.  30,  .'i.  29, 
36. 

reduco,  gre,  xi,  ctum,  to  bring  or  con- 
duct back,  remove,  draw  back,  withdraw. 

28. 

rgfero,  ferre,  tQli,  latum,  to  carry, 
bring,  draw,  or  give  back ; referre  pe- 
dem, to  retreat.  16. 
reficio,  ere,  feci,  fectum,  to  make  anew, 
repair,  restore,  rebuild;  to  refresh,  re- 
invigorate, reassure,  recruit.  11 
refringo,  ere,  fregi,  fractum  (re  + 
frango),  to  break,  break  open  ; to  de- 
stroy ; to  repress,  ii.  33,  vii.  56. 
refugio,  ere,  fugi,  fugitum,  to  escape, 
flee  away ; to  retreat,  flee  back.  v.  35, 

vii.  31. 


regio,  onis,  f.,  (rego),  course,  direction  ; 
territory,  region;  e regione,  opposite. 
41. 

regius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (rex),  kingly,  royal, 
regal,  vii.  32. 

regno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  rule,  reign, 
govern,  v.  25. 

regnum,  i,  n.,  dominion,  sovereignty ; 

kingdom ; royal  power.  19. 
rego,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  govern,  rule,  di- 
rect, conduct,  iii.  13,  vi.  17. 
regredior,  i,  gressus,  dep.,  (re  gra- 
dior), to  return,  v.  44. 
relcio,  ere,  ieei,  iectum,  (re  + iaeio), 
to  hurl,  back,  drive  back,  repel ; to  fling 
down,  cast  off,  reject.  6. 
relanguesco,  ere,  gui,  — -,  to  grow  weak, 
languid;  to  become  enfeebled,  ii.  15. 
relatus,  a,  um.  See  refero, 
relego,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  remove,  send 
a. way.  v.  30. 

rSlictus,  a,  um.  See  relinquo, 
religio,  onis,  f.,  piety,  religion,  plighted 
faith  ; religious  rites  ; superstition.  5. 
relinquo,  Sre,  liqui,  lictum,  (re  lin- 
quo), to  leave  behind,  abandon,  leave. 
78. 

reliquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  remaining,  the  rest 
of ; future,  to  come;  reliquum,  i,  n., 
the  rest,  remainder.  173. 
remaneo,  ere,  mansi,  mansum,  to  con- 
tinue, remain,  last,  endure.  10. 
remex,  Igis,  m.,  a rower,  iii.  9. 
remigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (remus  + ago), 
to  row.  v.  8. 

remigro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  return,  re- 
move back.  iv.  4,  27. 
reminiscor,  i,  — , dep.,  to  remember,  i. 
13. 

remissus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (remitto), 

remiss,  relaxed,  loose,  slack,  v.  12. 
remitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  hurl  back, 
send  back ; to  abate,  slacken,  relax,  re- 
lieve. 16. 

remollesco,  gre,  — , — , to  become  ener- 
vated. iv.  2. 


470 


VOCABULARY. 


remotus  — retineo 


rgmotus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (rgmoveo), 

distant,  remote.  4. 

rgmoveo,  ere,  movi,  motum,  to  with- 
draw, remove,  take  away.  8. 
remuneror,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  reward, 
remunerate,  i.  44. 
remus,  i,  m , an  oar.  8. 
reno,  onis,  m.,  a reindeer,  vi.  21. 
rSnovo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  review,  re- 
new. iii.  2,  20. 

rSnuntio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  bring  back 
word;  to  announce,  report.  9. 
repello,  ere,  puli,  pulsum,  to  repel,  re- 
pulse, drive  back.  10. 
rgpente,  adv.,  suddenly.  5. 
repentino,  adv.,  suddenly,  ii.  33. 
repentinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unexpected, 
sudden.  14. 

rgpgrio,  ire,  peri,  pertum,  to  discover, 
ascertain,  find ; to  devise,  invent. 

27. 

rgpgto,  gre,  ivi,  itum,  to  claim,  demand. 
i.  30,  31. 

rgpleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  to  furnish,  refill, 
supply,  vii.  56. 

rgporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  carry  or 
bring  back,  convey,  if.  29,  v.  23. 
reposco,  ere,  — , — , to  exact,  demand 
back.  v.  30. 

rgpraesento,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  perform 
immediately , do.  i.  40. 
rgprehendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  to  censure, 
rebuke,  reprove.  4. 

rgprimo,  gre,  pressi,  pressuin,  (re  + 
premo),  to  restrain,  check,  prevent. 
iii.  14,  vii.  8. 

repudio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  refuse,  reject, 
decline,  i.  40. 

rSpugno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  oppose,  fight 
against,  disagree  with,  be  contrari/  to, 
be  inconsistent ; to  stand  opposed,  i.  19, 

iii.  4,  vii.  42. 
rSpuli.  See  repello, 
rgpulsus,  a,  um.  See  rgpello. 
rSquiro,  ere,  sivi,  situm,  (re  + quaero), 

to  seek  again ; to  seek  after,  search  for ; 


to  demand,  require ; to  miss,  look  in 
vain  for.  vi.  34,  vii.  63. 
res,  rei,  f.,  a thing,  affair,  business,  pur- 
pose, circumstance,  event,  fact.  394. 
resarcio,  ire,  si,  sartum,  to  restore,  re- 
pair. vi.  1. 

rescindo,  ere,  scidi,  scissum,  to  destroy, 
tear  down.  7. 

rescisco,  gre,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  learn, 
ascertain,  i.  28. 

rescribo,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  to  write  again, 
transfer,  i.  42. 

rSservo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  retain,  re- 
serve, preserve.  4. 

rgsideo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  (re  + sg- 
deo),  to  rest,  remain,  abide;  to  be  left. 
vii.  77. 

resido,  gre,  sedi,  sessum,  (re  + sido), 

to  settle,  sit  down,  subside,  grow  calm. 
vii.  64. 

rgsistens,  tis,  partic.  adj.,  (rgsisto), 

resolute,  firm.  4. 

rgsisto,  gre,  stiti,  stitum,  to  halt,  stop, 
stand  still;  to  withstand,  oppose;  to 
continue,  remain.  21. 
respicio,  gre,  spexi,  spectum,  (re  -f 
spgcio),  to  look  back;  to  have  a care 
for,  be  mindful  of.  4. 
respondeo,  ere,  di,  sum,  to  reply,  an- 
swer. 16. 

responsum,  i,  n.,  a reply,  answer.  4. 
respublica,  reipublleae,  f.,  the  republic, 
commonwealth , state  ; the  public  affairs. 
15. 

respuo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  to  spit  out ; to  re- 
pel, reject,  refuse,  i.  42. 
restinguo,  gre,  nxi,  ctum,  to  quench, 
extinguish,  put  out.  vii.  24,  25. 
restiti.  See  rgsisto. 
restituo,  gre,  ui,  utum,  (re  + stStuo), 
to  replace,  restore,  reinstate  ; to  deliver 
up,  give  up ; to  renew.  7. 
retineo,  ere,  tinui,  tentum,  (re  + 
tgneo),  to  keep  back,  detain,  retain  ; to 
hinder,  restrain,  check,  keep,  hold  fast, 
maintain.  18. 


retraho  — scelus 


VOCABULARY. 


471 


retraho,  gre,  traxi,  tractum,  to  draw 
or  bring  back ; to  recover,  v.  7. 
r§tuli.  See  refero. 

rgvello,  gre,  velli,  vulsum,  to  tear  away, 
pluck  away.  i.  52,  vii.  73. 
reverto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  and  revertor,  i, 
sus,  dep.,  to  turn  back,  return.  34. 
revincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctum,  to  tic, 
fasten,  bind.  5. 

revoco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  recall,  call 
back.  5. 

rex,  regis,  m.,  a king.  14. 
rheda,  ae,  f.,  a carriage.  See  reda 
rheno,  onis,  m.,  a reindeer.  See  reno. 
Rhenus,  i,  in.,  the  Rhine.  62. 
Rhodanus,  i,  m.,  the  Rhone.  13. 
ripa,  ae,  f.,  the  bank  of  a river.  18. 
rivus,  i,  m.,  a brook,  stream,  v.  49,  50. 
robur,  oris,  n.,  hard  oak;  strength,  power. 
iii.  13. 

rogo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  ask,  question ; 
to  request,  solicit,  inquire;  rogare  mili- 
tes Sacramento,  to  bind  soldiers  by  an 
oath.  9 

Roma,  ae,  f.,  Rome.  i.  31,  vi.  12,  vii.  90. 
Romanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Roman.  172. 
Romanus,  i,  m.,  a Roman. 
rostrum,  i,  n.,  the  beak  or  bill  of  a bird  ; 

the  beak  of  a ship.  iii.  13,  14 
rota,  ae,  f.,  a wheel,  i 26,  iv.  33. 
riibus,  i,  m.,  a bramble-bush,  bramble, 
ii.  17. 

rumor,  oris,  m.,  report,  rumor,  talk.  6. 
rupes,  is,  f.,  a rock  or  cliff,  ii.  29. 
rursus,  adv.,  again,  anew;  back,  back- 
wards. 24. 

S. 

sacerdos,  otis,  m.  and  f.,  a priest  or 
priestess,  vii.  33. 

sacramentum,  i,  n , an  oath.  vi.  1. 
sacrificium,  i,  n.,  a sacrifce.  5. 
saepe,  adv.,  often,  frequently.  12. 
saepgniimgro,  adv.,  often,  frequently, 
time  and  again.  5. 


saevio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  be  cruel  or 
fierce,  iii.  13. 

sagitta,  ae,  f.,  an  arrow,  iv.  25,  vii.  41, 
81. 

sagittarius,  i,  m.,  a bowman,  archer.  7- 
sagllum,  i,  n.,  a small  military  cloak. 
v.  42. 

saltus,  us,  m.,  a woodland  pasture ; a 
forest ; a mountain-pass.  vi.  43,  vii.  19. 
salus,  utis,  f.,  security,  safety  ; welfare, 
deliverance,  prosperity.  48. 
sancio,  ire,  nxi,  ctum,  to  render  sacred 
or  inviolable ; to  appoint,  establish,  de- 
cree, ordain,  i.  30,  vi.  20,  vii.  2. 
sanctus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sancio),  holy, 
sacred,  inviolable,  iii.  9,  vi.  23,  vii.  66. 
sanguis,  Inis,  in.,  blood,  vii.  20,  50. 
sanitas,  atis,  f.,  health,  soundness ; good 
sense,  discretion,  i.  42,  vii.  42. 
sano,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  cure,  restore, 
heal,  repair,  allay  ; to  obviate,  vii.  29. 
sanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sensible,  sound,  sober, 
discreet,  v.  7. 
sanxi.  See  sancio. 

sapio,  gre,  ivi  or  ii,  — , to  understand, 
know.  v.  30. 

sarcina,  ae,  f.,  a pack,  bundle,  load ; bag- 
gage. 4. 

sarmentum,  i,  n.,  brushwood,  twigs,  iii.  1 8. 
satis,  adv.,  sufficiently,  enough.  24. 
satisfacio,  gre,  feci,  factum,  to  give 
satisfaction,  satisfy,  content;  to  apolo- 
gize, ask  pardon  for.  6. 
satisfactio,  onis,  f.,  reparation,  satisfac- 
tion, excuse,  apology,  i.  41,  vi.  9 
satus,  a,  um.  See  sero. 
saucius,  a,  um,  adj.,  ivounded.  iii.  4, 
v.  36. 

saxum,  i,  n.,  a rock,  stone.  7 
scala,  ae,  f.,  a scaling-ladder,  v.  43, 
vii.  81. 

scapha,  ae,  f.,  a boat,  skiff,  iv.  26. 
seglgratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  accursed,  im- 
pious, wicked,  vicious,  vi.  13,  34. 
scelus,  eris,  n , an  evil  deed;  crime, 
guilt,  sin.  i.  14. 


472 


VOCABULARY. 


scienter  — sero 


scienter,  adv.,  expertly,  skilfully,  vii.  22. 
scientia,  ae,  f.,  skill,  knowledge,  science, 
experience.  6. 

scindo,  ere,  scidi,  scissum,  to  cut,  tear, 
rend,  split,  divide;  to  destroy,  demolish, 
break  down.  iii.  5,  v.  51. 
scio,  ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  know,  under- 
stand, perceive.  12. 
scorpio,  onis,  m.,  a scorpion,  a military 
engine  for  throwing  darts,  stones,  etc. 
vii.  25  (twice). 

scribo,  gre,  ipsi,  iptum,  to  write.  5. 
scrobis,  is,  m.  and  f , a ditch,  pit,  trench. 
vii.  73  (twice),  82. 

scutum,  i,  n.,  a buckler,  shield.  10. 
sScius,  adv.,  (comp,  of  secus),  differ- 
ently, less,  otherwise.  4. 
seeo,  are,  cui,  etum,  to  cut  off,  cut 
down;  to  mow.  vii.  14. 
secreto,  adv.,  apart,  separately,  secretly. 

i.  18,  31. 

sectio,  onis,  f.,  division,  lot ; spoils,  booty. 

ii.  33. 

sector,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  follow,  pursue, 
hunt  after,  pursue  eagerly,  vi.  35. 
sectura,  ae,  f.,  a digging,  cutting,  iii.  21. 
secundum,  prep,  with  acc.,  along,  after, 
near;  according  to ; close  to,  next.  4. 
secundus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sequor),  next, 
following ; successful,  prosperous,  favor- 
able. IS. 

securis,  is,  f.,  (sSco),  an  axe.  vii.  77. 
secus,  adv.,  otherwise,  differently.  See 
secius 

secutus,  a,  um.  See  sequor, 
sed,  conj.,  but , now.  101. 
sedecim,  mini,  adj.,  sixteen,  i.  18,  49. 
sedes,  is,  f.,  a seat;  a home,  dwelling- 
place,  habitation.  5. 
seditio,  onis,  f.,  insurrection,  sedition, 
dissension,  civil  discord,  vii.  28. 
seditiosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  turbulent,  se- 
ditious, factious,  i.  17. 
seges.  Itis,  f.,  a cornfield  ; a crop.  vi.  36. 
sSmel,  nnm.  adv.,  once.  i.  31. 
sementis,  is,  f.,  a sowing,  i.  3. 


semita,  ae,  f.,  a footpath,  path.  v.  19, 
vii.  8. 

semper,  adv.,  ever,  always.  10. 
senator,  oris,  m.,  a senator,  ii.  28. 
sSnatus  consultum,  i,  n.,  a.  decree  of 
the  senate,  i.  43. 

senex,  sgnis,  adj.,  old,  aged,  sgnex, 
senis,  m.,  an  old  man.  i.  29. 
seni,  ae,  a,  dist.  mini,  adj.,  six  each,  six 
in  six.  i.  15,  vii.  75. 
sententia,  ae,  f.,  (sentio),  a purpose,  in- 
tention, design ; a judgment,  decision, 
sentence;  a resolution.  18. 
sentio.  Ire,  sensi,  sensum,  to  discern  by 
the  senses ; to  be  sensible  of,  perceive, 
discover,  observe  ; to  imagine,  suppose. 
12. 

sentis,  is,  m.,  a bramble,  briar,  ii.  17. 
separatim,  adv.,  apart,  separately.  i. 
19,  29;  vii.  36. 

separatus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (separo), 
distinct,  separate,  iv.  1. 
separo,  are,  avi,  atum,  separate,  divide. 
iv.  1,  vii.  63. 

sepes,  is,  f.,  a hedge,  fence,  ii  17,  22. 
septem,  nnm.  adj.,  seven,  iv.  23,  v.  49. 
septemtriones,  um,  m.  pi.,  the  Great 
Bear,  the  Little  Bear;  Charles’s  1 Vain; 
the  north  ; the  North  Pole.  7. 
septimus,  a,  um,  nnm.  adj.,  the  seventh. 
14. 

septingenti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  seven  hun- 
dred. v.  13,  vii.  51. 

septuaginta,  num.  adj.,  seventi/.  iv.  12. 
sepultura,  ae,  f , the  act  of  burying ; a 
funeral,  funeral  rites,  obsequies,  burial. 

i.  26. 

Sequana,  ae,  f.,  the  Seine.  6. 
Sequanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Sequanian.  40. 
sSquor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  to  go  or  come  after; 
to  follow,  attend,  accompany  ; to  follow 
after,  pursue;  to  aim  at,  seek  for. 
31. 

sermo,  onis,  m.,  a discourse,  talk,  conver- 
sation. . v.  37,  41  ; vi.  13. 
sero,  adv.,  late,  too  late.  v.  29. 


sero  — societas 


VOCABULARY. 


473 


sero,  Sre,  sevi,  satum,  to  sow,  plant. 

v.  14. 

servilis,  e,  adj.,  servile,  of  slaves,  i.  40, 

vi.  19. 

servio,  ire,  ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  be  a slave: ; 
to  be  subject  to,  devote  one’s  self  to,  give 
heed  to.  iv.  5,  vii.  34. 
servitus,  utis,  f.,  servitude,  slavery.  15. 
servo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  keep,  preserve, 
watch,  guard ; to  observe.  11. 
servus,  i,  m.,  a bondman,  slave,  ser- 
vant. 6. 

sesquipedalis,  e,  adj.,  (sesqui,  half  as 
much  +pes),  a foot  and  a half  in  length, 
breadth,  or  diameter,  iv.  17. 
seu,  conj.,  whether.  8. 
severitas,  atis,  f.,  severity,  harshness, 
rigor,  vii.  4. 

sevoco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  call  off  or 
aside  ; to  draw  aside,  v.  6. 
sevum,  i,  n.,  tallow,  fat.  vii.  25. 
sex,  mim.  adj.,  six.  16. 
sexaginta,  num.  adj.,  sixty,  ii.  4. 
sexcenti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  six  hun- 
dred. 8. 

sexdecim,  num.  adj.,  sixteen,  vii.  16. 
si,  conj.,  whether ; if.  172. 
sic,  adv.,  in  this  manner ; thus.  29. 
siccitas,  atis,  f.,  dryness,  drought,  iv.  38, 
v.  24. 

sicut  or  slcuti,  adv.,  as  if,  just  as,  as  it 
were,  like,  sicut,  6 ; sicuti,  4. 
sidus,  eris,  n.,  star,  constellation,  vi. 

14. 

signifer,  eri,  m,  (signum  + fero), 
a standard-bearer . ii.  25. 
significatio,  onis,  f.,  intimation,  expres- 
sion, declaration  ; sense,  import.  5 
significo,  are,  avi,  atum,  (signum  + 
facio),  to  make  a sign  ; to  signify,  indi- 
cate, show,  intimate,  declare.  7- 
signum,  i,  n , a sign,  mark,  a watchword, 
signal;  an  ensign,  a standard.  46. 
silentium,  i,  n.,  stillness,  silence.  10. 
silva,  ae,  f.,  forest,  wood.  54. 
silvestris,  e,  adj.,  wooded,  woody.  6. 


similis,  e,  adj.,  resembling,  like,  similar. 

11. 

similitudo,  Inis,  f.,  likeness,  resemblance, 
affinity,  similarity,  vii.  50,  53. 
simul,  adv.,  together,  at  once,  at  the  same 
time  ; simul  — simul,  partly  — partly  ; 
simul  ac,  as  soon  as.  22 
simulacrum,  i,  n.,  a likeness  or  repre- 
sentation; a picture,  image,  effigy,  figure. 
id.  16,  17. 

simulatio,  onis,  f , pretence,  disguise, 
counterfeiting , deceit,  hypocrisy.  7. 
simulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  feign,  pre- 
tend, counterfeit,  i 44,  iv.  4. 
simultas,  atis,  f.,  enmity,  hatred,  jealousy, 
rivalry,  v.  44. 

sin,  conj.,  but  -if ; if  however,  i.  13,  v. 
35. 

sincere,  ad x.,  frankly,  sincerely,  candidly. 

vii.  20 

sine,  prep,  with  ablat , without.  41. 
singillatim,  adv.,  one  by  one,  singly,  iii.  2, 

v.  4,  52. 

singularis,  e,  adj.,  single,  one  only ; ex- 
traordinary, excellent,  remarkable,  singu- 
lar. 8. 

singuli,  ae,  a,  dist.  num.  adj.,  separate, 
single,  individual,  each,  every.  34. 
sinister,  tra,  trum,  adj.,  left,  on  the 
left  ; adverse,  contrary  ; pernicious, 
bad.  7. 

sinistrorsus,  adv.,  towards  tlielefi  hand ; 
on  the  left.  vi.  25. 

sino,  ere,  sivi,  sltum,  to  permit,  allow, 
suffer;  to  give  one  leave,  iv  2. 
siquando,  adv.,  if  ever.  iii.  12. 
slquis,  slqua.  See  quis. 
sisto,  ere,  stiti,  statum,  to  set,  place  ; 

to  stand  still,  stop.  See  circumsisto, 
situs,  us,  m.,  position,  situation,  site.  5. 
slve,  conj.,  or,  whether ; if , either  ; slve 
— slve,  whether  — or.  9. 
socer,  eri,  m.,  a father-in-law.  i.  12. 
societas,  atis,  f.,  a company,  union,  con- 
junction, alliance,  league,  confederacy. 

vi.  12. 


474 


VOCABULARY. 


socius  — subactus 


socius,  a,  um,  comrade,  partner,  associ- 
ate. 11. 

sol,  solis,  m.,  the  sun.  14. 
solatium,  i,  u.,  comfort,  consolation,  vii. 
15. 

soldurii,  orum,  m.  pi.,  retainers  (Celtic 
word),  iii.  22. 

s61eo,  ere,  itus,  semi-dep.,  to  be  wont ; 

to  be  accustomed,  vi.  15,  vii.  35. 
solertia,  ae,  f.,  adroitness,  shrewdness ; 

expertness,  shill,  vii.  22. 
solitudo,  Inis,  f.,  wilderness,  desert ; soli- 
tude. iv.  18,  vi.  23. 

sollicito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  rouse,  move, 
urge,  induce,  incite ; to  investigate.  12. 
sollicitudo.  Inis,  f.,  anxietij,  disquiet, 
trouble,  uneasiness,  v.  53,  vii.  40. 
solum,  i,  n.,  the  soil,  ground ; foundation, 
bottom.  4. 

solum,  adv.,  alone,  only.  12. 
solus,  a,  um,  adj.,  alone,  only,  single, 
sole.  9. 

solvo,  Sre,  solvi,  solutum,  to  untie,  un- 
bind, loose.  5. 

sonitus,  us,  m.,  a noise,  sound,  vii.  60,  61 . 
sonus,  i,  m.,  noise,  sound,  vii.  47. 
sQror,  oris,  f.,  a sister,  i.  18,  53. 
sors,  sortis,  f.,  chance,  lot,  fate,  desting. 
i.  50,  53  (twice). 

spatium,  i,  n.,  distance,  space;  an  inter- 
val. 43. 

species,  ei,  f.,  a form,  figure,  fashion, 
shape,  appearance;  a spectacle,  sight; 
pretence,  semblance.  12. 
specto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  see,  observe ; 
to  endeavor  : to  tend ; to  examine,  prove; 
to  look,  face,  lie  towards;  to  expect, 
wait  for.  6. 

speculator,  oris,  m , spg,  scout,  ii.  11, 

v.  49. 

spgculatorius,  a,  um,  adj.,  for  scouting, 
of  observation,  iv.  26. 
spSciilor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  watch,  ob- 
serve, reconnoitre,  wait  for.  i.  47. 
spero,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  trust,  hope,  ex- 
pect. 12. 


spes,  ei,  f.,  expectation,  hope.  52. 
spiritus,  us,  m.,  spirit,  breath ; haughti- 
ness, arrogance,  i.  33,  ii.  4. 
spolio,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  spoil,  strip, 
plunder,  deprive,  v.  6,  vii.  66. 
sponte,  ablat.,  of  one’s  own  will,  volun- 
tarily. 5. 

stabilio,  ire,  ivi,  itum,  to  fix,  settle  ; to 
make  firm.  vii.  73. 

stabilitas,  atis,  f.,  stability,  firmness, 
steadiness,  iv.  33. 

statim,  ad v.,  forthwith,  immediately . 9. 

statio,  onis,  f.,  a post,  station;  outpost, 
picket,  guard,  sentinel,  sentry.  11. 
statuo,  Sre,  ui,  utum,  to  raise,  erect,  set 
up,  place,  station,  establish  ; to  decide, 
conclude.  18. 

statura,  ae,  f.,  stature,  ii.  30,  vi.  21. 
status,  us,  m.,  condition,  state,  posture, 

vi.  12,  vii.  54,  55. 

stimulus,  i,  m.,  spur,  goad  ; pointed  stake. 

vii.  73,  82. 

stipendiarius,  a,  um,  adj  , tributary. 
i.  30,  36,  vii.  10. 

stipendium,  i,  n , tribute,  tax.  7. 
stipes,  Itis,  m.,  qwst,  log,  stake,  vii.  73 
(twice). 

stirps,  stirpis,  f.,  stock,  stem,  stalk,  Unc- 
age. vi.  34  (twice). 

sto,  are,  steti,  statum,  to  continue,  stand ; 

to  persist,  remain.  4. 
stramentum,  i,  n., (sterno),  straw, thatch ; 

covering,  coverlet,  v.  43,  vii  45. 
strepitus,  us,  m.,  a din,  noise,  uproar, 
tumult,  ji.  11,  iv.  33,  vi.  7. 
stQdeo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  pay  attention  to, 
cultivate,  strive  after,  be  eager  for.  16. 
studiose,  adv  , zealously,  eagerly,  alien 
tivelij.  vi.  28  (twice), 
stddium,  i,  n.,  zeal,  eagerness  ; attach- 
ment, devotion  ; vocation;  exertion.  15. 
stultitia,  ae,  f.,  foolishness,  folly,  vii.  77. 
sub,  prep,  with  acc.,  below,  under,  be- 
neath; by,  at  the  base  of;  about,  towards, 
during,  on,  in  ; within.  10. 
subactus,  a,  um.  See  subigo. 


subdolus  — sui 


VOCABULARY. 


475 


subdolus,  a,  um,  adj.,  cunning,  crafty. 
vii.  31. 

subduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  withdraw, 
draw  off,  take  away,  remove.  6. 
subductio,  onis,  f.,  a hauling  ashore,  a 
drawing  up.  v.  1. 

subeo,  ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  itum,  to  come  or  go 
under ; to  advance,  proceed ; to  endure, 
encounter,  undergo.  7. 
subesse.  See  subsum. 
subfodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossum,  to  dig  under, 
undermine,  dig  below,  iv.  12. 
sublcio,  ere,  ieci,  iectum,  (sub  -f-  ia- 
cio),  to  throw  under,  place  under,  sub- 
ject. 8. 

sQblgo,  ere,  egi,  actum,  (sub  + ago), 
to  force,  compel,  constrain,  oblige  ; to 
drive  ; to  subdue,  reduce,  vii.  77. 
sQblto,  adv.,  quickly,  suddenly.  30. 
subitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (subeo),  unex- 
pected, sudden,  iii.  7,  8. 
sublatus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (tollo), 
proud,  elated.  11. 

sublevo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  lift,  support, 
lessen,  diminish  ; to  relieve,  ease.  9. 
sublica,  ae,  f.,  a pile,  stake,  iv.  17  (twice), 
vii.  35. 

subluo,  gre,  ui,  utum,  to  wash  beneath  ; 

to  flow  near.  vii.  69. 
subministro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  afford , 
furnish,  supply.  i.  40,  iii.  25,  iv. 
20. 

submitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  to  send 
after;  to  send,  furnish,  dispatch.  9. 
submoveo,  ere,  movi,  m5tum,  to  dis- 
place, remove,  dislodge,  drive  back. 

5. 

subruo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  to  dig  under, 
undermine;  to  pull  down,  demolish,  over- 
turn. ii.  6,  iv.  27. 

subsgquor,  i,  cutus,  dep.,  to  follow  after, 
follow  immediately.  15. 
subsidium,  i,  n.,  a reinforcement ; help, 
defence,  remedy.  27. 
subsldo,  gre,  sedi,  sessum,  to  sink  down, 
remain,  stay  behind,  vi.  36. 


subsisto,  ere,  stlti,  — , to  halt,  stand 
still ; to  hold  out,  withstand,  i.  15,  v. 
10 

subsum,  esse,  fui,  — , to  be  under ; to  be 
near.  4. 

subtraho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  remove, 
withdraw;  to  take  away  secretly . i. 44, 
vii.  22. 

subvectio,  onis,  f.,  transportation,  con- 
veyance. vii.  10. 

subveho,  gre,  vexi,  vectum,  to  convey, 
carry  or  bring  up.  i.  16. 
subvenio.  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  come 
up;  to  help,  assist,  aid,  succor.  4. 
succedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  (sub  + 
cedo),  to  go  under ; to  go  towards,  ap- 
proach ; to  come  behind,  follow  after, 
succeed;  to  be  successful,  to  prosper. 
14. 

succendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  to  kindle,  set  on 
fire,  burn.  5. 

successus,  us,  m.,  approach,  advance, 
success,  ii.  20. 

succido,  gre,  cldi,  clsum,  (sub  + cae- 
do), to  cut  off,  mow,  cut  down.  iv.  19, 
38,  v.  9. 

succumbo,  gre,  cubui,  ctibltum,  (sub 
-)-  cumbo),  to  sink  under,  yield,  sur- 
render, succumb,  be  overcome.  vii. 
86. 

succurro,  gre,  cucurri  or  curri,  cur- 
sum, (sub  + curro),  to  run  to  one’s 
assistance ; to  help,  aid,  succor,  assist. 

v.  44,  vii.  80. 

sudes,  is,  f.,  a pile,  stake.  4. 
sudor,  oris,  m.,  toil,  sweat,  vii.  8. 
sufficio,  gre,  feci,  fectum,  (sub  + fa- 
cio), to  give,  supply;  to  he  sufficient, 
supplied  with  ; to  hold  out.  vii.  20. 
suffragium,  i,  n.,  (sub  + frango),  a vote, 
voice,  suffrage,  vi.  13,  vii.  63. 
suggestus,  us,  m.,  (suggero),  a raised 
place  ; a stage,  platform,  tribunal. 

vi.  3. 

sui,  sibi,  se,  refl.  pron.,  of  himself,  her- 
self, itself,  or  themselves.  639. 


476 


VOCABULARY. 


sum  — tacitus 


sum,  esse,  fui,  — , to  be,  exist,  remain, 
continue;  to  happen,  take  place.  999. 
summa,  ae,  f.,  the  main  thing,  chief  point; 
sum,  amount,  sum  total,  aggregate,  whole. 

18. 

summus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sup.  of  superus), 

the  highest,  greatest,  very  great;  most 
important,  consummate;  the  summit  of , 
surface  of.  84. 

sumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  to  take 
up  or  away ; to  arrogate,  assume,  claim, 
appropriate ; to  undertake,  begin.  8. 
sumptudsus,  a,  um,  adj.,  costly,  expen- 
sive. vi.  19. 

sumptus,  us,  m.,  (sumo),  cost,  expense, 
charge,  i.  18. 

sumptus,  a,  um.  See  sumo, 
superbe,  adv.,  haughtily,  proudly,  inso- 
lently, arrogantly,  i.  31. 
siiperfui.  See  supersum, 
superior,  us,  adj.,  (comp,  of  siipgrus), 
higher,  upper ; superior,  greater,  strong- 
er, more  powerful ; past,  preceding. 
64. 

sQpgro,  are,  avi,  atum,  (supero),  to  ex- 
cel, surpass,  overcome,  outstrip,  subdue, 
conquer;  to  remain,  survive.  26. 
sQpersedeo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to  ab- 
stain, forbear,  restrain  from  ; to  omit, 
pass,  desist  from.  ii.  8. 
sfipersum,  esse,  fui,  — , to  be  left,  re- 
main, exist  still,  survive.  7- 
superus,  a,  um,  adj.,  above,  upper,  over. 
See  superior. 

suppSto,  ere,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  (sub  -f- 
peto),  to  be  present,  be  in  store,  be  at 
hand.  5. 

supplementum,  i,  n , a filling  up,  sup- 
ply, recruiting,  reinforcements,  supplies. 
vii.  7,  9,  57. 

supplex,  Icis,  adj.,  (sub  4-  pllco),  hum- 
ble, submissive,  suppliant,  supplicant. 
ii.  28. 

supplicatio,  onis,  f.,  a prayer,  supplica- 
tion ; a thanksgiving : a day  set  apart 
for  prayer,  ii.  35,  iii.  38,  vii.  90. 


suppliciter,  adv.,  humbly,  submissive! i/, 
suppliantly.  i.  27. 

supplicium,  i,  n.,  (supplex),  penally, 
punishment.  12. 

supporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  (sub  -f-  por- 
to), to  carry,  bring,  convey  up  or  to.  5. 
supra,  prep,  with  ace.,  and  adv.,  over,  on 
the  top,  above ; formerly,  before,  pre- 
viously. 26. 

suscipio,  Sre,  cepi,  ceptum,  (sub  + 
capio),  to  take  up,  lift  up;  to  under- 
take, assume,  enter  upon  ; to  undergo, 
suffer;  to  engage  in,  begin.  11. 
suspectus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj  , (sus- 
picio), mistrusted,  suspected,  suspici- 
ous. v.  54. 

suspicatus,  a,  um  See  suspicor, 
suspicio,  onis,  f.,  mistrust,  distrust,  sus- 
picion. 11. 

suspicor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  mistrust ; to 
surmise,  suppose,  believe,  apprehend.  6. 
sustento,  are,  avi,  atum,  (sustineo), 
to  hold  up,  support,  sustain,  maintain; 
to  hold  out,  endure,  suffer.  4. 
sustineo,  ere,  tlnui,  tentum,  (sub  + 
tSneo),  to  hold  up,  keep  up,  support, 
sustain,  restrain,  check ; to  undergo, 
withstand,  endure,  make  a stand,  hold 
out.  38. 

suus,  a,  um,  poss.  adj.  prom,  one’s  own; 
belonging  or  relating  to  him,  her,  it,  or 
them.  357. 

T. 

tabernaculum,  i,  n.,  a tent.  i.  39,  vi  38, 
vii.  46 

tabula,  ae,  f.,  a plank,  board;  a pic- 
ture, painting ; a tablet,  register  i.  29 
(twice). 

tabulatum,  i,  n.,  a story  in  a building  ; 

a boarded  floor,  vi.  29. 
taceo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  be  silent,  say  noth- 
ing; to  keep  secret,  disregard,  i.  17 
I twice). 

tacitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  silent,  i.  32. 


talea  — terni 


VOCABULARY. 


1 l"Tr7’ 

47  i 


talea,  ae,  f.,  staff,  stick  ; rod,  bar.  v.  12, 
vii.  73. 

talis,  e,  adj.,  such,  of  this  or  that  kind, 
such  like.  5. 

tam,  adv.,  so  much,  so  very,  so.  14. 
tamen,  conj  , nevertheless,  yet,  however, 
at  least.  76. 

tametsi,  con  j , (tamen  + etsi),  though, 
although,  notwithstanding.  4. 
tandem,  adv.,  at  last,  at  length,  finally, 
however,  yet,  still.  6. 
tango,  ere,  tStlgi,  tactum,  to  border 
upon,  touch,  v.  3. 

tantopere,  adv.,  so  greatly,  so  much.  i. 
31. 

tantulus,  a,  um,  adj.  dim.,  (tantus), 
so  little,  so  small,  so  trifling.  4. 
tantum,  adv.,  so  far,  so  much  ; only,  alone, 
merely;  non  tantum  — sed  etiam,  not 
only  — but  also.  5. 

tantummodo,  adv.,  merely,  only.  iii.  5 
tantundem,  adv.,  just,  as  far,  so  far,  just 
as  much.  vii.  72. 

tantus,  a,  um,  adj.,  so  great,  so  much, 
such ; so  little,  so  small ; quanto  — 
tanto,  the  the.  92. 
tarde,  adv.,  slowly,  tardily,  iv.  23. 
tardo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  hinder,  retard, 
impede,  delay.  9 

tardus,  a,  um,  adj.,  tardy,  slow.  ii.  25. 
taurus,  i,  m.,  a bull.  vi.  28. 
taxus,  i,  f.,  the  yew-tree.  vi.  31. 
tectum,  i.  n.,  (tego),  the  covering  or  roof 
of  a house  ; a house,  dwelling,  i.  36, 
vii.  66.- 

tectus,  a,  um.  See  tSgo. 
tegimentum,  i,  n.,  a covering,  ii.  21, 
vi  21. 

tego,  ere,  texi,  tectum,  to  cover,  conceal, 
disguise;  to  protect,  defend.  5. 
telum,  i,  n.,  a weapon;  a javelin,  dart, 
spear.  40. 

temerarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  inconsiderate, 
rash,  imprudent,  i.  31,  vi.  20. 
temere,  adv , without  reason,  thought- 
lessly, at  random  ; readily , easily . 4. 


temeritas,  atis,  f.,  inconsiderateness, 
7'ashness,  indiscretion.  5. 
temo,  onis,  m.,  the  beam,  pole,  or  tongue 
of  a carriage,  etc.  iv.  33. 
temperantia,  ae,  f.,  moderation,  temper- 
ance, abstinence,  self-control . i.  19. 
temperatus,  a,  um,  partic.  adj.,  (tem- 
pero), temperate,  moderate,  sober,  mild. 
v.  12. 

tempero,  are,  avi,  atum,  (tempus), 

to  temper,  moderate,  restrain  ; to  forbear, 
refrain  from,  abstain,  i.  7,  33. 
tempestas,  atis,  f.,  (tempus),  time; 
a period,  season  ; weather ; storm,  tem- 
pest. IS 

tempto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  handle,  try. 
1L 

tempus,  oris,  n.,  season  ; time.  111. 
tendo,  ere,  tetendi,  tensum  or  ten- 
turn,  to  stretch,  stretch  out;  to  go,  ad- 
vance; to  encamp,  tent  4. 
tenebrae,  arum,  f pi  , darkness,  vii. 
81 

teneo,  ere,  ui,  turn,  to  hold,  hold  fast , 
to  keep , have,  occupy,  possess ; to  con- 
tinue, keep  on  ; to  defend ; to  keep  hack, 
detain.  50. 

tener,  era,  erum,  adj.,  tender,  soft; 
young,  ii.  17. 

tento,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  feel,  examine; 
to  try,  attempt,  put  to  the  test,  prove,  tam- 
per with,  sound;  to  incite,  urge.  See 

tempto. 

tenuis,  e,  adj.,  slender,  thin ; mean,  low, 
poor ; feeble,  delicate,  v.  40,  vi.  35. 
tenuitas,  atis,  f.,  fineness,  thinness;  pov- 
erty. vii.  17. 

tenuiter,  adv.,  thinly,  slightly,  iii.  13. 
ter,  mini,  adv.,  three  times,  i.  53. 
tgres,  etis,  adj.,  (tero),  slender,  smooth  , 
rounded,  long.  vii.  73. 
tergum,  i,  n.,  the  hack  of  men  or  ani- 
mals; the  rear ; ab  tergo,  in  the  rear ; 
post  tergum,  in  the  rear.  12. 
terni,  ae,  a,  dist.  mini,  adj  , three  each, 
every  three,  three,  iii.  15,  vii.  73,  75. 


478 


VOCABULARY. 


terra  — ti’ansitus 


terra,  ae,  f , the  earth;  ground,  land,  dis- 
trict; a region;  orbis  terrarum,  the 
earth , the  world.  14. 
terrenus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (terra),  earth;/, 
of  the  earth,  i.  43. 

terreo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  to  frighten,  alarm, 
terrify ; to  deter.  4. 
territo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  frighten,  ter 
Tify,  affright.  4. 

terror,  oris,  m.,  fear,  terror,  affright.  5. 
tertius,  a,  um,  num  adj.,  (ter),  third, 
the  third.  34. 

testamentum,  i,  n.,  a will.  i.  39. 
testimonium,  i,  n.,  (testis),  testimony, 
proof,  evidence.  4. 
testis,  is,  m.  and  f , a witness  4. 
testudo,  Inis,  a tortoise;  a wooden  cover- 
ing or  shed,  under  which  the  besiegers 
stood  and  applied  the  battering-ram ; 
a shelter  of  shields.  6. 
texi  See  tego. 

tignum,  i,  n.,  a log,  stick,  beam.  iv.  17 
(twice). 

tlmeo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  fear,  be  afraid  of; 

to  dread,  fear  for  16 
timide,  adv.,  fearfully,  timidly,  iii.  25, 
v.  33. 

timidus,  a,  um,  adj  , fearful,  cowardly, 
afraid,  timid,  i.  39,  iii.  24,  vi  40. 
tlmor,  oris,  m.,  dread,  fear.  34. 
tolero,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  bear,  bear 
patiently  ; to  support,  tolerate,  endure  ; 
to  nourish,  maintain  ; to  hold,  keep.  4. 
tollo,  ere,  sustuli,  sublatum,  to  raise, 
lift  up,  set  up,  send  up ; to  carry  off, 
remove;  to  kill,  destroy,  break  off.  20. 
tormentum,  i,  n.,  (torqueo),  a hurling- 
engine  for  throwing  stones,  darts,  etc. ; 
a cord,  rope  ; torture,  torment.  8. 
torreo,  ere,  ui,  tostum,  to  dry,  roast, 
scorch,  bake,  burn,  parch,  v.  43. 
tot,  indeed,  adj.,  so  many.  7. 
totidem,  indeed,  adj.,  just  as  many,  as 
many.  7. 

totus,  a,  um,  gen.  totius,  adj.,  all,  the 
whole,  total,  the  entire.  63. 


trabs,  trabis,  f.,  rafter,  beam.  6 
traetus,  a,  um.  See  traho, 
trado,  ere,  didi,  ditum,  (trans  4-  do), 
to  give,  consign,  deliver;  to  pass  from 
hand  to  hand ; to  surrender;  to  trans- 
mit.; to  commend,  intrust.  28. 
tradueo.  See  transduco. 
tragfila,  ae,  f.,  a dart,  javelin.  4. 
traho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  drag  along,  drag 
away;  to  protract,  put  off , detain,  spin 
out.  i.  53,  vi.  38. 
tralcio.  See  translcio. 
traiectus,  us,  m.,  (tralcio),  crossing 
over;  a passage,  iv.  21,  v.  2. 
trano,  are,  avi,  atum,  (trans  + no), 
to  swim  across  or  over  i.  53 
tranquillitas,  atis,  f.,  a calm  ; stillness, 
calmness,  rest,  quiet,  tranquillity,  iii. 
15,  v.  23. 

trans,  prep,  with  acc , across,  over , be- 
yond. 23. 

transalpinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  transalpine, 
beyond  the  Alps,  vi  i.  1,  6. 
transcendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  (trans  + 
scando),  to  climb  or  mount  over,  pass, 
surmount,  cross,  iii.  15,  vii.  70. 
transduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  carry  or 
bring  over,  transport,  transfer,  lead,  con- 
vey. 32. 

transeo,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  go,  cross, 
or  pass  over;  to  elapse,  pass  away 

64. 

transfSro,  ferre,  tiili,  latum,  to  carry 
or  bring  over  ; to  transport,  transfer. 
vi.  3,  13  ; vii.  8. 

transfigo,  ere,  xi,  xum,  to  pierce  or 
thrust  through  ; to  pierce,  transfx.  i 25, 

v.  44,  vii.  62. 

transfodio,  ere,  fodi,  fossum,  to  thrust 
through,  pierce ; to  transfix,  vii.  82. 
transgredior,  i,  gressus,  dep.,  (trans  + 
gradior),  to  go  or  pass  over ; to  cross 
ii.  19,  vii.  25,  46. 

transitus,  us,  m.,  (transeo),  a passing 
or  going  over ; crossing,  passage,  v.  55. 

vi.  7,  vii.  57. 


transieio  — tuus 


VOCABULARY.  479 


transieio,  ere,  ieci,  iectum,  (trans  + 
iacio),  to  throw  or  cast  over;  to  transport 
across;  to  thrust  or  pierce  through,  trans- 
fix. ^ 4. 

translatus,  a,  urn.  See  transfero, 
transmarinus,  a,  um,  adj.,  beyond  the 
sea  ; foreign  ; transmarine,  vi.  24. 
transmissus,  fis,  m.,  a passage,  v.  2, 
13. 

transmitto,  ere.  misi,  missum,  to  send 
over,  transmit,  vii.  61. 
transporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  carry 
over,  convey,  transport.  10. 
transrhenanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  across  the 
Rhine,  iv.  16,  v.  2,  vi.  5.  transrhe- 
nani,  5rum,  m.  pi.,  those  living  beyond 
the  Rhine. 

transtrum,  i,  n.,  a cross-beam.  iii.  13. 
transversus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (trans  + ver- 
to), lying  across,  crosswise,  athwart, 
oblique,  ii.  8. 

trecenti,  ae,  a,  nnm.  adj.,  (tres  + cen- 
tum), three  hundred,  iv.  37,  v.  9,  vi. 
36. 

tredecim,  num.  adj.,  thirteen,  vii.  51. 
trepido,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  hurry  with 
alarm ; to  be  in  a state  of  trepidation 
and  alarm;  to  run  up  and  down  in 
fear  and  confusion ; to  hasten  about ; to 
be  alarmed,  agitated,  v.  33,  vi.  37. 
tres,  tria,  num.  adj.,  three.  36. 

Trevir,  Iri,  m.,  a Trevirian.  38. 
tribunus,  i,  m.,  (tribus),  a tribune. 
tribunus  militum,  a tribune  of  the 
soldiers,  an  officer  of  the  army ; each 
legion  had  six.  20. 
tribuo,  ere,  ui,  fitum,  to  assign,  distrib- 
ute, give ; to  impute,  attribute  ; to  grant, 
allow.  7. 

tributum,  i,  n.,  (tribuo),  tribute,  impost, 
tax.  vi.  13,  14. 

triduum,  i,  n , three  days.  10. 
triennium,  i,  n.,  three  years,  iv.  4 
triginta,  num.  adj.,  thirty,  vi.  35. 
trini,  ae,  a,  dist.  num.  adj.,  three  each, 
every  three,  three.  4. 


tripartito,  adv.,  in  three  parts,  m three 
divisions.  4. 

triplex,  Icis,  adj.,  (tres  + pllco),  triple, 
three,  threefold.  4. 

triquetrus,  a,  um,  adj.,  triangular,  three- 
cornered.  v.  13. 

tristis,  e,  adj.,  sorrowful,  sad.  i.  32. 
tristitia,  ae,  f.,  sadness,  sorrow,  i. 
32. 

truncus,  i,  m.,  the  trunk  or  stock  of  a tree. 

iv.  17,  vii.  73. 

tu,  tui,  pers.  pron.,  m.  and  f.,  you,  thou. 

v.  30  (twice). 

tuba,  ae,  f.,  a trumpet,  ii.  20,  vii.  47, 
81. 

tueor,  eri,  tuitus  or  tutus,  to  behold, 
look  at,  watch,  guard,  defend,  protect  ; 
to  support,  keep,  maintain.  8. 
tiili.  See  fero. 

turn,  adv.,  at  that  time,  then.  48. 
tumultuor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  make  a 
disturbance,  raise  a tumult;  to  be  in 
confusion,  vii.  61. 

tumultuose,  adv.,  tumultuously,  vii. 
45. 

tumultus,  us,  m.,  a tumult,  broil,  disturb- 
ance, uproar;  sedition,  mutiny,  insur- 
rection. 7. 

tfimulus,  i,  m.,  (tumeo),  a hillock,  hill, 
mound.  6. 

tunc,  adv.,  at  that  time,  then.  v.  41. 
turma,  ae,  f.,  a squadron  of  thirty  horse- 
men. 5. 

turpis,  e,  adj.,  ugly,  deformed,  unseemly; 

dishonorable,  infamous,  scandalous  6. 
turpiter,  adv.,  disgracefully,  basely, 
shamefully,  vii.  20  (twice),  80. 
turpitudo,  Inis,  f.,  dishonor,  shame,  dis- 
grace. ii.  27. 
turris,  is,  f.,  a tower.  29. 
tuto,  adv.,  safely,  securely,  without  dan- 
ger. iii.  13,  24  ; vii.  36. 
tutus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (tueor),  secure,  safe, 
out  of  danger,  protected.  9. 
tuus,  a,  um,  poss.  adj.  pron.,  thy,  thine, 
of  thee  ; yours,  your,  of  you.  v.  44. 


480 


VOCABULARY. 


ubi  — vagof 


u. 

ubi,  adv.,  where,  when.  58. 
ubicumque,  adv.  wherever,  vii.  3. 
ubique,  adv.,  everywhere  ; wherever  ; 
anywhere,  iii.  16. 

ulciscor,  i,  ultus,  dep.,  to  avenge,  re- 
venge. 5. 

ullus,  a,  um,  gen.  ullius,  adj.,  any,  any 
one.  25. 

ulterior,  us,  gen.  oris,  comp,  adj.,  far- 
ther, on  the  farther  side  ; more  distant, 
more  remote.  8. 

ultimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (sup.  of  ulterior), 
the  most  distant,  last,  the  most  remote, 
farthest.  5. 

ultra,  prep  and  adv.,  beyond,  past,  far- 
ther. i.  48,  49. 

ultro,  adv.,  beyond  ; on  both  sides,  to  and 
fro;  moreover,  besides,  further;  actu- 
ally, 'voluntarily,  spontaneously.  11. 
ultus,  a,  um.  See  ulciscor, 
ululatus,  us,  m.,  a yelling,  howling,  shout. 
v.  .37,  vii.  80. 

umquam.  See  unquam, 
una,  adv.,  together;  at  the  same  time, 
along  with.  31. 

unde,  adv.,  whence,  from  which,  from 
whom.  10. 

undecim,  num.  adj.,  eleven,  vii.  G9,  87. 
undecimus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  the  elev- 
enth. ii.  23,  v.  46. 

undique,  adv  , from  all  parts,  from  every 
part;  on  all  sides,  everywhere.  26. 
universus,  a,  um,  adj.,  whole,  entire  ; all 
together.  9. 

unquam,  adv.,  ever,  at  any  time.  4. 
unus,  a,  um,  gen.  unlus,  num.  adj.,  one, 
single,  one  alone,  one  only  ; the  same,  one 
and  the  same.  115. 

urbanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  a city ; of  the 
city  (Rome),  vii  1,  6. 
urbs,  urbis,  f.,  a city ; the  citi/  (Rome).  9. 
urgeo,  ere,  ursi,  — , to  press  upon,  urge, 
drive,  impel;  to  press  hard,  weigh  down, 
oppress,  ii.  25,  26. 


urus,  i,  m.,  a kind  of  ox.  vi.  28. 
usitatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  usual,  accustomed, 
ordinary,  common,  customary,  vii.  22. 
usque,  adv.,  even,  quite,  as  far  as ; with 
eo,  to  such  a degree.  10. 
usus,  a,  um.  See  utor. 
usus,  us,  m.,  use,  practice,  exercise ; 
skill;  advantage,  benefit,  profit ; occa- 
sion ; necessity,  need ; usu  venire,  to 
happen,  occur.  34. 

ut  or  iiti,  conj.  and  adv.,  that ; so  that, 
in  order  that ; so  as  to,  to;  as;  though, 
although;  that  not  (after  verbs  of  fear- 
ing). ut,  380  ; uti,  56. 
titer,  tra,  trum,  gen.  utrlus,  adj.,  which, 
which  of  the  two.  4. 

bterque,  traque,  trumque,  gen.  utrlus- 
que,  adj.,  both,  each.  36. 

Uti.  See  ut. 

utllis,  e,  adj.,  (utor),  useful,  profitable, 
advantageous,  iv.  7,  vii.  20,  76 
utilitas,  atis,  f , usefulness,  profit,  ad- 
vantage. iv.  19,  vii.  23. 
utor,  i,  usus,  dep.,  to  use,  make  use  of, 
enjoy  • to  exercise,  practise  ; to  employ  ; 
to  show ; to  manage.  52. 
utrimque,  adv.,  on  both  sides.  5. 
utrum,  conj.,  whether , in  indirect  ques- 
tions ; in  direct  questions  it  is  not 
translated,  i.  40,  50,  53. 
uxor,  oris,  f.,  a wife.  9. 

V. 

vacatio,  oms,  f.,  (vaeo),  exemption,  re- 
spite, immunity , freed  om . vi  14. 
vaco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  be  empty,  free 
from,  without,  vacant,  without  a posses- 
sor. 4. 

vSeuus,  a,  um,  adj  , free  from;  empty; 

destitute ; vacant.  5. 
vadum,  i,  n.,  a ford,  a shallow  place.  13. 
vagina,  ae,  f.,  scabbard,  sheath,  v.  44 
vagor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  wander  about, 
roam,  ramble.  9. 


valeo  — verutum 


VOCABULARY. 


valeo,  ere,  ui,  — , to  enjoy  health , to  be 
powerful,  strong ; to  have  interest,  ight, 
or  influence ; to  have  force.  13. 
valetudo.  Inis,  f.,  (valeo),  good  health; 

ill  health,  disease,  v.  40  ; vii.  78. 
vallis  or  valles,  is,  f.,  a valley.  9. 
vallum,  i,  n.,  (vallus),  a rampart  set 
with  stakes  or  palisades;  intrenchments, 
earthworks.  35. 

vallus,  i,  m.,  a stake,  palisade.  See 

vallum 

varietas,  atis,  f , variety,  in  respect  to 
colors ; variety,  diversity,  vi.  27,  vii. 
23. 

varius,  a,  um,  adj.,  variegated,  chang- 
ing, changeable  ; different,  ii.  22,  vii. 
77. 

vasto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  lay  waste,  rav- 
age, desolate,  devastate.  10. 
vastus,  a,  um,  adj.,  vast,  huge,  enor- 
mous, immense,  iii.  9,  12. 
vaticinatio,  onis,  f.,  a foretelling , pro- 
phecy, divination,  i.  50. 
vS,  enclit.  conj.,  = vel,  or;  either.  See 
vel. 

vectigal,  alis,  n . . a tax,  impost,  duty  ; 

revenue,  i.  18,  36;  v.  22 
vectigalis,  e,  adj.,  tributary.  iii.  8, 
iv.  3. 

vectdrius,  a,  um,  adj.,  (ve ho),  for  carry- 
ing or  transportation,  v.  8. 
vghementer,  adv.,  exceedingly,  eagerly, 
impetuously, ardently,  vehementh/,  strong- 
ly.  9. 

veho,  ere,  vexi,  vectum,  to  bear,  carry, 
convey,  i.  43. 

vel,  conj.,  or,  even  ; vel  — vel,  either  — 
or.  12. 

velocitas,  atis,  f.,  fleetness,  swiftness, 
velocity,  speed,  rapidity,  vi.  28. 
velociter,  adv.,  swiftly,  rapidly,  quickly, 
speedily,  v.  35. 

velox,  ocis,  adj.,  quick,  swift, fleet,  rapid, 
speedy,  i.  48. 

velum,  i,  n.,  a sail,  iii.  13  (twice),  14. 
velut,  adv.,  as,  like  as,  just  as.  l.  32. 


481 

venatio,  dnis,  f.,  the  chase,  hunting,  iv.  1, 
vi.  21,  28. 

venator,  oris,  m , a hunter,  vi.  27. 
vendo,  Sre,  didi,  ditum,  to  sell.  ii.  33, 
iii.  16,  iv.  2 

Veneticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  of  the  Venetian, 
Venetian,  iii.  18,  iv.  21. 
venia,  ae,  f.,  indulgence,  favor,  forgive- 
ness, pardon,  forbearance,  vi.  4,  vii.  15. 
venio,  Ire,  veni,  ventum,  to  come,  arrive. 
133. 

ventito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  resort ; to 
come  often,  iv.  3,  32  ; v 27. 
ventus,  i,  m.,  the  wind.  11. 
ver,  veris,  n.,  the  spring,  vi.  3. 
verbum,  i,  n.,  a word,  expression,  remark, 
saying.  4. 

vereor,  eri,  Itus,  dep.,  to  fear.  25. 
vergo,  ere,  — , — , to  He  ; to  face  ; to  in- 
cline. 4. 

vergobretus,  i,  m , the  title  of  the  chief 
magistrate  among  the  Haeduans.  i.  10. 
verisimilis,  e,  adj.,  (verus  + similis), 
likely,  probable.  See  verum, 
veritus,  a,  um.  See  vereor, 
vero,  adv,  (verus),  indeed,  in  truth, 
assuredly.  24. 

verso,  are,  avi,  atum,  (verto),  to  turn 
often,  twist,  change;  to  agitate,  exercise; 
to  employ ; to  exert ; to  occupy ; to  be 
busy.  v.  44. 

versor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  remain,  dwell, 
stay ; to  be  engaged  in,  busy  one’s  self 
with  ; to  be  associated  with  ; to  occupy. 

11. 

versus,  adv.  and  prep.,  (verto),  towards. 
5. 

versus,  us,  m.,  (verto),  a line,  verse. 
vi.  14. 

verto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  to  turn,  turn  round ; 

to  alter,  change,  transform.  6. 
verum,  i,  n , the  truth.  4. 
verus,  a,  um,  adj.,  real;  true;  reasonable; 
right.  See  verum. 

verutum,  i,  n.,  a javelin,  dart.  v.  44 
(twice). 


3 


482 


VOCABULARY. 


vesper — vita 


vesper,  6ris  and  Sri,  m.,  evening;  the 
evening  star.  5 . 

vester,  tra,  trum,  poss. adj.  prou  .,  yours, 
your;  of  you,  of  yours.  5 
vestigium,  i,  n.,  the  print  of  a footstep  ; 
a track,  trace ; a place,  spot ; an  instant, 
a inornent  ; e vestigio,  immediately, 
on  the  spot.  4. 

vestio,  Ire,  Ivi  or  ii,  Itum,  to  attire, 
clothe,  cover,  array,  v.  14,  vii.  23,  31. 
vestis,  is,  f.,  clothing,  garment,  vii.  47. 
vestitus,  us,  m.,  dress,  clothing,  iv.  1, 
vii.  88. 

veteranus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (vetus),  veteran, 
old.  i.  24. 

vSto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  forbid,  prevent, 
prohibit,  ii.  20,  v.  9,  vii.  33. 
vStus,  eris,  adj.,  old,  former,  ancient 

12. 

vexillum,  i,  n.,  (veho),  a military  en- 
sign, standard,  banner,  flag.  A red 
flag  displayed  from  tire  general’s  tent 
as  a signal  for  marching  or  for  battle 
ii  20,  vi.  36,  40. 

vexo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  harass,  distress, 
annoy,  molest,  trouble,  agitate.  4. 
via,  ae,  f.,  a road,  way , passage.  20. 
viator,  oris,  m.,  a traveller  iv  5 
vicesimus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  the  twenti- 
eth. vi.  21. 
vlei.  See  vineo. 

vicies,  num  adj.,  twentj/  times,  v 13. 
vicinitas,  atis,  f.,  neighborhood , vicinity  , 
the  neighbors,  vi.  34. 
vlcis,  (gen.),  f.,  succession,  change,  alter- 
nation; in  vicem,  by  turns,  alternately ; 
mutually,  iv.  1,  vii.  85. 
victima,  ae,  f.,  a victim,  sacrifice,  vi. 
16. 

victor,  oris,  m.,  a conqueror ; adj.,  vic- 
torious. 9. 

victoria,  ae,  f.,  victory.  9. 
victus,  a,  um.  See  vinco, 
vietus,  us,  m.,  (vivo),  sustenance,  food, 
provisions;  mode  of  living.  4. 
vicus,  i,  m.,  a village,  hamlet.  18. 


video,  ere,  vldi,  visum,  to  see,  behold, 
observe,  perceive;  videor,  eri,  vlsus, 
pass.,  to  seem,  appear ; to  seem  good  or 
fit.  144. 

vigflia,  ae,  f.,  a watching,  being  awake  ; 
guard,  watch  ; the  ivatch,  sentinels. 
A watch  among  the  Romans  was 
equal  to  one  fourth  of  the  night. 
19. 

vlginti,  num.  adj.,  twenty,  i 31,  iv.  38. 
vlmen,  Inis,  n.,  a twig,  osier,  ii.  33, 
vi.  16,  vii.  73. 

vincio,  Ire,  nxi,  nctum,  to  bind,  fasten. 
i.  53. 

vinco,  Sre,  vici,  victum,  to  conquer, 
overcome,  subdue,  vanquish,  prevail,  suc- 
ceed. 18 

vinctus,  a,  um  See  vincio, 
vinculum,  i,  n , (vincio),  a fetter,  chain, 
bond  ; in  vincula,  into  prison.  4. 
vindico,  are,  avi,  atum,  (vim  dlco), 
to  lay  claim  to,  maintain,  assert  ; to 
liberate,  rescue,  free  ; to  revenge,  punish, 
avenge,  iii.  16,  vii.  1,  76. 
vinea,  ae,  f A shed,  built  like  an  ar- 
bor, under  which  soldiers  assailed  the 
walls  of  towns.  8. 
vlnum,  i,  n.,  wine.  ii.  15. 
violo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  violate,  injure, 
hurt ; to  lay  waste,  vi.  23,  32. 

vir,  vlri,  m.,  a man,  husband.  10. 
vires  See  vis. 

virgo,  Inis,  A-,  a maiden,  maid,  virgin. 
v.  14. 

virgultum,  i,  n.,  a copse,  bush,  shrub. 
iii.  18. 

vlrltim,  adv.,  man  by  man,  singly,  indi- 
vidually. vii.  71. 

virtus,  utis,  f.,  (vir),  manhood,  manli- 
ness, bravery  ; firmness,  constancy  ; ex- 
cellence, worth ; virtue.  70. 

vis,  vis,  f.,  power,  strength,  force,  energy, 
vigor  ; influence  ; efficiency ; number, 
multitude  : pi.  vires.  44 

vlsus,  a,  um  See  video  or  videor, 
vita,  ae,  f.,  life.  19 


vito  — vultus 


VOCABULARY. 


vito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  shun,  seek  to 
escape,  avoid,  beware  of.  9. 
vitrum,  i,  n.,  woad,  a plant  used  for 
dyeing  blue.  v.  14. 

vivo,  ere,  vixi,  victum,  to  live  on,  live. 
iv.  1,10;  v.  14. 

vivus,  a,  um,  adj.,  living,  alive.  5. 
vix,  adv.,  hardly,  scarcely,  with  difficulty. 

12. 

voeo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  invite,  summon, 
call;  to  name.  7. 
volgus.  See  vulgus, 
volo,  velle,  volui,  — , to  be  willing ; to 
wish,  desire  ; to  intend,  purpose  ; to  or- 
dain, appoint ; to  command.  66. 
voluntarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  willing,  volun- 
tary, spontaneous ; voluntarius,  i,  m., 
a volunteer,  v.  56. 

voluntas,  atis,  f.,  will,  wish,  choice,  de- 
sire, inclination;  favor,  affection,  good- 


483 

will;  approbation;  willingness,  consent. 

18. 

voluptas,  atis,  f.,  enjoyment,  pleasure, 
delight,  joy.  i.  53  (twice),  v.  12. 
vos.  See  ego.  7. 

voveo,  ere,  vovi,  votum,  to  promise 
solemnly,  vow.  vi.  16. 
vox,  vocis,  f.,  word  ; voice  ; saying ; 
speech.  13. 

Vulcanus,  i,  in.,  Vulcan,  the  god  of  fire, 
vi.  21. 

vulgo,  adv.,  commonly,  generally ; every- 
where ; here  and  there,  i.  39,  ii.  1,  v.  33. 
vulgus,  i,  n.,  the  multitude,  people,  public ; 

the  populace  ; a throng,  crowd.  8. 
vulnSro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  wound.  12. 
vulnus,  eris,  u.,  a wound.  21. 
vultus,  us,  m.,  the  countenance,  looks, 
features,  aspect,  mien,  expression,  vis- 
age. i.  39  (twice). 


VOCABULARY  TO  BOOK  VIII. 


The  numerals  indicate  all  the  chapters  where  each  word  occurs,  and  not 
the  number  of  occurrences  as  in  the  previous  Vocabulary^: 
e.  g.  advento  occurs  in  chapters  20  and  26. 


A LIST  OF  WORDS  FOUND  IN  HIRTIUS  WHICH  ARE  NOT 
CONTAINED  IN  CAESAR 


A. 

absolutus,  a,  urn,  (part,  ab-solvo),  set 

free  from,  brought  to  a conclusion,  end- 
ed. 15. 

acer,  cris,  ere,  adj.,  violent,  severe,  sharp, 
fierce.  5,  28. 

admiratio,  onis,  f.,  (admiror),  sur- 
prise, astonishment,  admiration.  Fref. 
(twice). 

advento,  are,  avi,  atum,  (advenio), 

to  come  nearer ; to  arrive  at ; to  come 
to.  20,  26 

Africanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  pertaining  to 
Africa;  African.  Pref. 
aggeratio,  onis,  f.,  a heaping  up,  a mole, 
dike.  9. 

Alexandrinus,  a,  um,  adj  , pertaining  to 
Alexandria ; Alexandrian.  Pref. 
aquator,  oris,  m.,  a water-carrier.  41. 
aquor,  an,  atus,  dep.,  (aqua),  to  bring 
water.  41. 

ascitus,  a,  um,  (part,  ascisco),  taken, 
appropriated , received.  30. 
augur,  firis,  m.  or  f.,  an  augur,  a diviner, 
seer.  50. 


B. 

brumalis,  e.  adj.,  pertaining  to  the  winter 
solstice ; wintry.  4. 

C. 

calcar,  aris,  n.,  a spur,  stimulus,  incite- 
ment. 48. 

calliditas,  atis,  f.,  shrewdness,  craft,  cun- 
ning. 16. 

cantus,  us,  m.,  sound,  tone.  20. 
cautus,  a,  um,  (part  caveo),  careful, 
wary,  safe,  cautious.  23. 
cogitatio,  onis,  f.,  meditation,  thought; 
design,  plan  10. 

cohaereo,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  be  united 
with  ; to  adhere  to,  cleave  to.  Pref. 
collatio,  onis,  f.,  collection  ; union.  8. 
commendatio,  onis,  f.,  a commendation, 
recommendation.  52. 
commentarius,  ii,  m.,  a note-book;  memo- 
randum ; commentary.  Pref.  (twice), 
4.  15,  30,  38,  48  (twice), 
compingo,  ere,  pegi,  pactum,  to  unite 
together ; to  compose,  frame  5. 


comprimo  — inaedifico 


_ VOCABULARY. 


comprimo,  Sre,  essi,  essum,  to  press 
together,  make  more  dense,  compress  ; 
to  hold  hack,  repress  ; to  suppress.  23. 
concitator,  oris,  m.,  he  who  excites,  an 
exciter.  21. 

conflo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  kindle,  stir 
up;  to  accomplish,  produce,  effect.  6. 
consolatio,  onis,  f.,  a consoling,  comfort. 
38. 

convello,  ere,  velli'  vulsum,  to  tear. 

pull,  destroy.  26,  50. 
crebro,  adv.,  oftentimes,  frequently.  10, 
17,  44,  52. 

crimen.  Inis,  n.,  judgment ; accusation  ; 

reproach.  Pref.  (twice), 
eupa,  ae,  f , a tub,  cask.  42. 

D. 

decursio,  onis,  f.,  a running  down,  incur- 
sion. 24. 

deprecatio,  onis,  f.,  prayer  for  pardon  ; 

an  imprecation.  Pref. 
deprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pressum,  to  press 
down,  depress  ; to  suppress  9 (twice), 
40. 

derivo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  lead  off ; to 
divert.  40 

descensus,  us,  m.,  descent.  40  (twice). 
diffQgio,  ere,  fugi,  to  fly  in  different 
directions ; to  disperse.  23,  24,  35. 
discepto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  dispute,  dis- 
cuss : to  decide.  55. 
discessio,  onis,  f.,  a departure  ; separa- 
tion. 52,  53 

discursus,  us,  m.,  a running  to  and  fro. 
29. 

dominatio.,  onis,  f.,  ride;  dominion  • lord- 
ship.  52. 

duceni,  ae,  a,  dist  nnm,  two  hundred 
each.  4. 

E. 

elegantia,  ae,  f.,  refinement,  grace,  ele- 
gance Pref.  (twice), 
emendate,  adv.,  faultlessly , perfectly. 
Pref. 


485 

evlto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  avoid,  shun. 
20,  24,  48. 

exaresco,  ere,  rui,  to  dry  up,  become 
dry.  43. 

expectatio,  onis,  f.,  an  awaiting,  expec- 
tation. 9,  40. 

explico,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  unfold,  dis- 
play. Pref.,  4,  14. 

extruo,  fre,  xi,  ctum,  to  heap  up,  build. 

41. 

P. 

fascis,  is,  m.,  a bundle ; the  rods  and 
axe  carried  before  the  highest  magis- 
trates. 1 5. 

ferio,  ire,  to  strike  ; to  cut.  38. 

feritas,  atis,  f.,  wildness,  savageness.  25. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  a spring,  fountain  ; 
source.  41  (five  times),  43  (twice). 

foris,  is,  f.,  a door ; pi.  two  leaves  of  a 
door,  door.  9. 

freno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  furnish  with  a 
bridle  ; to  bridle.  15. 

frequentia,  ae,  f.,  a multitude,  crowd, 
concourse.  50. 

G. 

gradus,  us,  m.,  a step,  pace.  9. 

H. 

hiberno,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  pass  the 
winter ; to  spend  the  winter  in  quarters 
46,  48. 

hostia,  ae,  f.,  an  animal  sacrificed,  a 
victim. 

I. 

impressio,  onis,  f.,  an  impressing ; an 
assault,  onset.  6. 

impunitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unpunished ; un- 
restrained. 48. 

inaedifico,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  build  up, 
erect.  5,  9. 


486 


VOCABULARY. 


indago  — protero 


indago,  inis,  f.,  an  inclosing,  a surround- 
ing. 1 8. 

inertia,  ae,  f.,  inactivity,  laziness.  I ’ref. 
infidelitas,  atis,  f.,  faithlessness.  23. 
inflo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  blow  into;  to 
puff  up.  12. 

inservio,  ire,  ivi,  itum,  to  be  submissive 
to;  to  be  .devoted,  to.  8. 
insolens,  tis,  adj.,  immoderate  ; un- 
usual; haughty,  arrogant.  13.  inso- 
lenter, 50. 

intercido,  ere,  idi,  isum,  to  cut  to  pieces. 
H,  43. 

intolerandus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (intolero), 

insupportable,  intolerable.  4. 

invado,  ere,  si,  sum,  to  go  into,  enter, 
assail.  27. 

invoco,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  call  upon,  in- 
voke. 48. 


L. 

laneea,  ae,  f.,  a spear,  lance . 48 

latito,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  lie  hid.  31. 
lego,  gre,  legi,  lectum,  to  gather;  to 
peruse,  read.  Pref. 

lorictila,  ae,  f.,  a small  breastwork.  9 
(twice). 

lustro,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  purify  ; to  re- 
view ; exercitum  lustravit.  52. 


M. 

magnificentia,  ae,  f.,  grandeur,  splen- 
der,  eminence.  51. 

metor,  ari,  atus,  dep.,  to  measure ; to 
erect.,  pitch  ; metatis  with  passive 
sense.  15. 

moderate,  adj.,  with  moderation  12. 

mortiferus,  a,  um,  adj.,  death-bringing, 
deadly.  23. 

municipium,  ii,  n.,  a town;  a.  free  town. 
50  (twice),  51. 

mutatio,  onis,  f.,  a changing,  alteration, 
change.  52. 

mutuor,  ari,  atus,  to  borrow. 


N. 


nimirum,  adv.,  without  doubt,  sure! //. 
Pref. 


O. 


obscure,  adv.,  darkly,  obscurely.  54. 
obsideo,  ere,  edi,  essum,  to  besiege, 
blockade;  to  beset.  26,37  (twice), 
operose,  adv.,  with' great  labor,  laborious- 
ly. Pref. 

opto,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  wish  for,  desire. 
9,  41. 

opulentus,  a,  um,  adj.,  rich,  wealthy. 
51. 


P. 


patientia,  ae,  f.,  patience ; quality  of  en- 
during. 4. 

percello,  ere,  euli,  culsum,  to  beat 
down;  to  strike ; to  destroy.  19,29,48. 
perennis,  e,  adj.,  everlasting,  perennial. 
43. 

perniciosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ruinous,  per- 
nicious. 1 1 . 

pernocto,  are,  avi,  to  pass  the  night.  15. 
pertinaciter,  adv.,  very  firmly,  tena- 
ciously. 13,  22,  41,  43,  48. 
petitio,  onis,  f.,  solicitation;  candidate 
ship.  50  (twice),  52. 
polleo,  ere,  to  be  strong ; to  prevail ; to 
avail.  22. 

postulatio,  onis,  f.,  a demand ; request ; 
desire.  48. 

praecido,  ere,  Idi,  Isum,  to  cut  off  in 
front ; to  cut  to  pieces.  44. 
praefectura,  ae,  f.,  the  office  of  overseer ; 
prefecture.  12. 

praeripio,  ere,  ripui,  reptum,  to  snatch 
away.  Pref. 

profecto,  adv.,  truly,  indeed,  certainly. 
21. 

prorumpo,  Sre,  rupi,  ruptum,  to  cast 
forth,  burst  forth . 41. 

protero,  ere,  trivi,  tritum,  to  tread 
under  foot,  crush.  48. 


provolvo  — vulneratio 


VOCABULARY. 


487 


provolvo,  §re,  volvi,  volutum,  to  roll 
forth,  roll  away.  42. 

Q 

quadratus,  a,  urn,  squared ; square,  in 
regular  order  of  battle.  8. 
quamquam,  conj.,  although.  Pref , 42, 
52,  55. 

quia,  conj.,  because.  23. 
quondam,  adv.,  once,  at  a certain  time; 
heretofore.  32. 

R. 

recusatio,  onis,  f.,  refusal.  Pref. 
rus,  ruris,  n.,  the  country;  lands ; felds. 
3. 

s 

sacerdotium,  ii,  n.,  the  priesthood . 50. 

salubritas,  atis,  f , healthfulness,  salu- 
brity. 52. 

scandula,  ae,  f.,  a shingle.  42. 
scriptor,  oris,  m.,  writer.  Pref.  (twice), 
sedeo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to  sit,  remain. 
15. 

sestertius,  ii,  m , a sesterce. 
sollicitus,  a,  um,  adj.,  disturbed , stirred 
up.  34. 

spectatus,  a,  um,  (part,  specto),  tested ; 

respected . excellent.  51. 
sterno,  ere,  stravi,  stratum,  to  spread 
out;  to  strew.  51. 
stultus,  a,  um,  adj  , foolish.  10. 
submoveo,  ere,  m5vi,  motum,  to  re- 
move; to  withhold.  10. 


subsidior,  ari,  atus,  to  stand  in  reserve. 
13. 

summissus,  a,  um,  (part,  submitto), 
letdown;  calm;  humble.  31. 
suppressus,  a,  um,  (part,  subprimo), 

held  back.  42. 

suspensus,  a,  um,  (part,  suspendo), 

raised  ; wavering,  doubtful.  43. 

T. 

tamquam,  adv.,  so  as,  just  as,  as  it  were, 
like  as.  54. 

templum,  i,  n.,  an  open  place  for  observa- 
tion ; a sacred  place,  a temple.  51. 
tentorium,  ii,  n.,  a tent.  5. 
testatus,  a,  um,  (part,  testor),  shown; 

proved  ; public.  42,  44. 
togatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  wearing  a garb  of 
peace.  24,  52  (twice), 
triclinium,  ii,  n.,  a table-couch. 
triumphus,  i,  m.,  triumph.  51. 
turmatim,  adv.,  by  troops.  18. 

V. 

vena,  ae,  f.,  a vein.  43. 
verber,  eris,  n.,  a lash  ; scourqing.  38. 
vetustas,  atis,  f.,  old  age.  8. 
vicissim,  adv.,  in  turn;  again.  10. 
vigil,  His,  adj.,  wakeful , active.  35. 
vimineus,  a,  um,  adj  , made  oj  osiers , 
of  wicker-work.  9. 

vulgo,  are,  avi,  atum,  to  spread  among 
the  people  ; to  publish.  3. 
vulneratio,  onis,  f.,  a wounding.  47. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Admagetobriga,  a town  in  Celtic  Gaul. 
Situation  unknown,  i.  31. 

Aduatuca,  a stronghold  in  the  territory 
of  the  Eburones,  perhaps  near  the 
modern  Limburg.-  vi.  32,  36-40. 

AduatGei,  a tribe  of  Germanic  origin  on 
the  left  side  of  the  river  Maas.  They 
were  later  called  Tongri.  ii.  4,  16,29, 
31  ; v.  27,  38  seq.,  56;  vi.  2,  .33. 

Aduatucorum  oppidum,  ii.  29,  2 (differ- 
ent from  Aduatuca),  situated  (accord- 
ing to  Goler)  on  the  hill  which  bears 
now  the  name  Falhize,  opposite  the 
modern  town  Huy,  — according  to  Na- 
poleon, at  the  modern  Namur. 

Agedincum,  capital  of  the  Senones  in 
Celtic  Gaul,  the  modern  Sens  in  the 
Champagne.  (The  modern  name  of 
the  city  corresponds  to  the  old  name 
of  the  tribe.  Cf.  Ambiani,  Avari- 
cum, Bellovaci,  Cadurci,  Curiosolites, 
Durocortorum,  Lemovices,  Lexovii, 
Lingones,  Lutetia,  Namnetes,  Novio- 
dunum (1 ),  Petrocorii,  Redones,  Remi, 
Ruteni,  Samarobriva,  Santones,  Se- 
duni, Segni,  Senones,  Suessiones,  Ta- 
rusates, Turones.)  vi.  44;  vii  10,57, 
59,  62. 

Alesia,  a fortified  town  of  the  Mandubii, 
the  modern  -St.  Reine  d’Alise,  near  Se- 
mur,  between  the  two  rivers  Loze  ( Oze) 
and  Ozerain.  vii.  68,  seq.;  viii.  14,34. 

Alexandria,  a city  in  northern  HEgypt. 
Under  the  Ptolemies  capital  of  the 
land.  viii.  praef. 


Allobroges  (sing  Allobrox),  astrong  Cel 
tic  tribe  between  Rhodanus  (Rhone), 
Isara  (Isere),  and  Lacus  Lemanus 
(Lake  Geneva)  in  the  modern  Dau- 
phinee  and  Savoy.  Subdued  in  121  b.c. 
by  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  i.  6,  10,  11, 
14,  28;  iii.  1,  6;  vii.  64,  65.  Capital- 
Vienna,  q.  v. 

Alpes,  the  Alps.  i.  10,  iii  1,2,7  ; iv.  1 0. 

Ambarri,  a Celtic  tribe,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Arar  (Saone).  i.  11  (necessarii  et 
consanguinei  Haeduorum),  14 

Ambiani,  a Belgic  tribe  near  the  sea-coast, 
inhabiting  the  modern  De'partement  de 
Somme.  Their  capital . Samarobriva 
(the  modern  Amiens  [cf.  note  to  Age- 
dincum]). ii.  4,  15;  vii.  75;  viii.  7. 

Ambibarii,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  modern 
Normandie,  where  a town  Ambieres 
still  exists ; belonged  to  the  civitates 
Aremoricae,  vii.  75. 

Ambiliati,  a small  Celtic  tribe,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Samara  (Somme),  iii.  9 
(perhaps  not  different  from  the  pre- 
ceding). 

Ambivareti,  a Celtic  tribe,  Haeduorum 
clientes,  vii  75,  90. 

Ambivariti,  a Belgic  tribe,  on  the  left 
side  of  the  river  Maas,  near  the  mod- 
ern Breda,  iv.  9. 

Anartes,  a tribe  in  Dacia,  at  the  banks 
of  the  Tibiscus  (modern  Theiss)  in  the 
modern  Siebenbiirgen.  vi.  25. 

Anealites,  a Britannic  tribe,  in  the  mod- 
ern Oxford,  v.  21. 


490 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Andes 


Andes  or  Andi,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  mod- 
ern Anjou,  northward  from  the  modern 
Loire.  Capital.  Juliom&gus  (modern 
Angers  sur  la  Mayenne).  Andes,  ii. 
35 ; iii.  7 ; viii.  26.  Audi,  vii.  3. 
Chieftain  : Dumnacus. 

Aquileia,  town  in  pallia  transpadana, 
bearing  its  old  name  to  the  present 
day.  i.  10. 

Aquitania,  one  of  the  three  main  parts 
of  Gaul  between  Garumna  (Garonne) 
and  the  Pyrenees,  i.  1 ; iii.  11,20,27  ; 

vii.  31;  viii.  46.  See  Gallia  (h.  1), 
Ausci,  Bigerriones,  Cocosates,  Elusa- 
tes, Garumni,  Gates,  Nitiobroges,  Pti- 
anii(i),  Sibuzates,  Sontiates,  Tarbelli, 
Tarusates,  Vocates. 

Aquitani,  the  inhabitants  of  Aquitania, 
i.  1 ; iii.  21. 

Arar  (later  name  Saueonua,  modern 
name  Saone),  a river  flowing  through 
the  land  of  the  Sequani  and  Haedui. 
Empties  into  the  Rhodanus  (Rhone). 

Arduenna  silva,  a ridge  of  mountains 
from  the  Rhenus  (Rhine)  to  the  Scaldis 
(Schelde),  through  the  land  of  the 
Remi  and  Nervii,  v.  3 ; vi.  29,  31,  33. 
Modern  name  : les  Ardennes. 

Arecomlci,  see  Volcae. 

Aremoricae  civitates,  the  tribes  which 
border  on  the  sea-coast  between  Liger 
(Loire)  and  Sequana  (Seine)  in  the 
modern  Bretagne  and  Normandie.  A 
Celtic  word  composed  of  are  — ‘ ad  ’ 
and  mor  = ‘ mare.’  v.  5.3  ; vii.  75  ; 

viii.  31.  The  nations  which  compose 
the  Aremoricae  civitates  are  given 
at  ii.  34  without  that  name  being 
added. 

Arverni,  a powerful  Celtic  tribe  in  the 
modern  Auvergne ; city . Gergovia. 
They  claimed  to  have  descended  from 
the  Trojans  (Lucan.,  i.  427  : Arverni- 
que  ausi  Latio  se  fingere  fratres,  san- 
guine ab  Iliaco  populi).  i.  31,45.  vii. 
3,  4,  5 seq.,  34  seq.,  64  seq.,  75,  89  seq. ; 


viii.  44,  46  (Arvernus  sing.).  See 
Vercassivellauuus,  Vercingetorix,  Cel- 
tillus,  Gobannitio,  Epasnactus,  Crito- 
gnatus. 

Atrebates,  a Belgian  tribe.  Capital . 
Nemetocenna  (the  modern  Arras  in 
the  province  of  Artois) ; sing.,  AtrSbas, 
iv.  35 ; vi.  6 ; viii.  6,  47.  Nom.  plur., 
Atrebates,  ii.  4,  23;  iv.  21;  vii.  75. 
Dat.  plur.,  Atrebat/s,  ii.  16.  Acc. 
plur.,  Atrebatas,  viii.  7.  Chieftain  . 
Commius. 

Aulerci,  a great  Celtic  tribe;  vii.  57. 
Divided  into  four  B'ts : (a)  Aulerci 
Brannovices  between  Sabne  and  Loire  , 
vii.  75.  (h)  Aulerci  Diablintes  in  the 

modern  province  la  Maine;  iii.  9.  (c) 

Aulerci  Cenomani  in  the  Departement 
de  Sarthe ; vii.  4,  75;  viii.  7.  (cl)  Au- 
lerci Eburovices  in  the  modern  Nor- 
mandie; capital.  Mediolanum  (modern 
Evreux)  ; ii  34  ; iii.  17  ; vii.  75.  Chief- 
tain . Camulogenus. 

Ausci,  a powerful  tribe  in  Aquitania  in 
the  modern  Departement  des  Gers. 
Capital . Climberrum  or  Augusta  (the 
modern  Audi.),  iii.  27. 

Avaricum  (modern  Bourges),  a strong- 
hold of  the  Biturigi  on  the  banks  of 
the  Avara  (modern  Eore).  vii.  13,  15, 
1 8,  29, yf!  47, 52.  [For  the  modern  name 
Bourges  = Biturigi  cf.  note  to  Age- 
dincum.] — adj.  Avaricensis,  vii. 
47. 

Axona  (modern  Aisne),  a river  in  Belgic 
Gaul,  which  empties  into  the  Isara 
(modern  Oise)  ii.  5,  9. 

Bacenis  silva,  the  western  part  of  the 
modern  Thiiringer  Wald  (forming  a 
part  of  the  Hercynia  silva),  divides 
the  land  of  the  Cherusci  and  Suebi, 
vi.  10. 

Baleares,  inhabitants  of  the  Balearic. 
Islands  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  near 
the  Spanish  coast.  Skilful  slingers 
(funditores),  ii.  7. 


Batavorum 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


491 


Batavorum  insula,  “ the  island  of  the 
Batavi,”  formed  by  the  Vaeanus  (the 
northern  hill  of  the  Rhine)  and  the 
North  Sea,  the  modern  Beturve  or 
Betau  in  Geldern.  iv.  10. 

Belgae,  the  inhabitants  of  northern  Gaul 
between  Sequana  (Seine),  Matrona 
(Marne),  and  Rhenus  (Rhine),  of 
chiefly  Germanic  origin,  i.  1 ; ii.  1 
seq.,  H seq.,  38;  iii.  7,  11,  iv.  38;  v. 
24;  viii.  6,  38,  54.  Cf.  Ambiani,  Am- 
bivariti, Atrebates,  Bellovaci,  Caeroesi, 
Caleti,  Ceutrones,  Condrusi,  Eburones, 
Geidumni,  Grudii,  Levaci,  Menapii, 
Morini,  Nervii,  Paemani,  Pleumoxii, 
Remi,  Segni,  Suessiones,  Viromandui. 
It  seems  as  if  Belgae  was  also  the 
name  of  a tribe  (v.  12,  1). 

Belgium,  the  laud  of  the  Belgae,  v.  12, 
24,  25  ; viii.  46,  49,  54. 

Bellovaci,  a Belgic  tribe  between  Sequana 
(Seine),  Samara  (Somme),  and  Isara 
(Oise).  The  modern  city  Beauvais  de- 
rives its  name  from  it.  Th^jr  town 
Bratuspantium  (ii.  13)  is  the  ruin 
Bratuspante  near  the  modern  Breteuil 
ii  4,  5,  10,  13,  14;  v.  56;  vii.  59,  75  ; 
viii.  6,  7,  12,  14  seq.,  20,  38.  Chieftain  : 
Correus. 

Bibracte,  capital  of  the  Haedui,  situated 
between  Arar  (Aisne)  and  Liger 
(Loire),  the  modern  Autun  in  Bour- 
gogne. (Locative:  Bibracti,  vii.  55, 
Bibracte,  vii.  90.)  i.  23;  vii.  55,  63, 
90  ; viii.  2,  4.  Later  name  : Augus- 
todunum. 

Bibrax,  a town  of  the  Remi,  either  the 
modern  Beaurieux,  or  situated  on  the 
top  of  the  modern  hill  Vieux  Laon.  ii.  6. 

Bibroci,  a tribe  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  Britain  (modern  Bray  t).  v.  21. 

Bigerriones,  a tribe  in  Aquitania.  Mod- 
ern Bigorre  near  the  Pyrenees  on  the 
banks  of  the  A dour  iii.  27. 

Bituriges,  a Celtic  tribe.  (1)  Bituriges 
Vibisci  on  the  banks  of  the  Garumna 


(Garonne),  in  the  modern  Medoc. 
Capital:  Burdigala  (Bordeaux).  (2) 
Bituriges  Cubi  in  the  modern  Berry, 
Bourbonnais,  and  Touraine.  Towns 
Noviodunum  (Nouan),  and  Avaricum 
(Bourges).  i.  18;  vii.  5,8,9,15;  viii. 
2 seq.,  11. 

Boia,  the  land  of  the  Boii.  vii.  14. 

Boii,  a Celtic  tribe,  which  emigrated 
from  Gaul  into  Germany  (Bohemia). 
A part  of  them  associated  themselves 
with  the  Helvetii,  i.  5,  25,  28,  29  ; vii. 
9,10,17,57.  Capital:  Gorgobina,  vii.  9. 

Brannovices,  see  Aulerci. 

Brannovii,  a Celtic  tribe,  clients  of  the 
Haedui,  vii.  75. 

Bratuspantium,  a town  of  the  Bello- 
vaci, q.  v.  ii.  13. 

Britanni,  the  inhabitants  of  Britannia, 
iv.  21 ; v.  11,  14,  21. 

Britannia,  Britain  (England  and  Scot- 
land inhabited  by  Celts  and  an  abor- 
iginal tribe,  Caledones),  iii.  9 ; iv.  20 
seq.;  v.  8,  12;  vi.  13.  Cf.  Ancalit.es, 
Bibroci,  Cassi,  Ceuimagni,  Segontiaci, 
Trinobantes.  River:  Tamesis.  Chief- 
tains : Taximagulus,  Segovax,  Mandu- 
bracius,  Cingetorix,  Carvilius,  Cassi- 
velaunus.  Cf.  Lugotorix.  Town : 
Cantium. 

CabillSnum,  a town  of  the'Haedui,  mod- 
ern Chalons-sur-Saone  (Arar).  vii.  42, 
90. 

Cadurci,  a Celtic  tribe  in  Aquitania  (in 
the  modern  Quercy).  The  modern 
Cahors  is  very  likely  identical  with 
their  old  town.  Cf.  Lucterius,  Divona, 
vii.  4,  64,  75  ; viii.  30,  32,  34.  Town  : 
Uxellodunum. 

Caeroesi,  a Belgic  tribe,  near  the  mod- 
ern Luxemburg  or  Liittich.  ii.  4. 

Caleti  or  Caletes,  a Belgic  tribe  in  the 
modern  Normandie  on  both  sides  of 
the  Sequana  (Seine),  which  belonged 
to  the  civitates  Aremoricae,  q.  v.  Ca- 
leti, ii.  4;  viii.  7.  Caletes,  vii.  75. 


492 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Cantabri 


Cantabri,  a tribe  in  Hispania  Tarracon- 
nensi,  in  the  modern  Biscaya.  Sub- 
dued by  Augustus  in  a war  from  25  to 
19  b.  c.  iii.  26. 

Cantium,  the  modern  Kent  in  Britain, 

v.  13,  14,  22. 

Carnutes,  a tribe  on  both  sides  of  the 
Liger  (Loire),  in  the  modern  Orleans 
and  Chartrain.  Capital  • Cenabum 
(later  civitas  Aureliauarum,  hence 
modern  name  Orleans),  ii  35;  v.  25, 
29,  56;  vi  2 seq.,  13,  44  ; vii.  2,  3,  11, 
75  ; viii.  4,  5,  31,  38,  46.  Their  chief- 
tains . Tasgetius,  Gutruatus,  Concon- 
netodumnus. 

Cassi,  a tribe  in  the  southeast  of  Brit- 
ain (modern  Caishou  ? ). 

Caturiges,  a tribe  in  Gallia  Provincia,  in 
the  modern  Dauphine  (now  Departe- 
ment  des  Hautes  Alpes),  i.  10. 

Celtae,  the  inhabitants  of  Gaul  between 
Sequana  (Seine)  and  Garumna  (Ga- 
ronne). See  Introduction,  i.  1. 

Cenabenses,  the  inhabitants  of  Cena- 
bum, q.  v. ; vii.  11. 

Cenabum,  capital  of  the  Carnutes,  q.  v., 
the  modern  Orleans  (according  to  Na- 
pole'on,  however,  the  modern  Gien). 
vii.  3,  11,  17,  28;  viii  5,  6. 

Cenimagni,  a Britannic  tribe  in  the  mod- 
ern Suffolk,  v.  21. 

Cenomani,  see  Aulerci. 

Centrones,  see  Ceutrones  (2). 

Ceutrones.  (1 ) A Belgic  tribe  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Flandern,  near  the  modern 
Courtray  or  Briigge.  v.  39.  (2)  A tribe 
in  Gallia  Provincia.  Their  capital . 
Darantasia  (modern  Ceutron  in  Sa- 
voy). i.  10. 

Cevenna  mons,  a mountain  ridge  in  the 
southern  part  of  Gaul,  in  the  south- 
west connected  with  the  Pyrenees,  sep- 
arating the  lands  of  the  Arverni  and 
Helvii.  Modern  name  : les  Ce'vennes. 
vii.  8,  56. 

Cberusei,  a German  tribe  between  We- 


ser,  Elbe,  Harz,  and  Aller,  near  the 
modern  Hildesheim  and  Paderborn. 

vi.  10. 

Cimbri,  a Germanic  tribe,  emigrating 
from  their  original  seats  in  Jutland 
and  on  the  shore  of  the  North  Sea. 
They  were  about  to  invade  Italy,  but 
were  conquered  by  Marius  (101  b.  c.), 
near  Vercellae,  i.  33,  40 ; ii.  4,  29 ; 

vii.  77. 

Cisalpina  Gallia,  vi.  1.  See  Gallia. 

Cisrhenani  Germani,  vi.  2. 

Cocosates,  a tribe  in  Aquitania  in  the 
modern  Gascogne,  iii.  27. 

Condrusi,  a Belgic  tribe  on  the  right  side 
of  the  Mosa  (Maas),  near  Liittich.  ii. 
4 ; iv.  6 ; vi.  32. 

Confluens  Mosae  et  Rheni,  see  Mosa. 

Cretes,  (sing.  Cres),  inhabitants  of  the 
island  Creta,  skilful  bownnen.  (Accus., 
Cretas),  ii.  7. 

Curiosolltes,  a tribe  in  the  modern  Bre- 
tagne near  Corseult  (near  St.  Malo). 
vii.  75.  Accus.,  Curiosilitas.  ii.  34; 
iii.  7 (civitas  Aremorica). 

Daci,  a Thracian  tribe  in  Dacia  (mod- 
ern Ilungaria,  Siebenbiirgen,  Bukowi- 
na,  Galizien,  southern  part).  Homan 
province  since  105  b.  c.  vi.  25. 

Danhvius,  the  Danube  (Donau).  vi.  25. 

Decetia,  a town  of  the  Haedui  on  the 
Liger  (Loire),  the  modern  Decize 
vii  .33. 

Diablintes,  see  Aulerci. 

Dubis  (modern  Doubs),  a river  which 
empties  into  the  Arar  (Sabue). 

Durocortorum,  capital  of  the  Bcmi  in 
Belgic  Gaul,  the  modern  Rheims.  vi. 
44. 

Eburones,  a Belgic  tribe  on  the  right  side 
of  the  Maas  between  the  modern  Liit- 
tich and  Aacheu.  ii.  4;  iv.  6;  v.  24, 
28,  39  ; vi.  5,  31,  34,  35,  43.  See  Adu- 
atuca. Chieftain : Catuvolcus,  Ambi- 
orix. 

Eburovices,  see  Aulerci. 


Elaver 


GEOGRAPHICAL,  INDEX. 


493 


Elaver  (modern  Allier),  coming  from 
the  mons  Cevenna  (les  Cevennes),  and 
emptying  into  the  Liger  (Loire),  vii. 
34,  35,  53. 

Eleuteti,  a tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul,  subject 
to  the  Arverni,  vii.  75. 

Elusates,  a tribe  in  Aquitania,  in  the 
northwest  of  the  modern  De'partement 
des  Gers.  Capital:  Elusa  (near  the 
modern  Eauze). 

Esubii,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  modern  Nor- 
mandie. ii.  34 ; iii.  7 ; v.  24. 

Gabali,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  modern  Ge- 
vaudan.  vii.  7,  64,  75. 

Galli,  inhabitants  of  Gaul. 

Gallia,  Gaul,  divided  into  (a)  Gallia 
citerior  or  cisalpina  or  togata  (viii.  24, 
52),  (i.  24,  54;  ii.  1;  v.  1 ; viii.  23), 
the  plain  of  the  Po,  in  northern  Italy. 
(b)  Gallia  ulterior  or  transalpina,  being 
the  greatest  part  of  the  modern  Prance, 
Switzerland,  the  Netherlands,  and  the 
part  of  Germany  on  the  left  side  of 
the  Rhine.  Subdivisions:  (1)  Aqui- 
tania, between  Pyrenees,  Garumna,  the 
Ocean,  and  the  Provincia,  inhabited  by 
Iberian  tribes  ; only  the  Bituriges  were 
Celtic.  Visited  once  by  Caesar  (viii. 
46).  (2)  Gallia  Celtica  (sometimes,- 

i.  1,  30,  31  ; ii.  3,  called  simply  Gallia) 
(=  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  later),  between 
Garumna  and  Sequana,  between  Ocean- 
us, and  Alpes,  inhabited  by  Celts.  (3) 
Gallia  Belgica,  chiefly  inhabited  by 
Germans,  from  the  Sequana  to  the 
Rhine,  (c)  Gallia  provincia  (i.  19, 
28,  35,  44),  the  modern  Provence,  in- 
cluding the  land  of  the  Allobroges ; 
called  also  simply  provincia  (i.  1,  2, 
6,  7,33;  ii.  29;  vii.  55),  or  ulterior 
provincia,  i:  10,  (later)  Gallia  Narbon- 
ensis. See  Volcae,  Vocontii,  Ceutrones, 
Caturiges. 

Garumna,  modern  Garonne.  This  river 
forms  the  boundary  line  between  Aqui- 
tania and  Celtic  Gaul.  i.  1. 


Garumni,  a tribe  in  Aquitania,  iii.  27. 

Gates,  a tribe  in  Aquitania  in  the  mod- 
ern Gaure,  iii.  27. 

Geidumni,  a Belgic  tribe,  v.  39. 

Genava,  a town  of  the  Allobroges  on 
the  shore  of  the  lacus  Lemannus,  the 
modern  Geneva,  i.  6,  7. 

Gergovia,  a town  (perhaps  capital)  of 
the  Arverni,  situated  on  a hill,  not  far 
from  the  river  Elaver  (Allier),  with 
steep  slopes  towards  the  north,  and 
east,  while  it  is  gentle  towards  the 
south.  Between  this  height  and  the 
modern  brook  Auzon  there  is  a small 
hill  on  which  the  smaller  camp  of  Cae- 
sar was  pitched,  vii.  36,  49.  The 
larger  camp  was  situated  east-southeast 
from  Gergovia,  near  the  modern  vil- 
lage Greet. 

Germania,  means  with  Caesar,  the  land 
between  Rhine,  Danube,  Weichsel, 
and  Ocean.  Description  of  inhabi- 
tants, iv.  1 ; vi.  21,  ff.  See  Suebi, 
Cherusci,  Ubii,  Sugambri,  Marco- 
manni, Usipetes,  Tencteri,  Harudes, 
Nemetes,  Triboces,  Vangiones,  Lato- 
vici, Tulingi,  Sedusii,  Cimbri,  Teutoni. 

Gorgobina,  a town  of  the  Boii,  who  with 
Caesar’s  permission  had  settled  in  the 
land  of  the  Haedui  (according  to  Na- 
pole'on  the  modern  St.  Parize-le- 
Chatel,  according  to  Goler  the  modern 
Guerche).  Also  identified  with  the 
modern  Charlieu  or  Gergeau,  near 
Orleans,  vii.  7. 

Graioceli,  a Gallic  tribe  somewhere 
around  the  Mons  Cenis,  i.  10.  Town: 
Ocelum. 

Grudii,  a Belgic  tribe  in  the  east  of 
Plandern.  v.  39. 

Haedui,  a mighty  Celtic  tribe,  between 
Liger  (Loire)  and  Arar  (Saone).  They 
were  allies  of  the  Roman  people.  Their 
capital  was  Bibracte.  Towns:  Cabil- 
lonum, Decetia,  Matisco,  Noviodunum, 
i 10,  11,  16,  31,  32,  33,  43,  48;  ii.  5, 


494 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Harudes 


14;  v.  54;  vi.  4,  12  ; vii.  5,  17,  32,  33, 
37,  40,  43,  54,  55,  63,  75,  89,  90;  vp. 
46.  See  also  Ambarri.  Chieftains: 
Divitiacus,  Cavarillus.  Persons  : Viri- 
domarus,  Valetiacus,  Cotus,  Liscus, 
Litaviccus,  Dumnorix,  Convictolitavis. 

Harudes,  a Germanic  tribe,  relic  of  the 
Cimbriau  invasion,  between  the  Rhine, 
Main,  and  Danube,  i.  31,  37,  51. 

Helvetii,  a Celtic  tribe  between  Iura, 
lacus  Lemannus,  Rhodanus,  and  Rhe- 
nus, divided  into  four  clans  (pagi), 
of  which  Caesar  mentions  two,  ( 1 ) pa- 
gus Verbigenus.  i.  27 ; (2)  pagus 

Tigurinus,  i.  12.  Cf.  Yerucloebius, 
Nammeius,  Orgetorix,  Divico. 

Helvii,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  modern 
Vivarez  or  Languedoc  (Ce'venues). 
vii.  8,  64. 

Hercynia  silva,  collective  name  for  the 
German  mountain  ridges  from  the 
sources  of  the  Danube  to  the  frontiers 
of  Dacia,  comprising  the  modern 
Schwarzwald,  Odenwald,  Bohmerwald, 
Mahrische  Berge,  Karpathen.  vi.  24,  25. 

Hibernia,  Ireland,  v.  13. 

Hispania,  Spain,  divided  by  the  Hiberus 
(Ebro),  into  Hispania  citerior  (eastern 
part),  and  ulterior  (western  part),  i.  1 ; 
iii.  23  ; v.  1,  13 ; vii.  55. 

Illyricum,  a land  in  the  southeast  of  Italy 
bordering  on  the  Adriatic  Sea,  be- 
longing to  Caesar’s  province,  ii.  35 ; 
iii.  7 ; v.  1. 

Itius  portus,  a Gallic  port  in  the  land  of 
the  Morini  opposite  the  Brittanic 
coast,  perhaps  the  port  of  the  modern 
Boulogne  (Gesoriacum).  If  Caesar 
started  from  here  also  in  his  first  ex- 
pedition, we  have  to  take  Ambleteuse 
near  Boulogne  as  portus  ulterior,  iv. 
23,  1 ; or  superior,  iv.  27,  1. 

Iura,  the  modern  Jura,  mountain  ridge 
from  Rhone  to  Rhine,  forming  the 
boundary  line  between  the  Sequani  and 
the  Helvetii. 


Latovici,  a Germanic  tribe  in  the  south 
of  the  modern  Baden,  i.  5,  28,  29. 

Lemannus,  lacus  L.,  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
lake  Leman,  i.  2,  8,  iii.  1. 

Lemonum,  a town  of  the  Pictones,  in  Cel- 
tic Gaul,  the  modern  Loitiers.  viii.  26. 

Lemovices,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  modern 
Departement  de  la  hauteVienne.  Their 
capital,  Augustoritum,  = the  modern 
Limoges,  vii.  4,  75,  88;  viii.  46. 
Chieftain : Sedulius. 

Lepontii,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  Alpes,  be- 
tween St.  Gotthart  and  Lago  Maggiore. 
iv.  10. 

Leuci,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  south  of  Laur- 
raine.  i.  40. 

Levaci,  a Belgic  tribe  near  the  modern 
Ghent,  v.  39. 

Lexovii,  atribe  in  the  modern  Normandie, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Sequaua  (Seine). 
They  belonged  to  the  civitates  Aremo- 
ricae. Their  capital,  Noviomagus,  = 
the  modern  Lisieux.  iii.  9,  11,  17,  29  ; 
vii.  75. 

Llger,  the  modern  river  Loire,  forming 
the  boundary  line  between  the  Haedui 
and  Bituriges,  vii.  55.  Ace.,  Ligerem, 
vii.  11,  56;  Ligerim,  vii.  5.  Abl., 
Ligere,  iii.  9 ; Ligeri,  vii.  59 ; viii. 
27. 

Lingones,  a Celtic  tribe  near  the  sources 
of  Maas  and  Marne  ; the  Arar  divides 
their  land  from  that  of  the  Sequani. 
Capital:  Andematunnum  = modern 
Langres.  i.  40;  iv.  10;  vi.  44;  vii.  9, 
66;  viii.  11.  Acc.,  Lingonas.  i.  26. 

Lutetia,  a town  of  the  Parisii,  on  an  island 
of  the  Sequana  (Seine),  the  modern 
Paris,  vi.  3;  vii.  57,  58. 

Mandubii,  a Celtic  tribe  between  the 
Haedui  and  Lingones,  in  the  modern 
Departement  Cote  d’Or.  Capital : 
Alesia,  vii.  68,  71,  78. 

Marcomanni,  a Germanic  tribe  on  the 
upper  Main.  i.  51. 

Mare  nostrum,  the  Mediterranean,  v.  1. 


Matisco 


495 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Matisco,  a town  of  the  Haedui,  on  the 
Arar  ; modern  Maqon.  vii.  90. 

Matrona,  modern  Marne,  has  its  source 
in  the  Land  of  the  Lingones,  and  emp- 
ties into  the  Sequana,  i.  1. 

Mediomatriees,  iv.  10  , or  Mediomatrici, 
vii.  75.  Celtic  tribe  on  the  upper 
Mosel.  Capital  : Divodurum,  later 
Metis,  modern  Metz. 

Meldi,  a Celtic  tribe  between  the  modern 
Meaux  and  Meluu  on  both  sides  of  the 
Matrona,  v.  5. 

Melodunum,  a town  of  the  Sequani,  on 
an  island  of  the  Sequana  (Seine),  mod- 
ern Melun.  vii.  58,  60,  61. 

Menapii,  a Belgic  tribe  between  Maas  and 
Schelde.  The  modern  Cassel  is  the 
old  Castellum  Menapiorum,  ii.  4;  iii. 
9,  28 ; iv.  4,  22,  38;  vi.  2,  5,  6,  9,  33. 

Mona,  the  island  Anglesey  between 
England  and  Ireland,  v.  13. 

Morini,  a Belgic  tribe,  near  the  shore  be- 
tween Schelde  and  Lys,  in  the  modern 
De'partement  Pas  de  Calais. 

Mosa,  the  modern  river  Maas,  coming 
from  the  Vosges,  it  empties  into  the 
Vacalus  (modern  Waal),  a kill  of  the 
Rhine,  hence  iv.  15,  confluens  Mosae 
et  Rheni,  iv.  9,  10,  12,  15;  v.  24;  vi. 
33. 

Namnetes,  a Celtic  tribe  north  of  the 
Liger  (Loire).  Capital.  Condivincum 
= modern  Nantes,  iii.  9. 

Nantuates,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  Alpes, 
iii.  1,6;  iv.  10 

Narbo,  a town  of  the  Volcae  Arecromici 
in  Gallia  Provincia,  the  modern  Nar- 
bonne.  iii.  20;  vii.  7 ; viii.  46. 

Nemetes,  a Germanic  tribe  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Rhine,  near  the  modern 
city  Speier.  . i.  51  ; vi.  25. 

Nemetocenna,  capital  of  the  Atrebates, 
the  modern  Arras,  viii.  46,  52. 

Nervii,  a Belgic  tribe,  between  the  (mod- 
ern) Sambre  and  Schelde,  in  Namur 
and  Hennegau.  Capital : Bagacum 


(Bavay).  ii.  4,  15  ff.\  v.  24,  38  ff. 
Chieftain  : Boduognatus. 

Nitiobroges,  a tribe  in  Aquitania,  about 
the  Garonne  (Lat. : Garumna).  Capi- 
tal : Aginum,  modern  Agen.  vii.  7, 31, 
46,75.  King:  Teutomatus. 

Noreia,  a town  of  the  Norici,  where  in 
113  b.  c.  the  Roman  consul,  C.  Carbo, 
was  defeated  by  the  Cimbri ; the  mod- 
ern Neumarkt  in  Steiermark.  i.  5. 

Noricus  ager,  the  land  of  the  Norici. 
(Norici,  Latin.  The  Celtic  name  is 
Taurisci.)  At  the  time  of  Caesar  a 
kingdom  comprising  the  modern  Kiirn- 
then,  Steiermark,  and  Austria.  King: 
Voccio,  q.  v. 

Noviodunum,  (1)  a town  of  the  Suessio- 
nes, on  the  Axona  (Aisne),  the  mod- 
ern Soissons.  ii.  12.  (2)  a town  of  the 

Haedui,  on  the  left  side  of  the  Liger 
(Loire),  the  modern  Nevers.  vii.  55. 
(3)  a town  of  the  Biturigis  Cubi,  west  of 
the  Liger  (Loire),  between  Cenabum 
and  Avaricum.  It  has  been  identified 
with  the  modern  (a)  Sancerre  (Napo- 
le'on),  (b)  Nouau  le  Fuzelier  (Goler). 

Numidae,  a tribe  of  North  Africa.  They 
served  as  auxiliaries  in  Caesar’s  army. 

ii.  7,  24. 

Oceanus,  the  ocean  ; ( 1 ) the  Atlantic. 

iii.  7,  mare  Oceanus.  (2)  North  Sea, 
i.  1 ; iii.  9 ; iv.  10 ; vi.  33. 

Ocelum,  a town  of  the  Graioceli  in  the 
cisalpine  Gaul,  modern  Oulx  in  Pied- 
mont. i.  10. 

Octodurus,  a town  of  the  Veragri,  mod- 
ern Martigny,  on  the  river  Dranse,  in 
Wallis,  iii  1. 

Oreynia  silva,  Greek  name  for  Hercynia 
silva,  vi.  24. 

Osismi,  a tribe  belonging  to  the  civitates 
Aremoricae,  in  the  northwest  of  Gaul, 
(modern  Departement  Finistere).  ii. 
34  ; iii.  9 ; vii.  75. 

Padus,  the  river  Po  in  upper  Italy  v. 
24. 


496 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Paemani 


Paemani,  a Belgic  tribe  east  of  the  river 
Maas,  near  the  modern  Liittich.  ii  4. 

Parisii,  a tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul.  Capital . 
Lutetia,  modern  Paris,  vi.  3 ; vii.  4, 
34,  57,  75. 

Parthicus,  adj.  from  Parthi,  a Scythian 
tribe  in  Asia  in  the  modern  Khorassan. 

Petroedrii,  a tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul  on  the 
right  side  of  the  Garumna  (Garonne'. 
Capital : Vesunna,  modern  Perigueux. 
vii.  75 

Pictones,  a Celtic  tribe  on  the  left  side  of 
the  Liger  (Loire)  neighbors  of  the 
Santones,  in  the  modern  Poitou,  iii. 
11  ; vii.  4,  75  ; viii.  26  Town  Lemo- 
num. Chieftain  Duratius. 

Prustae,  an  Illyrian  tribe,  v.  1. 

Pleumoxii,  a Belgic  tribe  in  the  west  of 
Flandern.  v.  39. 

Provincia.  See  Gallia. 

Pitanii.C?)  a tribe  in  Aquitania. 

Pyrenaei  montes,  the  Pyrenees  between 
France  and  Spain  i.  1. 

Raurici,  a Celtic  tribe,  neighbors  of  the 
Helvetii  from  the  mouth  of  the  Arar 
to  Basel,  i 5,  29  ; vi.  25  ; vii.  75. 

Redones,  a Celtic  tribe  in  the  Bretagne, 
about  the  modern  Rennes,  ii  34 ; 
vii.  75. 

Remi,  a Belgic  tribe  between  Matrona 
(Marne)  and  Axona  (Aisne).  Cf  Ic- 
cius, Andecumborius.  Capital  Duro- 
cortorum,  modern  Rlieims.  ii.  3 ff, 
6;  iii.  11  ; v.  3,  24,  53  f.  56  , vi.  4,  12, 
44,  vii.  63,90;  viii.  6,  11  Their 
chieftain  ■ Vertiscus. 

Rhenus,  Rhine,  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Gallia  and  Germania ; Caesar 
crossed  it  twice;  (a)  iv.  17,  near  the 
modern  Neuwied;  (ft)  vi.  9 ff.,  near 
the  modern  Andernaeh.  In  the  land 
of  the  Batavi  it  divides  itself  into  two 
kills  (multis  capitibus,  iv.  10,  5,  is 
wrong;  Vergil  JEn.,  viii.  727,  calls  the 
Rhenus  bicornis)  of  which  the  Vacalus 
(modern  Waal),  receives  the  Maas  near 


the  modern  Workum.  i.  1 , ii  4 ; iii.  11  ; 
iv.  10,  15;  v.  3 ; vi.  9 ; vii.  65;  viii.  13. 

Rhodanus  (modern  Rhone),  the  bound- 
ary line  between  Allobroges  and  Hel- 
vetii. i.  1,  2,  6,  8,  10  ff.,  33  , iii.  1 ; vii 
65. 

Roma,  Rome.  i.  31  ; vi.  12. 

Ruteni,  a tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul  Capital : 
Segodunum  (modern  Rhodes),  i.  45  ; 
vii.  5,  75,  90 

Sabis,  modern  Sambre,  empties  into  the 
Mosa.  ii.  16,  18. 

Samarobriva,  capital  of  the  Ambiani, 
i/.v.  modern  Amiens,  v 24,  47,  53. 

Santones,  Santoni,  a tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Garumna.  Cap- 
ital: Mediolanum  = modern  Saintes. 
i.  10,  11  , iii.  11  ; vii.  75 

Scaldis,  the  modern  Schelde  vi  33  It 
is  exceedingly  probable  that  Caesar 
meant  here  the  Sabis  (modern  Sam- 
bre), which  empties  into  the  Maas,  near 
modern  Namur. 

Seduni,  a tribe  in  the  Alpes,  in  the  mod- 
ern Wallis,  where  the  town  Sitten  pre- 
serves the  name.  iii.  1,  2,  7. 

Sedusii,  a Germanic  tribe  between  Main 
and  Neckar.  i.  51. 

Segni,  a Belgic  tribe  between  Eburones 
and  Treveri.  (Boiirg- Segne,  a village 
near  Givet,  perhaps  preserves  the 
name.) 

Segontiaci,  a tribe  in  the  south  of  Britain 
(modern  Hampshire  and  Berkshire). 

Segusiavi,  a Celtic  tribe  between  Rho- 
danus (Rhone),  Arar  (Aisne),  and 
Liger  (Loire).  Capital  Lugdunum 
(modern  Lyon),  founded  44  n.  c.  i.  10  ; 
vii.  64,  75. 

Sendnes,  a mighty  and  powerful  tribe  in 
Celtic  Gaul  between  Loire  and  Marne. 
Town  : Vellaunodunum.  Capital  • 
Agedincum  = modern  Sens,  ii  2 ; v. 
54,  56  ; vi.  2.ff  ; vii.  4,  1 1 . 34,  56,  58 
75;  viii.  30.  Their  chieftains:  Mori- 
tasgus,  Drappes,  Cavarinus,  Acco. 


Sequana 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


497 


Sequana,  modern  Seine,  i.  1,  7,  57, 
58. 

Sequani,  a tribe  in  Celtic  Gaul,  between 
the  Saone,  Rhone,  and  Jura.  Town  : 
Melodunum.  Capital:  Vesontio  = mod- 
ern Besan^on.  i.  1 ff>,  3,  6,  &ff.,  19, 
31  ff,  38,  40,  44,  48,  54  ; iv.  10  ; vi.  12  ; 
vii.  66 75,  90.  Cp.  Castious.  Chief- 
tain Catamantaloedes. 

Sibuzates,  a tribe  in  Aquitania,  near  the 
Pyrenees  (modern  Saubusse,  between 
Dax  and  Bayonne). 

Sontiates,  a tribe  in  Aquitania  (modern 
towti . Sos,  iu  the  Departement  Lot  et 
Garonne).  iii.  20,  21.  Chieftain: 
Adiatunnus. 

Suebi,  collective  name  for  the  Germanic 
tribes  between  Thtiringerwald,  Boh- 
merwald,  and  Schwarzwald,  in  the 
modern  Sachsen-Meiniugen,  Coburg, 
Bavaria,  and  Wurtemberg  (modern 
name  English,  Suebia;  and  German, 
Schwaben).  i.  37,  51,  53,  54  ; iv.  1 ff., 
7,  8,  16,  19;  vi.  9,  10,  29.  Chieftains: 
Cimberius,  Ariovistus. 

Suessiones,  a Belgic  tribe  between  the 
modern  Marne  and  Isere.  Capital : 
Noviodunum  = modern  Soissons.  ii. 
3 f , 12  ; viii.  6.  Chieftains:  Galba, 

Divitiacus. 

Sugambri,  a Germanic  tribe  from  the 
river  Sieg  to  the  river  Lippe,  iv  16, 
18;  vi  35. 

Tamgsis,  the  Thames  in  England,  v.  11, 
18. 

Tarbelli,  a tribe  in  Aquitania,  between 
the  Pyrenees  and  the  river  Aturis 
(Adour).  iii  27. 

Tarusates,  a tribe  in  Aquitania,  in  the 
modern  Departement  des  Landes. 
Name  preserved  in  modern  town  Tar- 
tas  on  the  Adour.  iii.  23,  29 

Tectosages,  see  Volcae. 

Tencteri,  a Germanic  tribe  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Rhine,  iv.  1,  4,  16,  18; 
v 55  ; vi.  35. 


Tergestini,  the  inhabitants  of  Tergeste 
(modern  Triest).  viii  24 

Teutoni,  a Germanic  tribe  on  the  shores 
of  the  East  Sea  (Ost  See),  who  united 
with  the  Cimbri.  They  invaded  Italy 
in  113  b.  c , but  were  defeated  by  Ma- 
rius in  102  b.  c.  near  Aquae  Sextiae 
i.  33,  40;  ii.  4,  29;  gen.  plur  Teuto- 
num, vii.  77. 

Tigurini,  one  of  the  four  Helvetian  dai  s 
in  the  modern  cantons  Freiburg  and 
Waadt.  i.  12;  pagus  Tigurinus,  i.  12. 

Tolosa,  capital  of  the  Volcae  Tectosages 
in  Gallia  Provincia,  the  modern  Tou- 
louse. iii.  20 

Tolosates,  the  inhabitants  of  Tolosa,  q.  v. 
i.  10,  vii.  7. 

Transalpina  Gallia,  transalpine  Gaul. 
vii.  1 , 6 

Transrhenani,  the  tribes  on  the  left  side 
of  the  Rhine,  iv.  16;  vi.  5;  trans- 
rlienani  Germani,  v.  2. 

TrevSri,  a tribe  of  Germanic  origin  in 
Celtic  Gaul  on  both  sides  of  the  Mo- 
sel. Capital:  Angusta  Treverorum 
= modern  Trier.  Cp.  Nasua.  i.  37 ; 
iii.  11  ; iv.  6,  10  ; v.  ‘Iff.,  24,  26,  47,  5.3  ; 
vi.  2/,  5 ff.,  29,  32,  44  ; vii.  63  ; viii. 
25,  45,  52 , equites  Treveri,  ii.  24. 
Their  chieftains  Indutiomarus,  Cin 
getorix. 

Triboci  or  Triboces,  a German  tribe  on 
both  sides  of  the  Rhine  about  the  mod- 
ern Strassburg.  i.  5 1 ; iv.  10 

Trinobantes,  a tribe  in  the  south  of 
Britain.  Capital ; Camalodunum  = 
modern  Colchester,  v.  20  /7. 

Tulingi,  a Germanic  tribe  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  modern  Baden,  i.  5,  25, 
28,  29. 

Turones  or  Turoni,  a Celtic  tribe  on  both 
sides  of  the  Liger  (Loire).  Capital: 
Caesarodunum  = modern  Tours. 

Ubii,  a German  tribe  on  the  right  side  of 
the  Rhine  ; later  under  Augustus  they 
emigrated  to  the  left  side.  In  50  is.  c. 


32 


498 


GEOGRAPHICAL  INDEX. 


Unelli 


their  capital  received  the  name  Colonia 
Agrippina  = modern  Coin.  i.  54;  iv. 
3,  8,  11,  16,  10  ; vi.  9 f,  29. 

Unelli,  see  Venelli 

Usipetes,  a German  tribe,  driven  out  of 
their  seats  by  the  Suebi.  They  settled 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine,  iv.  1,  4, 
16,  18;  vi.  35. 

Uxellodunum,  a town  of  the  Cadurci  ou 
au  isolated  steep  rock  near  the  river 
Oltis  (modern  Lot). 

Vacalus,  the  western  kill  of  the  Rhenus, 
Rhine,  q.  v.,  modern  name  Waal.  iv. 
10. 

Vangiones,  a German  tribe  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Rhine  near  the  modern 
Worms,  i.  51. 

Vellaunodunum,  a town  of  the  Senones 
between  Agedincum  and  Cenabum, 
vii.  1 1,  14. 

Vellavi,  a Celtic  tribe  iu  the  Ce'vennes. 
vii.  75. 

Veliocassi  or  Veliocasses,  a tribe  on  the 
right  side  of  the  Sequana  (Seine). 
Capital : Rotomagus  = modern  Rouen 
(Normandie),  ii.  4;  vii.  75;  viii.  7. 

Venelli,  a tribe  in  the  northwest  of  the 
modern  Normandie,  ii.  34  ; iii.  11,17;* 
vii.  75.  (Civitas  Aremorica.)  Their 
chieftain  : Viriduvix,  q.  v. 


Veneti,  a Celtic  tribe  iu  the  modern  Bre- 
tagne. Capital : Venetae  = modern 
Vannes,  ii.  34;  iii.  7 Jf'.,  11,  16 ff.\ 
iv.  21 ; vii.  75.  (Civitas  Aremorica.) 

Venetia,  the  land  of  the  Veneti,  q.  v. 
iii.  9. 

Veragri,  a Celtic  tribe  near  the  union  of 
Dranse  and  Rhone,  iii.  1,2.  Town: 
Octodurus. 

Verbigenus  pagus,  one  of  the  four  Hel- 
vetian clans,  probably  between  the 
Rhine  and  Jura.  i.  27. 

Vesontio,  capital  of  the  Sequani,  modern 
Besangon.  i.  38,  39. 

Vienna,  capital  of  the  Allobroges  in  Gal- 
lia Provincia,  modern  Vienne,  vii  9. 

Viromandui,a  Belgic  tribe  in  the  modern 
Vermandois  (Picardie).  ii.  4,  16,  23. 

Vocates,  a tribe  in  Aquitania  about  the 
Garumna,  iii.  23,  27. 

Vocontii,  a tribe  in  Gallia  Provincia,  be- 
tween Isara  (Isere)  and  Druentia  (Du- 
rance). i.  10. 

Volcae,  a tribe  in  Gallia  Provincia,  be- 
tween the  Rhone  and  Garonne.  ( 1 ) Vol- 
cae Tectosages,  with  capital,  Tolosa 
(Toulouse).  (2)  Volcae  Arecomici, 
with  capital,  Nemansus  (Nismes).  vii. 
7,  64.  See  also  Narbo. 

Vosggus,  the  Vosges, French,  les  Vosges, 
German,  Wasgenwald.  iv.  10. 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


Aceo,  chieftain  of  the  Senones,  and  head 
of  their  conspiracy  vi.  4,  44;  vii.  1. 
Adiatunnus,  chieftain  of  the  Sontiates, 
iii  22. 

L Aemilius,  decurio  equitum  Gallorum. 

i.  23. 

Ambiorix,  chieftain  of  the  Eburones 

v.  24,  26,  27,  32-37,  38;  vi.  2,  5,  9,  30, 
31,  33,  43  : viii.  24,  25. 

Andeeumborius,  an  ambassador  of  the 
Remi.  ii.  3. 

C.  Antistius  Reginus,  one  of  Caesar’s 
legates,  vi.  1 ; vii.  83,  90 
M.  Antonius,  one  of  Caesar’s  legates 

vii.  31  ; viii.  2,  24,  36,  4S,  50. 
Ariovistus,  king  of  the  Suebi,  i.  31, 32, 

34,  36,  38,  40,  41-47,  50,  52,  53  ; v.  29  , 

vi.  12. 

M.  Aristius,  one  of  Caesar’s  military 
tribunes,  vii.  42. 

C.  Arpineius,  a Roman  knight,  v.  27, 
28 

Q.  Atius-  Varius,  praefectus  equitum. 

viii.  28. 

Q.  Atrius,  navibus  praefectus,  v.  9. 

L Aurunculeius  Cotta,  one  of  Caesar’s 
legates,  ii.  11  : iv.  22,  23-37. 
Bacillus,  see  Sextius  (2). 

Balbus,  see  Cornelius. 

T.  Balventius,  centurio  Caesaris  v.  35. 
Basllus,  see  Minucius. 

Boduognatus,  chieftain  of  the  Nervii. 

ii.  23. 

C.  Brutus,  commander  of  Caesar’s  fleet 

iii.  11,  14;  vii.  9,  87. 


Caburus,  see  Valerius. 

Caesar.  (1)  C.  Julius,  the  author  of  the 
Commentarii,  cf.  introduction.  (2)  L., 
relative  of  (1)  and  his  legate,  vii.  65. 

Calenus,  see  Eufius. 

Camulogenus,  chieftain  of  the  Aulerci, 
vii,  57,  59,  62. 

Canimus  Rebilus,  one  of  Caesar’s  leg- 
ates. vii,  83,  90,  viii.  24,  27,  30,  33. 

Carvilius,  a king  of  the  Britains.  v.  22. 

L.  Cassius  Longinus,  Roman  consul, 
defeated  in  107  is  c.  in  an  expedition 
against  the  Helvetii,  i.  7,  12. 

Cassivelaunus,  a chieftain  of  the  Bri- 
tains,  v.  11,  18-22. 

Casticus,  a noble  Sequanan  i 3 

'Catamantaloedes,  a chieftain  of  the  Se- 
quani i.  3. 

Catuvolcus,  chieftain  of  the  Eburones, 
v.  24,  26;  vi  31. 

Cavarillus,  chieftain  of  the  Haedui, 

vii.  67. 

Cavarinus,  chieftain  of  the  Senones, 
v.  54;  vi.  5. 

Celtillus,  father  of  Vercingetorix,  vii.  4. 

Cicero,  Q.  Tullius,  one  of  Caesar’s  leg- 
ates, the  brother  of  M.  Tullius  Cicero, 
the  orator,  v.  24,  38  seq.;  vi.  36;  vii 
90. 

Cimberius,  chieftain  of  the  Suebi,  i.  37. 

Cingetorix,  ( 1 ) a chieftain  of  the  Tre- 
veri. v.  3,  56;  vi.  8.  (2)  a chieftain 

of  the  Britains  v.  22. 

Cita,  see  Fufius. 

Appius  Claudius,  consul  in  54u.c.  v.  1. 


500 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES, 


P.  Clodius  Pulcher,  Cicero’s  enemy, 
assassinated  by  Milo  in  52  n.  c.  vii.  1. 
Commius,  chieftain  of  the  Atrebates, 
iv.  21,  27,  35;  v.  22;  vi.  6;  vii.  75,  76; 
viii.  6,  7,  10,  24,  23,  47. 
Conconnetodumnus,  chieftain  of  the 
Carnutes,  vii.  3. 

Considius  P.,  a soldier  in  Caesar’s 
army.  i.  21,  22. 

Convictohtavis,  a noble  Haeduau.  vii. 

32,  33,  37,  42,  55,  07. 

Cornelius  Balbus,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Caesar,  viii.  praef. 

Correus,  chieftain  of  the  Bellovaci  viii. 
6,  7,  17,  seij. 

Cotta,  see  Aurunculeius 
Cotus,  a noble  Haeduau.  vii  32,  33,  39, 
67. 

Crassus.  (1)  M.  Licinius,  triumvir,  with 
Caesar  and  Pompeius,  died  53  n c.  on 
expedition  against  the  Parthae,  i.  21  ; 

iv.  1 ; viii.  53.  (2)  P.  Licinius,  the  son  of 

(1 ),  one  of  Caesar’s  legates,  i.  52  ; ii. 
34;  iii.  7,  8,  20,  ff. ; viii.  46.  (3)  M. 

Licinius,  son  of  ( 1 ) and  brother  of  (2), 
Caestfr’s  quaestor,  v.  24,  46  ; vi.  6. 

Critognatus,  a noble  Arvernian.  vii. 
77. 

Curio,  C.  Scribonius,  tribunus  plebis, 
viii.  52. 

Dis,  god  of  the  under-world  vi  18. 
Divico,  a noble  Helvetian,  i.  13,  14. 
Divitiacus,  (1)  chieftain  of  the  Haedui 
i 3,  16,  18,  20,  31, 41  , ii.  5,  10,  14,se</  ; 
vi.  12;  vii.  39  (2)  Chieftain  of  the 

Suessiones,  ii.  4. 

L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  consul  in 
54  it  c.,  general  of  Pompey  the  Great. 

v.  1 

Donnotaurus,  see  Valerius. 

Drappes,  chieftain  of  the  Senones,  viii. 
30-37,  44 

Dumnacus,  chieftain  of  the  Andes,  viii. 
26-31 

Dumnorix,  brother  of  Divitiacus  (1 ) i 
3,  9,  18,  seq. , v 6 7 


Duratius,  chieftain  of  the  Pictones,  viii. 
26,  27. 

Durus,  see  Laberius 
Epasnactus,  an  Arvernian.  viii.  44. 
Eratosthenes,  famous  geographer  and 
astronomer,  born  in  Cyrene,  died  in 
194  b c. ; president  of  the  library  at 
Alexandria,  vi.  24 

Q Fabius  Maximus  Allobroglcus  con 
quered  in  121  b.  c.  the  united  forces  of 
the  Allobroges,  Arverni,  and  Ruteni 
i.  45. 

C.  Fabius,  one  of  Caesar’s  legates,  v 
24;  vii.  90;  viii  6-24,27,31,  37.  54 
L.  Fabius,  centurio  of  the  VIHth  Gallic 
legion,  vii.  47,  50 
Faustus,  see  Sulla. 

(1)  Q.  Fufius  Calenus,  one  of  Caesar’s 
legates,  viii.  39.  (2)  C.  Fufius  Cita, 

Roman  knight,  vii.  3. 

A.  Gabinius,  consul  in  58  n.  c 
Galba.  (1)  Servius  Sulpicius,  one  of 
Caesar’s  legates  in  Gaul.  iii.  1, 3,  5,  6 ; 
viii.  50.  (2)  A chieftain  of  the  Sues- 

siones. ii.  2,  13. 

Gallus,  see  Trebius. 

Gobannitio,  Vercingetorix’s  uncle  vii  4 
Gutruatus,  chieftain  of  the  Carnutes, 
vii.  3 ; viii.  38. 

Iccius,  a Reman,  ii.  3,  6 7. 
Indutiomarus,  chieftain  ot  the  Treveri 
v.  3,  4,  26,  53,  55,  57,  58. 

Q.  Junius,  a Spaniard,  v.  27  / 

Q.  Laberius  Durus,  a military  tribune 
v.  15. 

T.  Attius  Labienus,  most  prominent  of 
Caesar’s  legates  (he  joined  in  the  Civil 
War  the  party  of  Pompey,  and  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Munda),  i 10,  21,  54  , 
v 57 ; vi  7 ; vii.  34  ; viii  6,  23  ff,  45, 
52 

L.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  consul  in  49  b c 
Caesar’s  adversar}',  who  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Pharsalus  fled  to  Egypt,  where 
he  was  assassinated,  viii  50 
Liscus,  a noble  Haeduan  i.  16,  17. 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


501 


Litaviceus,  an  Haeduan.  vii.  37  ff,  54, 
55,  6r 

Longus,  see  Considius. 

Lucanius,  a centurio,  v.  35. 

Lucterius,  a Cadurean.  vii.  5,  7,  8, 
viii.  30,  32,  34,  35,  39,  44. 

Lugotorix,  a Britain,  v.  22 
Mallius,  proconsul  of  Gaul  in  78  b.  c. 

iii.  20. 

Mandubracius,  chieftain  of  the  Trino- 
bantes in  Britain,  v 20,  22. 
Marcellus.  ( 1 ) M.  Claudius,  consul  in 
51  b.  c.  viii.  53.  (2)  C.  Claudius, 

consul  in  50  b.  c.  viii.  48.  (3)  C. 

Claudius,  consul  in  49  b.  c.  viii.  50. 
All  three  Caesar’s  adversaries 
Maximus,  see  Fabius. 

M.  Valerius  Messala,  consul  in  61  n.  c. 
i.  2,  35. 

Metius,  a guest-friend  of  Ariovistus, 
i.  47,  53. 

L.  Minucius  Basilus,  general  of  Caesar’s 
cavalry,  vi.  29  ; vii.  90. 

Moritasgus,  chieftain  of  the  Senones 

v.  54. 

Munatius,  one  of  Caesar’s  legates,  v. 
24,  25. 

Nammeius,  a noble  Helvetian,  i.  7. 
Nasua,  a noble  Treverau.  i.  37. 
Orgetorix,  a noble  Helvetian,  i.  2 ff.,  9,  26, 
L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  consul  in  50  b.  c. 
viii.  48. 

Q.  Pedius,  Caesar’s  nephew  (sister’s 
son)  and  legate,  ii.  2,  11. 

Petronius,  a centurio,  vii.  50. 
Petrosidius,  an  aquilifer,  v.  37. 

Piso.  ( 1 ) L.  Calpurnius  Piso  Caesonius, 
Caesar’s  father-in-law,  consul  in  58  b c. 
i 6,  12.  (2)  L.  Calpurnius  Piso,  legate 
of  Cassius  in  107  b.  C.  i.  12.  (3)  M. 

Pupius  Piso  Calpurnianus,  consul  61 
b.  c.  i.  2,  35.  (4)  An  Aquitanian. 

iv.  12. 

Cu.  Pompeius.  (1)  Pompey  (the  Great). 

vi.  1 (see  introd- ).  (2)  An  interpreter 

of  Titurius,  v.  36. 


Proeillus,  see  Valerius. 

Pulio,  a centurio,  v.  44. 

Quadratus,  see  Volusenus. 

Rebilus,  see  Caninius. 

Reginus,  see  Antistius. 

L.  Roscius,  legate  of  Caesar,  praetor 
urbanus  in  49  b.  c.  v.  24,  50. 

Rufus,  see  Sulpicius 
Rutilus,  see  Sempronius. 

Sabinus,  see  Titurius. 

Sedulius,  chieftain  of  the  Lemovices, 

vii.  88. 

Segovax,  a king  of  the  Britains.  v.  22. 

M.  Sempronius  Rutilus,  a general  of 
Caesar’s  cavalry,  vii.  90. 

Q.  Sertorius,  propraetor  in  Spain  in  82 
b c.,  assassinated  72  b.  c.  In  the  first 
Civil  War  he  joined  Marius’  party. 

iii.  23. 

T.  Sextius,  one  of  Caesar’s  legates,  vi. 

1 ; vii.  49,  51,  90;  viii.  11. 

P.  Sextius  Baculus,  a centurio  in 
Caesar’s  army.  ii.  25  ; iii.  5 ; vi.  38. 
M.  Silanus,  a legate  of  Caesar,  vi.  1 . 
T.  Silius,  a military  tribune,  iii.  7,  8. 

L.  Cornelius  Sulla,  Marius’  adversary, 
Dictator,  died  78  b.  c.  i.  21. 

P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  a legate  of  Caesar. 

iv.  22  ; vii.  90. 

S.  Sulpicius  Galba,  see  Galba  ( 1 ) 
Tasgetius,  chieftain  of  the  Carnutes. 

v.  25,  29. 

Taximagulus,  chieftain  of  the  Britains. 

v.  22. 

Terrasidius,  a military  tribune,  iii.  7, 8. 
Teutomatus,  king  of  the  Nitiobroges, 
vii.  31,  46. 

Q,  Titurius  Sabinus,  one  of  Caesar’s 

legates,  ii.  5,  9,  10;  iii.  11,  17 ff.",  iv. 
22,  38;  v.  24,  26.#\,  36  ; vi  1, 32,  37. 

M.  Trebius  Gallus,  military  tribune, 
iii.  7,  8. 

C.  Trebonius.  (1)  A Roman  knight. 

vi.  40.  (2)  A legate  of  Caesar,  v.  17, 

24  ; vi.  33  ; vii.  11,  81  ; viii.  6,  11,  14, 
46,  54. 


502 


INDEX  OF  PROPER  NAMES. 


Tullius,  see  Cicero. 

Tullus,  see  Volcatius. 

Valerius.  (1)  C.  Flaccus,  propraetor  in 
Gaul  in  83  b.  c.  i.  47.  (2)  L.  Prae- 

conius, legate  in  Gaul  before  the  time  of 
Caesar,  iii.  20.  (3)  C.  Caburus,  a 

Celt  honored  with  the  rights  of  a Ho- 
man citizen,  i.  47.  vii.  65.  His  sons 

(4)  C.  Procillus.  i.  19,  47,  53,  aud 

(5)  C.  Donotaurus.  vii.  65. 
Valetiacus,  brother  of  the  Haeduau 

Cotus,  vii.  32. 

Varus,  see  Atius. 

T.  Vatinius,  legate  of  Caesar,  viii.  46. 
Q.  Velanius,  military  tribune,  iii.  7. 
Vereassivellaunus,  an  Arvernian,  cousin 
of  Verciugetorix.  vii.  76,  83,  85, 
88. 


Vercingetorix,  son  of  Celtillus,  an  Ar- 
vernian, chieftain  of  the  Gauls,  vii  4, 
8,  9,  12,  14 

Vertlco,  a Nervian.  v.  45,  49. 

Vertiseus,  chieftain  of  the  Rerni.  viii.  12. 

Verucloetius,  ambassador  of  the  Helve- 
tians. i.  7. 

Vidomarus,  an  Haeduau.  vii.  38  ff.,  54, 
55,  63,  76. 

Viridfivix,  chieftain  of  the  Venelli,  iii 
17,  18. 

Voceio,  king  in  Noricum,  i.  53. 

C.  Volcatius  Tullus,  one  of  Caesar’s 
party,  vi.  29. 

C Volusenus  Quadratus,  military  tri- 
bune and  general  of  Caesar’s  cavalry, 
iii  5;  iv  21,  23,  vi.  41  ; viii  23,  48 

L.  Vorenus,  a centurio,  v.  44. 


THE  END. 


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